精子超活化结构蛋白—Catsper表达特性的研究
摘要
本实验对近年来发现的一种阳离子通道Catsper(cation channel of sperm)的基本特性进行了探讨。通过相对半定量RT-PCR和组织免疫化学的方法分析了该蛋白在不同组织中的表达情况及其表达量与个体发育之间的关系，通过免疫荧光方法对该蛋白在精子上的定位进行了试验，以阐明Catsper蛋白的基本表达特性，为研究超活化的机理及调节机制提供基础。本实验分为两部分：
一、Catsper蛋白在各组织及精子上的表达情况
通过RT-PCR和组织免疫化学对Catsper蛋白在各组织中和精子上的表达进行了探讨，并对睾丸组织和附睾组织中该蛋白的表达量进行了相对定量分析。结果表明，Catsper蛋白特异性的表达于睾丸和附睾组织中，而且在附睾组织中的丰度要大于睾丸组织中的。通过精子免疫荧光化学法对精子上该蛋白的定位进行了试验分析，发现该蛋白主要是定位于精子尾部的主段。本试验为进一步研究Catsper对精子超活化的调节提供了依据。
二、Catsper蛋白表达量与个体发育之间的关系
通过相对定量RT-PCR对Catsper蛋白随个体发育其表达量的变化情况进行了分析。Catsper蛋白的表达量是受到发育所调控的，与个体性成熟之间有密切的关系。发现小鼠catsper蛋白从3周龄开始出现表达，表达量较低，随后表达量随周龄的增长而增加，前几周表达量增加显著(P＜0.05)，6周龄以后表达量增加幅度就变的不显著，本试验为进一步深入研究Catsper蛋白的功能提供了基础。
The basic characteristics of Catsper, a cation channel of sperm which was discovered recently, were explored in this thesis. The expression of Catsper in eight tissues and the relation between its expression and individual development were analyzed by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Its expression in sperm was also determined by immunofluorescen-ce. All of the above was to provide evidence for further research of the mechanism of the regulation of sperm hyperactivation. This thesis includes two sections as follows.
In the first section , the expression of Catsper in tissue and sperm were examined respectively. The results indicated that Catsper was exclusively expressed in testis and epididymis, and the abundance of Catsper in epididymis was much larger than that in testis. Furthermore, Catsper was mainly located in the principal piece of spermatozoa tail.
In the second section, the expression changes of Catsper in different-aged mice were analyzed by RT-PCR. Catsper gene expression was developmently regulated with a direct correlation between Catsper expression and mouse sexual maturation. The results indicated that the expression of Catsper began from 3 week of age, and the expression amount was much low. Then the expression amount increased significantly till 6 week of age, from which the expression increased gradually into a stationary phase.
一、Catsper蛋白在各组织及精子上的表达情况
通过RT-PCR和组织免疫化学对Catsper蛋白在各组织中和精子上的表达进行了探讨，并对睾丸组织和附睾组织中该蛋白的表达量进行了相对定量分析。结果表明，Catsper蛋白特异性的表达于睾丸和附睾组织中，而且在附睾组织中的丰度要大于睾丸组织中的。通过精子免疫荧光化学法对精子上该蛋白的定位进行了试验分析，发现该蛋白主要是定位于精子尾部的主段。本试验为进一步研究Catsper对精子超活化的调节提供了依据。
二、Catsper蛋白表达量与个体发育之间的关系
通过相对定量RT-PCR对Catsper蛋白随个体发育其表达量的变化情况进行了分析。Catsper蛋白的表达量是受到发育所调控的，与个体性成熟之间有密切的关系。发现小鼠catsper蛋白从3周龄开始出现表达，表达量较低，随后表达量随周龄的增长而增加，前几周表达量增加显著(P＜0.05)，6周龄以后表达量增加幅度就变的不显著，本试验为进一步深入研究Catsper蛋白的功能提供了基础。
The basic characteristics of Catsper, a cation channel of sperm which was discovered recently, were explored in this thesis. The expression of Catsper in eight tissues and the relation between its expression and individual development were analyzed by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Its expression in sperm was also determined by immunofluorescen-ce. All of the above was to provide evidence for further research of the mechanism of the regulation of sperm hyperactivation. This thesis includes two sections as follows.
In the first section , the expression of Catsper in tissue and sperm were examined respectively. The results indicated that Catsper was exclusively expressed in testis and epididymis, and the abundance of Catsper in epididymis was much larger than that in testis. Furthermore, Catsper was mainly located in the principal piece of spermatozoa tail.
In the second section, the expression changes of Catsper in different-aged mice were analyzed by RT-PCR. Catsper gene expression was developmently regulated with a direct correlation between Catsper expression and mouse sexual maturation. The results indicated that the expression of Catsper began from 3 week of age, and the expression amount was much low. Then the expression amount increased significantly till 6 week of age, from which the expression increased gradually into a stationary phase.
引文
[1]Yanagimachi, R. The movement of golden hamster spermatozoa before and after capacitation[J]. Reprod.Fertil.l970,23:193-196.
[2] Yanagimachi, R. Mechanisms of fertilization in mammals. Fertilization and Embryonic Development In Vitro[M]. Plenum Press ,NewYork,1981,81-182.
[3]Steven Green,Simon Fishel. Morphology comparison of individuallly selected hyperactiovated and nonhyperactivated human spermatozoa[J].Human Reproduction, 1999,14:123-130.
[4]Fraser,L.R. Motility patterns in mouse spermatozoa before and after capacitation[J].Exp.Zool., 1977, 202:439-444.
[5]Demott RP, Lefebvre R and Suarez SS. Carbohydrates mediate the adherence of hamster sperm to oviductal epithelium[J].Biology of Reproduction,1995,52:1395-1403.
[6]Neill N.M. and Olds-Clarke., P.A computer-assisted assay for mouse sperm hyperactivation demonstrates that bicarbonate but not bovine serum albumin is required[J].Gamete Res,1987,20:459-473.
[7]Philip J.Chan, Johannah U. et al. Enhanced fertility after heat-induced hyperactivation[J].Fertility and Sterility,1998,69:118-121.
[8]Katz D.F., Drobnis E.Z., Overstreet J.W. Factors regulating mammalian sperm migration through the female reproductive tract and oocyte vestments[J].Gamete Res., 1989,22:443-469.
[9]Suarez, S.S. Hyperactivated motility in sperm[J].Androl.,1996,17:331-335.
[10]Susan S. Suarez, Stephen M. Varosi, Xiaobing Dai.Intracellular calcium increases with hyperactivation in intact, moving hamster sperm and oscillates with the flagellar beat cycle[J].Cell Biology, 1993, 90:4660-4664.
[11]V.J.Kay, L. Robertson. Hyperactivated motility of human spermtozoa: a review of physiological function and application in assisted reproduction[J].Human reproduction Update,1998,4:776-786.
[12]Mbizvo, M.T. Functional motion changes during sperm transit to the site of fertilization and in-vitro Applications :a review[J].Int.J.Androl.,1995,18:1-6.
[13]Han-Chen Ho , Susan S.Suarez. Hyperactivation of mammalian spermatozoa: function and regulation[J]. Reproduction, 2001,122: 519-526.
[14] Han-Chen Ho,Susan S.Suarez. An inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-gated intracellular Ca~(2+) store is involved in regulating sperm hyperactivated motility[J].Biology of Reproduction, 2001, 65:1606-1615.
[15]Suarez SS, Dai X. Intracellular calcium reaches different levels of elevation in hyperactivated and acrosome-reacted hamster sperm[J].Mol.Reprod.Dev,1995,42:325-333.
[16]Han-Chen Ho, Susan S.Suarez. Characterization of the intracellular calcium store at the base of the sperm flagellum that regulates hyperactivated motility[J].Biology of Reproduction, 2003, 68: 1590-1596.
[17]Rouse GW,Robson SK. An ultrastructual study of megachiropteran spermatozoa:implications for chiropteran phylogeny[J].J Submicrosc Cytol,1986,18:137-152.
[18]Han-Chen Ho, Katherine A.Granish ,Susan S.Suarez. Hyperactivated motility of bull sperm is triggered at the axoneme by Ca~(2+) and not Camp[J].Developmental Biology,2002,250:208-217.
[19]Esposito G, Jaiswal BS, Xie F et al. Mice deficient for soluble adenylyl cyclase are infertile because of a severe sperm motility defect[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101[9]:2993-2998.
[20]Zhu J.J., Barratt C.L.R. and Cooke I.D. The sequential effects of human cervical mucus, oviductal fluid and follicular fluid on sperm function[J].Fertil.Steril.,1994a,61:1129-1135.
[21]Ralt D., Goldenberg M., Fetterolf P .et al. Sperm attraction to a follucular factors correlates with human egg fertilizablity[J].Proc.Natl Acad.Sci.USA,1991,88:2840-2844.
[22]Meizel S. Amino acid neurotransmitter receptor/chloride channels of mammalian sperm and the acro-some reaction[J].Biol.Reprod.,1997,56:569-574.
[23]Raffaella Fabbri B.Sc, Eleonora Porcu M.D. et al. Follicular fluid and human granulosa cell cultures:influence on sperm kinetic parameters, hyperactivation, and acrosome reaction [J].1998, 69: 112-117.
[24]M. Bajpai , G.F. Doncel. Involvement of tyrosine kinase and cAMP-dependent kinase cross-talk in the regulation of human sperm motility[J].Reproduction,2003,126:183-195.
[25]Vijayaraghavan S, Mohan J, Gray H et al.A role for phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3α in bovine sperm motility regulation[J].Biology of Reproduction,2000,62:647-654.
[26]Mandal A, Naaby-Hansen S, Wolkowicz MJ et al. FSP95, a testis-specific 95-kilodalton fibrous sheath antigen that undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation in capacitated human spermatozoa[J].Biology of Reproduction,1999,61:1184-1197.
[27]Nabby-Hansen S, Mandal A, Wolkowicz MJ et al. CABYR, a novel calcium-binding tyrosine phosph -orylation-regulated fibrous sheath protein involved in capacitation[J].Developmental Biology. 2002, 242:236-254.
[28]Francoise Urner ,Denny Sakkas. Protein phosphorylation in mammalian spermatozoa[J]. Reprodction, 2003,125:17-26.
[29] Timothy A.Quill, Dejian Ren, et al.A voltage-gated ion channel expressed specially in spermatozoa [J]. PNAS, 2001,98(22):12527-12531.
[30] Dejian Ren, Betsy Navarro et.al. A sperm ion channel required for sperm motility and male fertility. Nature, 2001, 413:603-609.
[31]Anna Lobley, Valerie Pierron, Lindsey Reynolds et al. Identification of human and mouse Catsper3 and Catsper4 genes: Characterization of a common interaction domain and evidence for expression in testis [J].Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology,2003,1:53-67.
[32] Ling Jin, Alan M. O'Doherty, Shou hua Wang et al. Catsper3 and Catsper4 encode two cation channel-like proteins exclusively epressed in the testis[J]. Biol, Reprod. 2005,8 (Epub ahead of print).
[33]Anne E. Carlson, Ruth E. Westenbroek, Timothy Quill et al.Catsper1 required for evoked Ca~(2+) entry and control of flagellar function in sperm[J].PNAS,2S003,100:14864-14868.
[34]Timothy A. Quill, Sarah A. Sugden, Kristen L. Rossi et al. Hammer and David L. Garbers. Hyperactivated sperm motility driven by Catsper2 is required for fertilization[J]. PNAS, 2003, 100:14869-14874.
[1] Anne E. Carlson, Ruth E. Westenbroek, Timothy Quill et al. Catsperl required for evoked Ca2+ entry and control of flagellar function in sperm[J]. PNAS, 2S003, 100: 14864-14868.
[2] Dejian Ren, Betsy Navarro et. al. A sperm ion channel required for sperm motility and male fertility. Nature, 2001, 413: 603-609.
[3] Wassarman, P. M., Jovine, L.&Listcheer, E. S. A profile of fertilization in mammals. Nature Cell Biol, 2001, 3: E59-E64.
[4] Yanagimachi, R. in the Physiology of Reproduction(eds Knobill E. &Neill, J. D.), 189-315 (Raven, NewYork, 1994).
[5] V. J. Kay and L. Robertson. Hyperativated motility of human spermatozoa: a review of physiological function and application in assisted reproduction. Human Reproduction Update 1998, 4(6): 776-786.
[6] Han-chen Ho and Susan S. Suarez. An inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptor-gated intracellular Ca2+ store is involved in regulating sperm hyperactivated motility. Biology of Reproduction 65, 2001, 1606-1615.
[7] Han-chen Ho and Susan S. Suarez. Characterization of the intracelluar calcium store at the Base of the sperm flagellum that regulates hyperactivated motility. Biology of Reproduction 68, 2003, 1590-1596.
[8] Timothy A. Quill, Dejian Ren, et al. A voltage-gated ion channel expressed specially in spermatozoa. PNAS, 2001, 98(22): 12527-12531.
[9] Carlson AE, Quill TA, Westenbroek RE, Schuh SM, Hille B, Babcock DF. Identical Phenotypes of Catsper1 and Catsper2 Null Sperm.J.Biol.Chem.,2005,280:32238-32244.
[10]Anna Lobley, Valerie Pierron, Lindsey Reynolds, Liz Allen and David Michalovich. Identification of human and mouse Catsper3 and Catsper4 genes: Characterisation of a common interaction domain and evidence for expression in testis[J].Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology,2003,1:53-67.
[11] Pietrobon D. Function and dysfunction of synaptic calcium channels: insights from mouse models. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2005 ,15(3):257-65.
[12] Cohen RW, Campagnoni AT, Hull CD. Postnatal development of voltage-dependent calcium channels in the mouse brain disclosed by the Xenopus oocyte assay. Dev Neurosci, 1990,12(2):81-8.
[13] Ricardo Felix. Molecular physiology and pathology of Ca2+ -conducting channels in the plasma membrane of mammalian sperm.Reproduction,2005,129:251-262.
[14] Ling Jin, Alan M. O'Doherty, Shouhua Wang, Huili Zheng, Kenton M. Sanders, Wei Yan. Catsper3 and Catsper4 encode two cation channel-like proteins exclusively expressed in the testis[J]. Biol, Reprod. 2005,8 (Epub ahead of print) .
[15]Nikolaus Schultz, F.Kent Hamra, David L.Garbers. A multitude of genes expressed in meiotic or postmeiotic spermatogenic cells offers a myriad of contraceptive targets.PNAS,2003,21:12201-12206.
[1] Nikolaus Schultz, F. Kent Hamra, David L. Garbers. A multitude of genes expressed solely in meiotic or postmeiotic spermatogenic cells offers a myriad of contraceptive targets[J]. PNAS, 2003, 21: 12201-12206.
[2] Saur D, Vanderwinden J M, Seidler B, et al. Single-nucleotide promoter polymorphism alters transcription of neuronal nitric oxide synthase exon 1c in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 2004, 101 (6):1662-1667.
[3] Deane E E, Kelly S P, Luk J C, et al. Chronic salinity adaptation modulates hepatic heat shock protein and insulin-like growth factor Ⅰ expression in black sea bream[J]. Mar Biotechnol (NY), 2002, 4(2): 193-205.
[4] Slagboom P E, de Leeuw WJ, Vijg J. Messenger RNA levels and methylation patterns of GAPDH and beta-actin genes in rat liver, spleen and brain in relation to aging[J]. Mech Ageing Dev, 1990, 53(3): 243-257.
[5] Thu K Moe, Ji Ziliang, Amutha Barathi, et al. Differential expression of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH), β-actin and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) in postnatal rabbit sclera[J]. Current Eye Research, 2001, 23(1): 44-50.
[6] Ricardo Felix. Molecular physiology and pathology of Ca~(2+)-conducting channels in the plasma membrane of mammalian sperm[J]. Reproduction, 2005, 129: 251-262.
[7] 徐邦生，蔡云平．小鼠睾丸、附睾发育过程中的形态学研究．交通医学，2001，15(1)：14-15．
[8] Parvaneh Nikpoor, S. Javad Mowla, Mansoureh Movahedin et al. Catsper gene expression in postnatal development of mouse testis and in subfertile men with deficient sperm motility. Human Reproduction, 2004, 19: 124-128.
[2] Yanagimachi, R. Mechanisms of fertilization in mammals. Fertilization and Embryonic Development In Vitro[M]. Plenum Press ,NewYork,1981,81-182.
[3]Steven Green,Simon Fishel. Morphology comparison of individuallly selected hyperactiovated and nonhyperactivated human spermatozoa[J].Human Reproduction, 1999,14:123-130.
[4]Fraser,L.R. Motility patterns in mouse spermatozoa before and after capacitation[J].Exp.Zool., 1977, 202:439-444.
[5]Demott RP, Lefebvre R and Suarez SS. Carbohydrates mediate the adherence of hamster sperm to oviductal epithelium[J].Biology of Reproduction,1995,52:1395-1403.
[6]Neill N.M. and Olds-Clarke., P.A computer-assisted assay for mouse sperm hyperactivation demonstrates that bicarbonate but not bovine serum albumin is required[J].Gamete Res,1987,20:459-473.
[7]Philip J.Chan, Johannah U. et al. Enhanced fertility after heat-induced hyperactivation[J].Fertility and Sterility,1998,69:118-121.
[8]Katz D.F., Drobnis E.Z., Overstreet J.W. Factors regulating mammalian sperm migration through the female reproductive tract and oocyte vestments[J].Gamete Res., 1989,22:443-469.
[9]Suarez, S.S. Hyperactivated motility in sperm[J].Androl.,1996,17:331-335.
[10]Susan S. Suarez, Stephen M. Varosi, Xiaobing Dai.Intracellular calcium increases with hyperactivation in intact, moving hamster sperm and oscillates with the flagellar beat cycle[J].Cell Biology, 1993, 90:4660-4664.
[11]V.J.Kay, L. Robertson. Hyperactivated motility of human spermtozoa: a review of physiological function and application in assisted reproduction[J].Human reproduction Update,1998,4:776-786.
[12]Mbizvo, M.T. Functional motion changes during sperm transit to the site of fertilization and in-vitro Applications :a review[J].Int.J.Androl.,1995,18:1-6.
[13]Han-Chen Ho , Susan S.Suarez. Hyperactivation of mammalian spermatozoa: function and regulation[J]. Reproduction, 2001,122: 519-526.
[14] Han-Chen Ho,Susan S.Suarez. An inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-gated intracellular Ca~(2+) store is involved in regulating sperm hyperactivated motility[J].Biology of Reproduction, 2001, 65:1606-1615.
[15]Suarez SS, Dai X. Intracellular calcium reaches different levels of elevation in hyperactivated and acrosome-reacted hamster sperm[J].Mol.Reprod.Dev,1995,42:325-333.
[16]Han-Chen Ho, Susan S.Suarez. Characterization of the intracellular calcium store at the base of the sperm flagellum that regulates hyperactivated motility[J].Biology of Reproduction, 2003, 68: 1590-1596.
[17]Rouse GW,Robson SK. An ultrastructual study of megachiropteran spermatozoa:implications for chiropteran phylogeny[J].J Submicrosc Cytol,1986,18:137-152.
[18]Han-Chen Ho, Katherine A.Granish ,Susan S.Suarez. Hyperactivated motility of bull sperm is triggered at the axoneme by Ca~(2+) and not Camp[J].Developmental Biology,2002,250:208-217.
[19]Esposito G, Jaiswal BS, Xie F et al. Mice deficient for soluble adenylyl cyclase are infertile because of a severe sperm motility defect[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101[9]:2993-2998.
[20]Zhu J.J., Barratt C.L.R. and Cooke I.D. The sequential effects of human cervical mucus, oviductal fluid and follicular fluid on sperm function[J].Fertil.Steril.,1994a,61:1129-1135.
[21]Ralt D., Goldenberg M., Fetterolf P .et al. Sperm attraction to a follucular factors correlates with human egg fertilizablity[J].Proc.Natl Acad.Sci.USA,1991,88:2840-2844.
[22]Meizel S. Amino acid neurotransmitter receptor/chloride channels of mammalian sperm and the acro-some reaction[J].Biol.Reprod.,1997,56:569-574.
[23]Raffaella Fabbri B.Sc, Eleonora Porcu M.D. et al. Follicular fluid and human granulosa cell cultures:influence on sperm kinetic parameters, hyperactivation, and acrosome reaction [J].1998, 69: 112-117.
[24]M. Bajpai , G.F. Doncel. Involvement of tyrosine kinase and cAMP-dependent kinase cross-talk in the regulation of human sperm motility[J].Reproduction,2003,126:183-195.
[25]Vijayaraghavan S, Mohan J, Gray H et al.A role for phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3α in bovine sperm motility regulation[J].Biology of Reproduction,2000,62:647-654.
[26]Mandal A, Naaby-Hansen S, Wolkowicz MJ et al. FSP95, a testis-specific 95-kilodalton fibrous sheath antigen that undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation in capacitated human spermatozoa[J].Biology of Reproduction,1999,61:1184-1197.
[27]Nabby-Hansen S, Mandal A, Wolkowicz MJ et al. CABYR, a novel calcium-binding tyrosine phosph -orylation-regulated fibrous sheath protein involved in capacitation[J].Developmental Biology. 2002, 242:236-254.
[28]Francoise Urner ,Denny Sakkas. Protein phosphorylation in mammalian spermatozoa[J]. Reprodction, 2003,125:17-26.
[29] Timothy A.Quill, Dejian Ren, et al.A voltage-gated ion channel expressed specially in spermatozoa [J]. PNAS, 2001,98(22):12527-12531.
[30] Dejian Ren, Betsy Navarro et.al. A sperm ion channel required for sperm motility and male fertility. Nature, 2001, 413:603-609.
[31]Anna Lobley, Valerie Pierron, Lindsey Reynolds et al. Identification of human and mouse Catsper3 and Catsper4 genes: Characterization of a common interaction domain and evidence for expression in testis [J].Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology,2003,1:53-67.
[32] Ling Jin, Alan M. O'Doherty, Shou hua Wang et al. Catsper3 and Catsper4 encode two cation channel-like proteins exclusively epressed in the testis[J]. Biol, Reprod. 2005,8 (Epub ahead of print).
[33]Anne E. Carlson, Ruth E. Westenbroek, Timothy Quill et al.Catsper1 required for evoked Ca~(2+) entry and control of flagellar function in sperm[J].PNAS,2S003,100:14864-14868.
[34]Timothy A. Quill, Sarah A. Sugden, Kristen L. Rossi et al. Hammer and David L. Garbers. Hyperactivated sperm motility driven by Catsper2 is required for fertilization[J]. PNAS, 2003, 100:14869-14874.
[1] Anne E. Carlson, Ruth E. Westenbroek, Timothy Quill et al. Catsperl required for evoked Ca2+ entry and control of flagellar function in sperm[J]. PNAS, 2S003, 100: 14864-14868.
[2] Dejian Ren, Betsy Navarro et. al. A sperm ion channel required for sperm motility and male fertility. Nature, 2001, 413: 603-609.
[3] Wassarman, P. M., Jovine, L.&Listcheer, E. S. A profile of fertilization in mammals. Nature Cell Biol, 2001, 3: E59-E64.
[4] Yanagimachi, R. in the Physiology of Reproduction(eds Knobill E. &Neill, J. D.), 189-315 (Raven, NewYork, 1994).
[5] V. J. Kay and L. Robertson. Hyperativated motility of human spermatozoa: a review of physiological function and application in assisted reproduction. Human Reproduction Update 1998, 4(6): 776-786.
[6] Han-chen Ho and Susan S. Suarez. An inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptor-gated intracellular Ca2+ store is involved in regulating sperm hyperactivated motility. Biology of Reproduction 65, 2001, 1606-1615.
[7] Han-chen Ho and Susan S. Suarez. Characterization of the intracelluar calcium store at the Base of the sperm flagellum that regulates hyperactivated motility. Biology of Reproduction 68, 2003, 1590-1596.
[8] Timothy A. Quill, Dejian Ren, et al. A voltage-gated ion channel expressed specially in spermatozoa. PNAS, 2001, 98(22): 12527-12531.
[9] Carlson AE, Quill TA, Westenbroek RE, Schuh SM, Hille B, Babcock DF. Identical Phenotypes of Catsper1 and Catsper2 Null Sperm.J.Biol.Chem.,2005,280:32238-32244.
[10]Anna Lobley, Valerie Pierron, Lindsey Reynolds, Liz Allen and David Michalovich. Identification of human and mouse Catsper3 and Catsper4 genes: Characterisation of a common interaction domain and evidence for expression in testis[J].Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology,2003,1:53-67.
[11] Pietrobon D. Function and dysfunction of synaptic calcium channels: insights from mouse models. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2005 ,15(3):257-65.
[12] Cohen RW, Campagnoni AT, Hull CD. Postnatal development of voltage-dependent calcium channels in the mouse brain disclosed by the Xenopus oocyte assay. Dev Neurosci, 1990,12(2):81-8.
[13] Ricardo Felix. Molecular physiology and pathology of Ca2+ -conducting channels in the plasma membrane of mammalian sperm.Reproduction,2005,129:251-262.
[14] Ling Jin, Alan M. O'Doherty, Shouhua Wang, Huili Zheng, Kenton M. Sanders, Wei Yan. Catsper3 and Catsper4 encode two cation channel-like proteins exclusively expressed in the testis[J]. Biol, Reprod. 2005,8 (Epub ahead of print) .
[15]Nikolaus Schultz, F.Kent Hamra, David L.Garbers. A multitude of genes expressed in meiotic or postmeiotic spermatogenic cells offers a myriad of contraceptive targets.PNAS,2003,21:12201-12206.
[1] Nikolaus Schultz, F. Kent Hamra, David L. Garbers. A multitude of genes expressed solely in meiotic or postmeiotic spermatogenic cells offers a myriad of contraceptive targets[J]. PNAS, 2003, 21: 12201-12206.
[2] Saur D, Vanderwinden J M, Seidler B, et al. Single-nucleotide promoter polymorphism alters transcription of neuronal nitric oxide synthase exon 1c in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 2004, 101 (6):1662-1667.
[3] Deane E E, Kelly S P, Luk J C, et al. Chronic salinity adaptation modulates hepatic heat shock protein and insulin-like growth factor Ⅰ expression in black sea bream[J]. Mar Biotechnol (NY), 2002, 4(2): 193-205.
[4] Slagboom P E, de Leeuw WJ, Vijg J. Messenger RNA levels and methylation patterns of GAPDH and beta-actin genes in rat liver, spleen and brain in relation to aging[J]. Mech Ageing Dev, 1990, 53(3): 243-257.
[5] Thu K Moe, Ji Ziliang, Amutha Barathi, et al. Differential expression of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH), β-actin and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) in postnatal rabbit sclera[J]. Current Eye Research, 2001, 23(1): 44-50.
[6] Ricardo Felix. Molecular physiology and pathology of Ca~(2+)-conducting channels in the plasma membrane of mammalian sperm[J]. Reproduction, 2005, 129: 251-262.
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