中国幽天牛亚科、瘦天牛科系统分类研究
摘要
天牛科Cerambycidae幽天牛亚科Aseminae和瘦天牛科Disteniidae均是鞘翅目Coleoptera天牛总科Cerambycoidea中较小的类群,也是中国分布的天牛中还未进行系统分类研究的两个类群,而且其中有很多种类是农林业中的重要害虫。本文详细介绍了天牛科幽天牛亚科和瘦天牛科的国内外分类研究历史和现状、两类群昆虫的外部形态特征,并依据成虫形态特征,采用支序分析法对两类群昆虫进行了系统发育分析；在系统发育分析的基础上,进行了相关动物地理学研究。获得的主要结果如下：
1中国幽天牛亚科系统分类研究
1.1分类学研究
系统整理和详细记述了我国幽天牛亚科4族8属33种,形成了我国幽天牛亚科昆虫名录,并编制了分族、分属、分种检索表；检视幽天牛亚科模式标本3族6属15种；拍摄幽天牛亚科4族8属23种的模式标本或普通标本整体图；解剖了部分种类的雌性生殖器和雄性外生殖器,详细的描述了生殖器特征,并绘制了特征图；订正了我国错误鉴定的暗梗天牛的学名应为Arhopalus ferus (Mulsant,1839)。
1.2系统发育研究
基于成虫形态数据,利用距离法和简约法,重建了中国幽天牛亚科系统发育关系,研究结果表明：①中国幽天牛亚科Aseminae是一个多系群,椎天牛族Spondylidini应该从幽天牛亚科中移出,其他族组合成为幽天牛亚科Aseminae,即中国幽天牛亚科包括幽天牛族Asemini、截尾天牛族Atimiini和Saphanini族；②中国幽天牛族是不一个单系群,传统分类系统中的幽天牛族被分为了3个部分；③中国梗天牛属Arhopalus是个并系群,大幽天牛属Megasemum应该并入梗天牛属Arhopalus,作为梗天牛属Arhopalus的亚属；中国幽天牛属(?)emum和断眼天牛属Tetropium均是单系群；④中国截尾天牛族Atimiini是一个单系群,包括2属：截尾天牛属Atimia和原幽天牛属Proatimia;⑤截尾天牛属Atimia中,中华截尾天牛Atimia chinensis和江崎截尾天牛Atimia esakii亲缘关系较近,组成姐妹群。
1.3动物地理学研究
①结合全部的地理分布信息,从属的世界分布格局上看,幽天牛亚科各属分布较狭窄,无世界性广布的属,多数属为单界分布。对我国幽天牛亚科进行了区系分析,各区按属的丰富度排列,依次为华南区=西南区>东北区=华北区>蒙新区=华中区>青藏区：就种类丰富度而言,依次为西南区>东北区=蒙新区>华南区=华北区>青藏区>华中区；但就总体而言,我国幽天牛亚科以古北成分为主：古北界分布有26种,且有14种特有种,东洋界分布有19种,其中7种为特有种；②根据区系研究结果,划分出我国幽天牛亚科特有分布区7个：西藏地区、云南西南部、云南中部、川西高原、新疆地区、台湾省和东北地区；③运用历史生物地理学BPA分析法对幽天牛亚科系统发育关系明确的2属(截尾天牛属Atimia和幽天牛属Asemum)进行了种的分布探讨,结果表明,分布于Atimia chinensis由蒙新区扩散至华北区和华南区；A. tuncatella则由西南区扩散至华北区；幽天牛属Asemum的种类多呈广布现象,其具体的扩散途径不很明确。
2中国瘦天牛科系统分类研究
2.1分类学研究
系统整理和详细记述了分布于我国的瘦天牛科昆虫3族7属27种,编制了分族、分属、分种检索表；形成了我国瘦天牛科昆虫名录；检视瘦天牛科模式标本2族4属14种；拍摄了瘦天牛科3族6属17种的模式标本或普通标本整体图。
2.2系统发育研究
基于成虫形态特征,利用距离法和简约法重建了中国瘦天牛科系统发育关系,研究结果显示：①中国瘦天牛科不是一个单系群,短角瘦天牛族Dynamostini的进化地位还有待商榷；②中国须天牛族Cyrtonopini是个单系群,棕须天牛Cyrtonops punctipennis与(黑须天牛Cyrtonops asahinai+台湾须天牛Cyrtonop nigra)为姐妹群关系；③中国瘦天牛族Disteniini是个单系群,其中瘦天牛属Distenia(?)(?)皱胸瘦天牛属Typodryas是一对姐妹群；④修瘦天牛属Noemia中,胸修瘦天牛Noemia semirufa Villiers,1958和海南修瘦天牛Noemia submetallica Gressitt,1940亲缘关系较近,为一对姐妹群。
2.3动物地理学分析
①根据文献资料和标本情况,对中国瘦天牛科进行了区系分析,结果显示：中国瘦天牛科在属级的世界分布上,东洋界成分占绝对优势；在中国动物地理区划中,东洋界拥有绝大多数的特有属,古北界无特有属；在种的分布上,瘦天牛科以东洋成分占优势：东洋界分布有24种,且有18种特有种,古北界分布有7种,其中3种为特有种：②划分出我国瘦天牛科8个特有分布区：南部沿海四省、云南地区、川西高原、秦岭一带、神农架、台湾地区、皖西地区和西藏地区；③运用历史生物地理学BPA分析法对瘦天牛科须天牛属Cyrtonops进行了种的分布探讨,结果表明黑须天牛Cyrtonops asahinai Mitono,1947由华北区扩散至华南区和西南区,而棕须天牛Cyrtonops punctipennis White,1853和台湾须天牛Cyrtonops nigra Gahan,1906(?)勺扩散途径不很明确。
Aseminae and Disteniidae are small groups in longhorn beetles, but many species are serious forest pests. To fill the vacancy of researching actuality in Aseminae and Disteniidae of China, the present dissertation deals with the systematics of this two groups from China. The research history of Aseminae and Disteniidae of the world is briefly intruduced. The adult morphology of two groups are provided. Based on the adult morphology data, the phylogenetic study on these two groups is made. The zoogeography of Aseminae and Disteniidae are analyzed. The result of the disseration are listed as follow:
1Systematics of Aseiminae from China
1.1Taxonomy
33species in8genera of Aseminae are listed systematically and discribed. The keys to tribes, genera and species are provided. Type specimen of15species in6genera3tribes are examined. The adult habitus of23species in8genera are given, including15type species. A study of genitalia of some species is performed, the morphological characters are described and the details of the structures are drawn. The scientific name of Arhopalusferus (Mulsant,1839) distributed in China is revised.
1.2Phylogenetic analyses of Aseminae
Based on the morphological data, the phylogenetic relationships of Aseminae are re-constructed. The results are as follows:①The Chinese Aseminae is a polyphyletic group, the Spondylidini should be excluded from Aseminae and constituted a new subfamily Spondylidinae;②The Chinese Asemini is not a monophyletic group;③The Chinese Arhopalus is a paraphyletic group, Megasemum should be combined with Arhopalus as a subgenus; Except Arhopalus, the monophyly of the other genera of Aseminae are well supported;④The Chinese Atimiini is a monophyletic group, including2genera:Atimia and Proatimia. And in genus Atimia, Atimia chinensis and Atimia esakii are sister group.
1.3Zoogeography of Aseminae
〢ccording to the general data of the geographical distribution, the fauna of Asemina in China is analyzed. The result shows that the Southwest region which belongs to Oriental realm has the richest species diversity of Aseminae, the follows are Northeast region and Inner-mongolia-Xinjiang region, and the Middle China region has the least species. But Palaearctic realm has26species, accounting for78.79%of the total, and has14endemic species; the Oriental realm only has19species, just accounting for57.58%of the total. In general, the Aseminae from Palaearctic realm compose the principal part of the Chinese fauna. Base on the result of fauna analyzed,7endemic distributions are divided:Tibet Region, Southwest of Yunnan, Middle of Yunna, Western Sichuan Plateau, Xinjiang Region, Taiwan Island and Southeast of China.②Using the BPA analysis, the zoogeography of Atimia and Asemum are discussed. It shows that Atimia chinensis Linsley,1939spread from Inner-mongolia-Xinjiang region to North China region and South China region; Atimia tuncatella Holzschuh,2007is spreaded from Southwest China region to North China region; All the species of Asemum are widely distributed in China, and the diffusion path are not very clear.
2Systematics of Disteniidae from China
2.1Taxonomic of morphology
27species in7genera of Disteniidae are listed systematically and described. The keys to tribes, genera and species are provided. Type species of17species in6genera are examined. The adult habitus of14species in4genera are given, including17type species.
2.2Phylogenetic analyses of Disteniidae
Based on the morphological data, the phylogenetic relationships of Disteniidae are re-constructed. The results are as follows:①The Chinese Disteniidae is not a monophyly group,the status of Dynamostini is uncertain;②The Chinese Cyrtonopini is a monophyly group, Cyrtonops punctipennis and(Cyrtonops asahinai+Cyrtonop nigra) are sister group;③The Chinese Disteniini is a monophyly group, Distenia and Typodiyas are sister genera;④In geneus Noemia, Noemia semirufa Villiers,1958and Noemia submetallica Gressitt,1940have a close relationship.
2.3Zoogeography of Disteniidae
①According to the general data of the geographical distribution, the fauna of Disteniidae in China is analyzed. The result shows that the Oriental realm has24species, accounting for88.89%of the total, and has18endemic species; the Palaearctic realm only has7species. In general, the Disteniidae from Oriental realm compose the principal part of the Chinese funa. Yunnan Plateau is found to be the area with the richest endemic components, the second one is Taiwan Island; The two region are belong to Oriental realm.②Using the BPA analysis, the zoogeography of Cyrtonops is discussed. It shows that Cyrtonops asahinai Mitono,1947spread from North China region to South China region and Southwest China region, but the diffusion path of Cyrtonops punctipennis White,1853and Cyrtonops nigra Gahan,1906are not very clear.
1中国幽天牛亚科系统分类研究
1.1分类学研究
系统整理和详细记述了我国幽天牛亚科4族8属33种,形成了我国幽天牛亚科昆虫名录,并编制了分族、分属、分种检索表；检视幽天牛亚科模式标本3族6属15种；拍摄幽天牛亚科4族8属23种的模式标本或普通标本整体图；解剖了部分种类的雌性生殖器和雄性外生殖器,详细的描述了生殖器特征,并绘制了特征图；订正了我国错误鉴定的暗梗天牛的学名应为Arhopalus ferus (Mulsant,1839)。
1.2系统发育研究
基于成虫形态数据,利用距离法和简约法,重建了中国幽天牛亚科系统发育关系,研究结果表明：①中国幽天牛亚科Aseminae是一个多系群,椎天牛族Spondylidini应该从幽天牛亚科中移出,其他族组合成为幽天牛亚科Aseminae,即中国幽天牛亚科包括幽天牛族Asemini、截尾天牛族Atimiini和Saphanini族；②中国幽天牛族是不一个单系群,传统分类系统中的幽天牛族被分为了3个部分；③中国梗天牛属Arhopalus是个并系群,大幽天牛属Megasemum应该并入梗天牛属Arhopalus,作为梗天牛属Arhopalus的亚属；中国幽天牛属(?)emum和断眼天牛属Tetropium均是单系群；④中国截尾天牛族Atimiini是一个单系群,包括2属：截尾天牛属Atimia和原幽天牛属Proatimia;⑤截尾天牛属Atimia中,中华截尾天牛Atimia chinensis和江崎截尾天牛Atimia esakii亲缘关系较近,组成姐妹群。
1.3动物地理学研究
①结合全部的地理分布信息,从属的世界分布格局上看,幽天牛亚科各属分布较狭窄,无世界性广布的属,多数属为单界分布。对我国幽天牛亚科进行了区系分析,各区按属的丰富度排列,依次为华南区=西南区>东北区=华北区>蒙新区=华中区>青藏区：就种类丰富度而言,依次为西南区>东北区=蒙新区>华南区=华北区>青藏区>华中区；但就总体而言,我国幽天牛亚科以古北成分为主：古北界分布有26种,且有14种特有种,东洋界分布有19种,其中7种为特有种；②根据区系研究结果,划分出我国幽天牛亚科特有分布区7个：西藏地区、云南西南部、云南中部、川西高原、新疆地区、台湾省和东北地区；③运用历史生物地理学BPA分析法对幽天牛亚科系统发育关系明确的2属(截尾天牛属Atimia和幽天牛属Asemum)进行了种的分布探讨,结果表明,分布于Atimia chinensis由蒙新区扩散至华北区和华南区；A. tuncatella则由西南区扩散至华北区；幽天牛属Asemum的种类多呈广布现象,其具体的扩散途径不很明确。
2中国瘦天牛科系统分类研究
2.1分类学研究
系统整理和详细记述了分布于我国的瘦天牛科昆虫3族7属27种,编制了分族、分属、分种检索表；形成了我国瘦天牛科昆虫名录；检视瘦天牛科模式标本2族4属14种；拍摄了瘦天牛科3族6属17种的模式标本或普通标本整体图。
2.2系统发育研究
基于成虫形态特征,利用距离法和简约法重建了中国瘦天牛科系统发育关系,研究结果显示：①中国瘦天牛科不是一个单系群,短角瘦天牛族Dynamostini的进化地位还有待商榷；②中国须天牛族Cyrtonopini是个单系群,棕须天牛Cyrtonops punctipennis与(黑须天牛Cyrtonops asahinai+台湾须天牛Cyrtonop nigra)为姐妹群关系；③中国瘦天牛族Disteniini是个单系群,其中瘦天牛属Distenia(?)(?)皱胸瘦天牛属Typodryas是一对姐妹群；④修瘦天牛属Noemia中,胸修瘦天牛Noemia semirufa Villiers,1958和海南修瘦天牛Noemia submetallica Gressitt,1940亲缘关系较近,为一对姐妹群。
2.3动物地理学分析
①根据文献资料和标本情况,对中国瘦天牛科进行了区系分析,结果显示：中国瘦天牛科在属级的世界分布上,东洋界成分占绝对优势；在中国动物地理区划中,东洋界拥有绝大多数的特有属,古北界无特有属；在种的分布上,瘦天牛科以东洋成分占优势：东洋界分布有24种,且有18种特有种,古北界分布有7种,其中3种为特有种：②划分出我国瘦天牛科8个特有分布区：南部沿海四省、云南地区、川西高原、秦岭一带、神农架、台湾地区、皖西地区和西藏地区；③运用历史生物地理学BPA分析法对瘦天牛科须天牛属Cyrtonops进行了种的分布探讨,结果表明黑须天牛Cyrtonops asahinai Mitono,1947由华北区扩散至华南区和西南区,而棕须天牛Cyrtonops punctipennis White,1853和台湾须天牛Cyrtonops nigra Gahan,1906(?)勺扩散途径不很明确。
Aseminae and Disteniidae are small groups in longhorn beetles, but many species are serious forest pests. To fill the vacancy of researching actuality in Aseminae and Disteniidae of China, the present dissertation deals with the systematics of this two groups from China. The research history of Aseminae and Disteniidae of the world is briefly intruduced. The adult morphology of two groups are provided. Based on the adult morphology data, the phylogenetic study on these two groups is made. The zoogeography of Aseminae and Disteniidae are analyzed. The result of the disseration are listed as follow:
1Systematics of Aseiminae from China
1.1Taxonomy
33species in8genera of Aseminae are listed systematically and discribed. The keys to tribes, genera and species are provided. Type specimen of15species in6genera3tribes are examined. The adult habitus of23species in8genera are given, including15type species. A study of genitalia of some species is performed, the morphological characters are described and the details of the structures are drawn. The scientific name of Arhopalusferus (Mulsant,1839) distributed in China is revised.
1.2Phylogenetic analyses of Aseminae
Based on the morphological data, the phylogenetic relationships of Aseminae are re-constructed. The results are as follows:①The Chinese Aseminae is a polyphyletic group, the Spondylidini should be excluded from Aseminae and constituted a new subfamily Spondylidinae;②The Chinese Asemini is not a monophyletic group;③The Chinese Arhopalus is a paraphyletic group, Megasemum should be combined with Arhopalus as a subgenus; Except Arhopalus, the monophyly of the other genera of Aseminae are well supported;④The Chinese Atimiini is a monophyletic group, including2genera:Atimia and Proatimia. And in genus Atimia, Atimia chinensis and Atimia esakii are sister group.
1.3Zoogeography of Aseminae
〢ccording to the general data of the geographical distribution, the fauna of Asemina in China is analyzed. The result shows that the Southwest region which belongs to Oriental realm has the richest species diversity of Aseminae, the follows are Northeast region and Inner-mongolia-Xinjiang region, and the Middle China region has the least species. But Palaearctic realm has26species, accounting for78.79%of the total, and has14endemic species; the Oriental realm only has19species, just accounting for57.58%of the total. In general, the Aseminae from Palaearctic realm compose the principal part of the Chinese fauna. Base on the result of fauna analyzed,7endemic distributions are divided:Tibet Region, Southwest of Yunnan, Middle of Yunna, Western Sichuan Plateau, Xinjiang Region, Taiwan Island and Southeast of China.②Using the BPA analysis, the zoogeography of Atimia and Asemum are discussed. It shows that Atimia chinensis Linsley,1939spread from Inner-mongolia-Xinjiang region to North China region and South China region; Atimia tuncatella Holzschuh,2007is spreaded from Southwest China region to North China region; All the species of Asemum are widely distributed in China, and the diffusion path are not very clear.
2Systematics of Disteniidae from China
2.1Taxonomic of morphology
27species in7genera of Disteniidae are listed systematically and described. The keys to tribes, genera and species are provided. Type species of17species in6genera are examined. The adult habitus of14species in4genera are given, including17type species.
2.2Phylogenetic analyses of Disteniidae
Based on the morphological data, the phylogenetic relationships of Disteniidae are re-constructed. The results are as follows:①The Chinese Disteniidae is not a monophyly group,the status of Dynamostini is uncertain;②The Chinese Cyrtonopini is a monophyly group, Cyrtonops punctipennis and(Cyrtonops asahinai+Cyrtonop nigra) are sister group;③The Chinese Disteniini is a monophyly group, Distenia and Typodiyas are sister genera;④In geneus Noemia, Noemia semirufa Villiers,1958and Noemia submetallica Gressitt,1940have a close relationship.
2.3Zoogeography of Disteniidae
①According to the general data of the geographical distribution, the fauna of Disteniidae in China is analyzed. The result shows that the Oriental realm has24species, accounting for88.89%of the total, and has18endemic species; the Palaearctic realm only has7species. In general, the Disteniidae from Oriental realm compose the principal part of the Chinese funa. Yunnan Plateau is found to be the area with the richest endemic components, the second one is Taiwan Island; The two region are belong to Oriental realm.②Using the BPA analysis, the zoogeography of Cyrtonops is discussed. It shows that Cyrtonops asahinai Mitono,1947spread from North China region to South China region and Southwest China region, but the diffusion path of Cyrtonops punctipennis White,1853and Cyrtonops nigra Gahan,1906are not very clear.
引文
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