呼伦贝尔草原蓄牧业经济可持续发展研究
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摘要
近年来,我国的草原生态系统受到了严重的破坏,草原问题已前所未有的成为社会各界高度关注的重大问题。草原与森林、海洋并称为三大生态系统,在应对全球气候变化、维护国家生态安全方面具有十分重要的作用。也是建设生态文明、实现科学发展的重要着力点。随着全社会对生态产品的需求不断增长,人们对草原的认识越来越深刻,草原在经济社会可持续发展中的战略地位越来越重要,建设生态文明已成为我国现代化建设的战略任务,维护生态安全已成为全球面临的重大课题,草原肩负着越来越重大的历史使命。内蒙古牧区是我国五大牧区之首,横跨我国”三北”即东北、华北和西北,战略地位非常重要,草原生态安全屏障作用尤为重要。内蒙古牧区多为边境少数民族旗县,偏远落后,蒙古族牧民为主体,尽管内蒙古经济发展增速连续多年全国第一,但由于区域发展不均衡,牧区发展滞后的“三牧“问题日益突出。因此,牧区经济社会能否健康快速发展,不仅直接影响城乡之间、地区之间、区域之间的平衡协调发展,而且对全国乃至全区在生态安全、民族团结和边疆稳定上都将产十深刻而长远的影响。内蒙古牧区经济能否实现可持续发展关系到我国牧区经济以及国民经济是否能实现可持续发展。
呼伦贝尔草原是内蒙古乃至我国和世界闻名的草原,当前也面临草场大范围退化、沙化的生态危机,本文以呼伦贝尔草原畜牧业发展为主题,研究草原破坏的历史教训、成因、现状和将来可持续发展的必要条件及可行性,基于牧户层次对牧业可持续发展问题进行深层次的实证分析,利用实地调研获得的基础数据,通过建立数学模型,分析牧户收入、牧户牧业经营规模、牧草地资源利用和保护之间的关系；基于前面的分析得到相关的结论,提出促进呼伦贝尔草原畜牧业可持续发展的对策建议：应着重于让草原休养生息,充分认识草原生态经济系统的自我恢复功能,采用禁牧、休牧、草原封育实现可持续利用。游牧、划区轮牧是一种有利于草原生态系统可持续发展的生产形式,在限制畜群数量规模条件下走质量效益型畜牧业的道路；建立有利于草原生态系统可持续发展的产业结构,拓宽非牧关联产业；总结推广牧区群众在牧业生产实践中创造出好的经营管理模式----合作牧场,提出在经营体制、机制改革中突出发挥劳动主体----牧民的主导作用；实施草原生态奖补制度等系列草原保护政策；强化草原保护执法监督体系建设；实施合理的制度设置、惠民的政策覆盖与严格依法保护相结合,从而实现草原畜牧业可持续发展和建设生态文明、社会和谐的社会主义新牧区目标。
Grassland degradation is severely developing in recent years in China, and it is a serious problem arising in public. Grassland, foresty and ocean play key roles in climate change and ecological security of China. The position and significance of grassland is deeply concerned by people in the regional sustainable development, and the construction of ecological economy becomes a new challenge globly. Pasture in Inner Mongolia, which is lies across North, Northeast and Northweast of China, is the largest of the five pastures of the country. It is also with ecological ecotone and important defense areas. Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region develops rapidly in recet years, but the regional umbalance and slower developing in pasture areas are main problems. So, the healthy and rapidly developing in pasture is not only related with the balance between urban and countryside and other diffirent areas, but also with the ecological security, bordland stability and national reconciliation in China. The sustainable development of pasture areas in Inner Mongolia will affect the sustainability of whole country in the future.
Pasture in Hulunber, which is famous grassland in China and world, faces degradation and desertification in large scale now. This paper focus on the pasture devlopment in Hulunber, analying the history, present situation and reasons of pasture problems, discussing the necessary and possibility of pasture sustainability. According to the site investigation and farmers visiting in these areas, the sustainable strategies are put forward through statistics models on farmers'scale, income and resources. The results are the following:pasture utilization under controlled grazing and pasture fallowing, popularizing the ideas on rehabilitation of pasture ecosystem; resitiction of animal amounts to better quality and benefits, apllying nomadism and alternative grazing in different blocks; promotion of external industries of animal production, extending the related economic branches; extension the coorperative meadows in diffirent farmers, which summrized from local areas as practiced exsamples; enlarging the enthusiasm of farmers during the construction; carryout the policies on ecological subsidy and pasture protection; stenthening the enforcement and surpervision on pasture protection. The aims of above measures are realizing the sustainable devlopment and harmonious society of pastures through reasonable system design, practiced policies and stricted protection to pastures.
呼伦贝尔草原是内蒙古乃至我国和世界闻名的草原,当前也面临草场大范围退化、沙化的生态危机,本文以呼伦贝尔草原畜牧业发展为主题,研究草原破坏的历史教训、成因、现状和将来可持续发展的必要条件及可行性,基于牧户层次对牧业可持续发展问题进行深层次的实证分析,利用实地调研获得的基础数据,通过建立数学模型,分析牧户收入、牧户牧业经营规模、牧草地资源利用和保护之间的关系；基于前面的分析得到相关的结论,提出促进呼伦贝尔草原畜牧业可持续发展的对策建议：应着重于让草原休养生息,充分认识草原生态经济系统的自我恢复功能,采用禁牧、休牧、草原封育实现可持续利用。游牧、划区轮牧是一种有利于草原生态系统可持续发展的生产形式,在限制畜群数量规模条件下走质量效益型畜牧业的道路；建立有利于草原生态系统可持续发展的产业结构,拓宽非牧关联产业；总结推广牧区群众在牧业生产实践中创造出好的经营管理模式----合作牧场,提出在经营体制、机制改革中突出发挥劳动主体----牧民的主导作用；实施草原生态奖补制度等系列草原保护政策；强化草原保护执法监督体系建设；实施合理的制度设置、惠民的政策覆盖与严格依法保护相结合,从而实现草原畜牧业可持续发展和建设生态文明、社会和谐的社会主义新牧区目标。
Grassland degradation is severely developing in recent years in China, and it is a serious problem arising in public. Grassland, foresty and ocean play key roles in climate change and ecological security of China. The position and significance of grassland is deeply concerned by people in the regional sustainable development, and the construction of ecological economy becomes a new challenge globly. Pasture in Inner Mongolia, which is lies across North, Northeast and Northweast of China, is the largest of the five pastures of the country. It is also with ecological ecotone and important defense areas. Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region develops rapidly in recet years, but the regional umbalance and slower developing in pasture areas are main problems. So, the healthy and rapidly developing in pasture is not only related with the balance between urban and countryside and other diffirent areas, but also with the ecological security, bordland stability and national reconciliation in China. The sustainable development of pasture areas in Inner Mongolia will affect the sustainability of whole country in the future.
Pasture in Hulunber, which is famous grassland in China and world, faces degradation and desertification in large scale now. This paper focus on the pasture devlopment in Hulunber, analying the history, present situation and reasons of pasture problems, discussing the necessary and possibility of pasture sustainability. According to the site investigation and farmers visiting in these areas, the sustainable strategies are put forward through statistics models on farmers'scale, income and resources. The results are the following:pasture utilization under controlled grazing and pasture fallowing, popularizing the ideas on rehabilitation of pasture ecosystem; resitiction of animal amounts to better quality and benefits, apllying nomadism and alternative grazing in different blocks; promotion of external industries of animal production, extending the related economic branches; extension the coorperative meadows in diffirent farmers, which summrized from local areas as practiced exsamples; enlarging the enthusiasm of farmers during the construction; carryout the policies on ecological subsidy and pasture protection; stenthening the enforcement and surpervision on pasture protection. The aims of above measures are realizing the sustainable devlopment and harmonious society of pastures through reasonable system design, practiced policies and stricted protection to pastures.
引文
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