热电热泵热水器的研制及热力分析
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摘要
热电效应发现于19世纪中上期，由于效率低下，在其后100余年期间，热电效应在技术上鲜有实际应用。20世纪50年代，热电性能较好的半导体材料得以发现，使热电效应进入工程实践，涉及国防、工业、农业、医疗、商业、日常生活等广泛的领域。尽管其效率仍然无法与一般制冷技术抗衡，但在小冷量、特殊工程等条件下，具有一般制冷技术难以与之媲美的无污染、无转动部件、长寿命、结构简单、可控性强等优越性，在很多领域起着—般制冷技术无法替代的作用。
在分析热电制冷基本原理的基础上，建立了热电装置的稳态系统数学模型，并依据该模型对热电制冷(热泵)装置系统进行了不同的工作状态下的热力分析计算，并就热电制冷(热泵)装置的冷(热)端热交换器传热性能、冷(热)端介质温差、电堆片系统优值与热电装置的性能关系进行了理论分析，为热电装置的开发设计和现有热电装置的性能测试建立了基于冷、热端介质温差的计算理论基础。性能分析指出：热电制冷是有一定的温差条件的，热电制冷(热泵)装置的有效工作对热端热交换器的传热能力的依赖性比冷端更强。
独创性地研制了一台通过冷端循环水回收污水废热的热电热泵快热式热水器，热水器各项性能指标全符合或超过国家快热式电热水器标准的要求，测试表明，在标准工况下，其致热系数(热产出率)达到2.0左右，比普通电热水器节省电耗50％以上；热电热水器的成功研究，开辟了热电装置用于大功率制热的新领域，实现了电热水器节能和安全保障的变革，为建筑节能、废热回收、低品位能源利用提供了新思路。
以中高档旅馆为例，在建筑能耗分析和废热回收的可行性分析的基础上，进行了利用热电热泵装置回收废热的探讨，利用热电热泵装置回收空气置换过程中的废“热”或废“冷”，以及利用热电热泵装置回收循环冷却水废热和生活污水废热，用于加热自来水作生活热水，节能潜力很大；同时，消除对环境的“热”污染，达到节能、环保的双重目的。
Thermoelectric effects, discovered in the raid-upper terra of the 19lh century, had been less applied in practical projects during more than 100 years after its discovery because of its inefficiency, but the discovery of materials with high thermoelectric properties made thermoelectric effects be applied in practical projects in 1950' s, which involved many fields, such as national defense, industry, agriculture, medicine, commerce, daily lives and so on. Although its efficiency is still lower than that of the other refrigeration techniques, thermoelectric refrigeration can' t be substituted in some conditions, for examples of small refrigeration capacity and some special projects, because it possesses some distinctive traits, such as no pollution, long life, simple construction, controllable features and so on.
On the analysis of fundamental principle of thermoelectric refrigeration, the steady state mathematical model of the thermoelectric system was founded, and, on the basis of the model, the thermal parameters of the thermoelectric apparatus were calculated, -and the theoretical analysis, on the relations between the performances of thermoelectric apparatus and factors, as follows: the properties of its heat exchangers, the temperature difference between heat sink and heat source and the module' s effective system figure of merit, was conducted, which founded the theoretical basis for the calculation on the development of thermoelectric devices and the surveying of its performances according to temperature difference between heat sink and heat source. Performances analysis pointed out that thermoelectric refrigeration depend on some conditions, for examples, temperature difference and the properties of heat exchangers, especially depend on the properties of heat exchangers on the hot side.
A thermoelectric heat pump instantaneous water heater was originally developed. All of performances parameters of the sample machine come up to
or exceed the standards that state required for instantaneous water heaters. The output of surveying under standard conditions displayed that, in the comparison with the other sorts of water heaters, it can save energy by 50% or so, because its heating performance factor reached 2.0 or so, that is to say, its heating output ratio is 200% or so. The successful development of thermoelectric water heater opens a new field of heating device with large power, which is hoped to bring a revolution in the aspects of high power utilization ratio and safety protection of electrical water heaters, and to bring new ideas on the method of building energy conservation, waste heat recovering and the utilization of other sorts of energy in low temperature. On the basis of the analysis of building energy consumption and the feasibility of waste heat recovering, taking middle or high-grade hotels for example, the methods exploration of waste heat recovering have been conducted by the means of thermoelectric heat pump apparatu
s, and it is showed that the latent capacity of energy conservation is very large if we can utilize thermoelectric heat pump apparatus to recovery the waste "hot" or "cold" energy in air displacing or to heat water for daily use by means of recovering the waste energy in cooling water of refrigerant compressor unit and waste energy in dally waste water, which, at the same time, achieve the double goal of energy saving and environment protection by means of removing the "heat" pollution in environment.
在分析热电制冷基本原理的基础上，建立了热电装置的稳态系统数学模型，并依据该模型对热电制冷(热泵)装置系统进行了不同的工作状态下的热力分析计算，并就热电制冷(热泵)装置的冷(热)端热交换器传热性能、冷(热)端介质温差、电堆片系统优值与热电装置的性能关系进行了理论分析，为热电装置的开发设计和现有热电装置的性能测试建立了基于冷、热端介质温差的计算理论基础。性能分析指出：热电制冷是有一定的温差条件的，热电制冷(热泵)装置的有效工作对热端热交换器的传热能力的依赖性比冷端更强。
独创性地研制了一台通过冷端循环水回收污水废热的热电热泵快热式热水器，热水器各项性能指标全符合或超过国家快热式电热水器标准的要求，测试表明，在标准工况下，其致热系数(热产出率)达到2.0左右，比普通电热水器节省电耗50％以上；热电热水器的成功研究，开辟了热电装置用于大功率制热的新领域，实现了电热水器节能和安全保障的变革，为建筑节能、废热回收、低品位能源利用提供了新思路。
以中高档旅馆为例，在建筑能耗分析和废热回收的可行性分析的基础上，进行了利用热电热泵装置回收废热的探讨，利用热电热泵装置回收空气置换过程中的废“热”或废“冷”，以及利用热电热泵装置回收循环冷却水废热和生活污水废热，用于加热自来水作生活热水，节能潜力很大；同时，消除对环境的“热”污染，达到节能、环保的双重目的。
Thermoelectric effects, discovered in the raid-upper terra of the 19lh century, had been less applied in practical projects during more than 100 years after its discovery because of its inefficiency, but the discovery of materials with high thermoelectric properties made thermoelectric effects be applied in practical projects in 1950' s, which involved many fields, such as national defense, industry, agriculture, medicine, commerce, daily lives and so on. Although its efficiency is still lower than that of the other refrigeration techniques, thermoelectric refrigeration can' t be substituted in some conditions, for examples of small refrigeration capacity and some special projects, because it possesses some distinctive traits, such as no pollution, long life, simple construction, controllable features and so on.
On the analysis of fundamental principle of thermoelectric refrigeration, the steady state mathematical model of the thermoelectric system was founded, and, on the basis of the model, the thermal parameters of the thermoelectric apparatus were calculated, -and the theoretical analysis, on the relations between the performances of thermoelectric apparatus and factors, as follows: the properties of its heat exchangers, the temperature difference between heat sink and heat source and the module' s effective system figure of merit, was conducted, which founded the theoretical basis for the calculation on the development of thermoelectric devices and the surveying of its performances according to temperature difference between heat sink and heat source. Performances analysis pointed out that thermoelectric refrigeration depend on some conditions, for examples, temperature difference and the properties of heat exchangers, especially depend on the properties of heat exchangers on the hot side.
A thermoelectric heat pump instantaneous water heater was originally developed. All of performances parameters of the sample machine come up to
or exceed the standards that state required for instantaneous water heaters. The output of surveying under standard conditions displayed that, in the comparison with the other sorts of water heaters, it can save energy by 50% or so, because its heating performance factor reached 2.0 or so, that is to say, its heating output ratio is 200% or so. The successful development of thermoelectric water heater opens a new field of heating device with large power, which is hoped to bring a revolution in the aspects of high power utilization ratio and safety protection of electrical water heaters, and to bring new ideas on the method of building energy conservation, waste heat recovering and the utilization of other sorts of energy in low temperature. On the basis of the analysis of building energy consumption and the feasibility of waste heat recovering, taking middle or high-grade hotels for example, the methods exploration of waste heat recovering have been conducted by the means of thermoelectric heat pump apparatu
s, and it is showed that the latent capacity of energy conservation is very large if we can utilize thermoelectric heat pump apparatus to recovery the waste "hot" or "cold" energy in air displacing or to heat water for daily use by means of recovering the waste energy in cooling water of refrigerant compressor unit and waste energy in dally waste water, which, at the same time, achieve the double goal of energy saving and environment protection by means of removing the "heat" pollution in environment.
引文
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