康复花园调查及设计研究
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摘要
自然景观与人的生活密切相关，景观的功能已经逐步得到科学实验的证实。康复花园作为城市环境的重要组成部分，对人体的身心健康有着积极的意义，逐渐受到人们的关注和重视。
本研究对康复花园的概念、类型、使用者进行了界定和研究；指出康复花园的发展与时代背景及医学模式是密切相关的，其发展历程主要包括：萌芽期、雏形期、沉寂期及发展期。
杭州市是我国著名的旅游城市，园林景观有丰富的理论及实践研究，但是关于康复花园的相关理论研究及实践还不完善。笔者通过现场踏查、资料搜集、对比分析等方式确定了调查范围及选点：杭州市西湖区及九溪景区4家疗养院花园，即西湖区的中国人民解放军杭州疗养院、杭州空军疗养院和九溪景区的五云山疗养院、上海铁路局钱江疗养院。本研究采用实地调查、测量、访问等手段，对4家疗养院花园的建造年代、改造年份及次数、使用者、功能分区、植物设计、配套设施、特色区域及使用率高的区域等方面进行了调查、总结和分析。
4家疗养院花园均在著名的风景区旁，自然资源丰富，景观因子宜人，声环境好。服务对象呈现扩大化趋势，其服务对象不仅包括特定人群如老人、特勤人员、铁路职工等，还增加了前来体检、旅游住宿及外租区公司的人群。园区内的功能分区明确，主要有2种功能分区模式：前园后宅式和建筑群均匀分布式。景观建设不够重视疗养院的文化韵味，着重宣传的是园区的体检等硬件设备，对疗养院的文化挖掘不够。各疗养院的疗养建筑之间比较缺乏交往空间，忽视了医护人员的休息交流场所。植物设计在改造过的园区比较重视色彩、质感及后期的管理维护等，未改造的区域以常绿植物为主，较缺乏管理。配套设施不足，主要表现为：健身设施类型不够丰富，指示设施缺乏设计感，未改造区的座椅材质不具有亲和力，游园步道缺乏无障碍设计等。各园区的特色资源未得到很好的挖掘，同时在园区软景的管理和维护方面投入不够。
以五云山疗养院为对象，制定了优化设计的目标及原则，从空间环境、绿色生态环境、配套设施设计及园艺疗法的应用等方面进行了设计及优化的探索，以期对以后的疗养院花园建设起到一定的参考和借鉴作用。
People's life is close to the natural landscape, and the function of which has been graduallyconfirmed by scientific experiments. As an important part of urban environment, healing garden has apositive meaning to people's mental and physical health, gradually people pay more attention to it.
This paper give out the definitions, styles and the users of the healing garden, and point out thehistorical background and medical model, which are closely related to the development of healinggarden, which has four stages: germination stage, prototype stage, quiet stage and the developmentstage.
As one of the most famous tourist city of China, Hangzhou has rich theoretical and practicalresearch of Landscape Architecture except healing gardens. Through investigation, data collection,comparative analysis and some other ways, the author choose four sanatoriums of Hangzhou: theHangzhou Sanatorium of Chinese People's Liberation Army, the Hangzhou Sanatorium of Air Force, theSanatorium of Wuyunshan and the Qianjiang Sanatorium of Shanghai Railway Bureau. Using theinvestigation, measurement and visitation, this paper analyze the construction era, era and times ofreconstruction, users, function divisions, plant design, supporting facilities, character area and the areawith high usage rate.
There is plenteous natural resource, pleasant landscape factor and sound environment of the foursanatoriums, which are close to places of interest of Hangzhou. The service objects of the foursanatoriums are becoming more extensive. There is not only the specific people such as the elder, thesoldier, but also the people who come to physical examination, tourism and the workers of the area inthe sanatorium rented by other firms. There are two kinds function division of the sanatoriums, namelythe garden is in front of the buildings and the buildings distribute uniformly in the hole sanatoriumgarden. The administritors pay insufficient attention to the culture flavor in landscape construction,whereas focusing on the equipment of the buildings and medicine.
The four sanatoriums are lack of communication space among the buildings, ignoring the space forthe medical personnels. In the transformed areas, they value plants color, texture and the maintenanceand management, while in the unmodified area, the most plants are evergreen and lacking management.The supporting facilities are inadequate, mainly as follows: shortage of the types of fitness equipment, the indicate equipment lacking design, the chairs of the unmodified area having no affinity, the path ofgarden with no barrier-free design. The character of each sanatorium has not been used fully in thegarden design, and the maintenance and the funds for the soft landscape is not enough.
Developing the objectives and principles for optimal design, this paper do the optimal design forthe Wuyunshan Sanatorium from the space, ecological plants, supporting equipment, the use ofhortitherapy and some other sides, hoping it can be reference for the future construction of sanatoriumgarden.
本研究对康复花园的概念、类型、使用者进行了界定和研究；指出康复花园的发展与时代背景及医学模式是密切相关的，其发展历程主要包括：萌芽期、雏形期、沉寂期及发展期。
杭州市是我国著名的旅游城市，园林景观有丰富的理论及实践研究，但是关于康复花园的相关理论研究及实践还不完善。笔者通过现场踏查、资料搜集、对比分析等方式确定了调查范围及选点：杭州市西湖区及九溪景区4家疗养院花园，即西湖区的中国人民解放军杭州疗养院、杭州空军疗养院和九溪景区的五云山疗养院、上海铁路局钱江疗养院。本研究采用实地调查、测量、访问等手段，对4家疗养院花园的建造年代、改造年份及次数、使用者、功能分区、植物设计、配套设施、特色区域及使用率高的区域等方面进行了调查、总结和分析。
4家疗养院花园均在著名的风景区旁，自然资源丰富，景观因子宜人，声环境好。服务对象呈现扩大化趋势，其服务对象不仅包括特定人群如老人、特勤人员、铁路职工等，还增加了前来体检、旅游住宿及外租区公司的人群。园区内的功能分区明确，主要有2种功能分区模式：前园后宅式和建筑群均匀分布式。景观建设不够重视疗养院的文化韵味，着重宣传的是园区的体检等硬件设备，对疗养院的文化挖掘不够。各疗养院的疗养建筑之间比较缺乏交往空间，忽视了医护人员的休息交流场所。植物设计在改造过的园区比较重视色彩、质感及后期的管理维护等，未改造的区域以常绿植物为主，较缺乏管理。配套设施不足，主要表现为：健身设施类型不够丰富，指示设施缺乏设计感，未改造区的座椅材质不具有亲和力，游园步道缺乏无障碍设计等。各园区的特色资源未得到很好的挖掘，同时在园区软景的管理和维护方面投入不够。
以五云山疗养院为对象，制定了优化设计的目标及原则，从空间环境、绿色生态环境、配套设施设计及园艺疗法的应用等方面进行了设计及优化的探索，以期对以后的疗养院花园建设起到一定的参考和借鉴作用。
People's life is close to the natural landscape, and the function of which has been graduallyconfirmed by scientific experiments. As an important part of urban environment, healing garden has apositive meaning to people's mental and physical health, gradually people pay more attention to it.
This paper give out the definitions, styles and the users of the healing garden, and point out thehistorical background and medical model, which are closely related to the development of healinggarden, which has four stages: germination stage, prototype stage, quiet stage and the developmentstage.
As one of the most famous tourist city of China, Hangzhou has rich theoretical and practicalresearch of Landscape Architecture except healing gardens. Through investigation, data collection,comparative analysis and some other ways, the author choose four sanatoriums of Hangzhou: theHangzhou Sanatorium of Chinese People's Liberation Army, the Hangzhou Sanatorium of Air Force, theSanatorium of Wuyunshan and the Qianjiang Sanatorium of Shanghai Railway Bureau. Using theinvestigation, measurement and visitation, this paper analyze the construction era, era and times ofreconstruction, users, function divisions, plant design, supporting facilities, character area and the areawith high usage rate.
There is plenteous natural resource, pleasant landscape factor and sound environment of the foursanatoriums, which are close to places of interest of Hangzhou. The service objects of the foursanatoriums are becoming more extensive. There is not only the specific people such as the elder, thesoldier, but also the people who come to physical examination, tourism and the workers of the area inthe sanatorium rented by other firms. There are two kinds function division of the sanatoriums, namelythe garden is in front of the buildings and the buildings distribute uniformly in the hole sanatoriumgarden. The administritors pay insufficient attention to the culture flavor in landscape construction,whereas focusing on the equipment of the buildings and medicine.
The four sanatoriums are lack of communication space among the buildings, ignoring the space forthe medical personnels. In the transformed areas, they value plants color, texture and the maintenanceand management, while in the unmodified area, the most plants are evergreen and lacking management.The supporting facilities are inadequate, mainly as follows: shortage of the types of fitness equipment, the indicate equipment lacking design, the chairs of the unmodified area having no affinity, the path ofgarden with no barrier-free design. The character of each sanatorium has not been used fully in thegarden design, and the maintenance and the funds for the soft landscape is not enough.
Developing the objectives and principles for optimal design, this paper do the optimal design forthe Wuyunshan Sanatorium from the space, ecological plants, supporting equipment, the use ofhortitherapy and some other sides, hoping it can be reference for the future construction of sanatoriumgarden.
引文
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[2] (台)江姿仪.益康花园本土化实践之描述性研究[D].台北：国立台北护理院,2005.
[3] DANNENMAIER M. Healing garden[J]. Landscape Architecture.1995,81(1):56-60.
[4] ULRICH R S.The Effect of Healthcare Architecture and Art on Medical Outcomes[EB/R].[2010-7-25]http://www.publicartonline.org.uk/resources/reports/rephealthcare/ulrich_presentation.php.
[5]齐岱蔚.达到身心平衡——康复疗养空间景观设计初探[D].北京：北京林业大学,2007.
[6]我国康复技术人才奇缺.京华时报[N].2010-10-30.[2010-11-1]
[7]杭州公布各类人群心理状况调查结果[EB/OL]. [2009-11-24] http://www.zjwst.gov.cn/art/2009/7/4/art_2521_58313.html.
[8] What is the WHO definition of health[EB/OL].[2010-7-5] http://www.who.int/suggestions/faq/en/.
[9]刘建华.园艺疗法[J].绿化与生活,1999，1:1-11.
[10]帕特里克·弗朗西斯·穆尼.陈进勇译.康复景观的世界发展[J].中国园林，2009,25(8):24-27.
[11]疗养地理[EB/OL].[2010-7-25] http://baike.baidu.com/view/908926.htm?fr=ala0_1.
[12] Tyson, Martha M. The healing landscape: Therapeutic outdoor environment[M].Madison,WI: Parallel Press, 2008:4-12.
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