关系网络、资源获取与企业国际化关系研究
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摘要
在动态性和复杂性不断增强的全球经济商业环境之下,企业国际化成长呈现出新的特征,坚实宽广的国际关系网络已经成为推动企业国际化成长的重要因素,通过关系网络的构建与运作实现企业成功国际化已经成为越来越多的企业跨国发展的现实需要和战略选择。
面对中国企业国际化的理论与实践挑战,本研究在广泛借鉴国内外研究成果的基础上,将经济社会学嵌入性思想引入企业国际化研究领域,以扩展的企业资源基础论为理论基础,涉及企业网络理论、社会资本理论等理论体系,对关系网络视角下企业国际化成长动力机制和路径选择问题进行了较为全面和深入的剖析,构建了既有坚实理论基础又与企业国际化实践相符的理论研究框架。在研究路线上,按照“理论研究—模型构建—实证与案例研究”的规范方法,重点研究了六大核心问题：企业国际化网络嵌入性的理论根源、关系网络对企业国际化的作用机理、关系网络视角下的企业国际化成长路径与策略选择、关系网络发展与企业国际化的协同演进机制、关系网络影响企业国际化的概念模型构建以及关系网络作用于企业国际化的概念模型的实证检验与案例研究。本研究的创新性研究工作为以下四个方面。
(1)对关系网络影响企业国际化的内在机理进行了剖析。本文结合经济社会学的嵌入性思想分析了企业国际化行为网络嵌入性的理论根源,认为企业国际化过程中不仅与国际市场主体进行了经济互动,更加重要和不可忽视的是这种互动也是一种社会互动和制度互动,这就是企业国际化网络嵌入性的根源。本研究对资源基础论进行了拓展,将网络资源概念纳入到资源基础论的分析体系,构建了“关系网络—网络资源—企业国际化”的崭新理论框架,从而奠定了从关系网络角度研究企业国际化的理论基础,最后本研究也结合了温州民营企业国际化实践对这一框架的合理性进行了验证。
(2)对关系网络视角下企业国际化成长路径进行了探索性研究。企业国际合作伙伴选择主要有“关注”、“探索”和“选择”三个阶段,每个阶段企业将会采用不同的行为模式,企业所面临的顾客类型、环境不确定性程度、进入模式和资产专用性等因素是企业国际合作伙伴的选择的重要影响因素。此外,本研究对不同网络类型包括代表关系、层级关系、自主伙伴关系和相互依赖伙伴关系与国际市场进入模式之间的内在关系进行了分析,同时也对企业在不同网络状态和国际化状态下的行为方式及策略选择进行了探讨。
(3)对企业关系网络跨国发展及其与企业国际化之间的互动机制进行研究。企业家精神、企业网络能力和企业所处环境共同决定了企业关系网络的跨国发展动力。企业国际化过程从关系网络视角来看可以划分为关系建立、关系延伸、关系渗透和关系整合四个阶段,企业国际化过程中关系网络沿着“本地社会网络→国际商业网络→全球战略网络”的方向演化。关系网络发展与企业国际化成长之间通过“资源获取机制”和“关系运作机制”实现两者的协同演进。
(4)“关系网络—资源获取—企业国际化”概念模型的构建与实证研究。本研究通过问卷调查获得对企业的相关数据,主要运用结构方程模型对概念模型进行实证检验。结果表明,企业关系网络的三个维度包括结构维度、关系维度和认知维度既对企业国际化绩效有直接的影响,又通过企业国际化信息资源、知识资源和声誉资源获取的中介效应间接影响企业国际化绩效。“关系网络—资源获取—企业国际化”概念模型得到实践证实。本研究最后也结合株洲硬质合金集团有限公司的国际化案例对本文理论框架进行了验证与分析。
Toward the incremental dynamism and complexity of the global ecomomic and business environment, there are many new characteristics of firm's internationalization.The stable and broad international relational network is the key factors driving firm's internationalization.Achieving internationalization by building and operating relational networks has been the actual demand and strategic choice of firm's international growth.
Facing the theroretical and practical challenges of Chinese firm's international growth, by broadly reference to foreign and domestic literatures, the research imported the embeddedness idea of economic sociology into the field of firm's internationalization research, and based on RBV which has been extended, involving network theory of firm, social capital theory and entrepreneurship theory, the article has carried comparatively comprehensive and thorough research on the dynamism and path choice of firm's internationalization under the relational network view. Then we built the theoretical framework of firm's internationalization which not only had stable theoretical foundation but also according with the pratice of firm's internationalization. About the research path, according to the normative technique of "theoretical research-model building-empirical proving ",the article researched six core problems:the theoretical root of embeddedness of firm's internationalization, the mechanism that relational network effects firm's internationalization, the path of firm's internationalization and the countermeasures the firm should take, the coevolution mechanism between the development of relational network and firm's internationalization, the design of the empirical method that relational network effects firm's internationalization and the empirical research of the theoretical model. The main creative work of the research includes four aspects behind.
(1) Analyzing the internal mechanism that how relational network influences firm's internationalization.The article analyses the theoretical root of network embeddedness of firm's internationalization by importing some ideas of economic sociology, and thinks that firms not only have economic interation with the main bodies of international market, and what is more important is that it is also social interation and institutional interaction, this is the theoretical foundation of embeddedness of firm's internationalization. The research extends the RBV and brings network resources into the RBV, then build the theoretical framework of "relationship network→network resource→firm's internationalization", this is the foundation of researching firm's internationalization form the relational network view. finally we validated the rationality of the theoretical framework by linking to WenZhou's international private enterprises.
(2) Analyzing the routes of firm's international growth from the relational network view. The choice of firm's international maily includes three phases which are "attention", "exploring" and "choosing",in the different phases the firm's will use different behavior mode. The customer types, the degree of uncertainty of the environment, entry mode and asset specility will determine the process of the choosing of international parters. The research also explored the relationship between different network mode including commissary relation, ranking relation, self-associate relation and leaning relation with the international entry mode. Also the paper dicussed the behaviors and strategies in different network situation and internationalization situation
(3) Analyzing the development and international expansion of firm's relational networks and its interaction with firm's internationalization. The entrepreneurship, firm's network capabilities and the environment together determine the dynamic of the international expansion of firm's relational networks. From the network view internationalization of the firm can be seen as four phases including relation building, relation expansion, relation penetration and relation cooperation, the mechanism between development of relational network and firm's internationalization is "resources acquisition" and "relation operation".
(4) The empirical research and theoretical model building of "relationship network→network resource→firm's internationalization". The paper empirically tests the relationship between firm's external relational network and firm's international performance by questionnaires from Guangzhou. The outcomes demonstrate that the external relational network not only has direct effects on firm's international performance but also has indirect effects on firm's international performance by the mediating role of resources acquisition. Since the network theory of firm's internationalization has been proved. At last the research carried on a case study on the internationalization of ZhuZhou Cemented Carbide Group to prove the theories.
面对中国企业国际化的理论与实践挑战,本研究在广泛借鉴国内外研究成果的基础上,将经济社会学嵌入性思想引入企业国际化研究领域,以扩展的企业资源基础论为理论基础,涉及企业网络理论、社会资本理论等理论体系,对关系网络视角下企业国际化成长动力机制和路径选择问题进行了较为全面和深入的剖析,构建了既有坚实理论基础又与企业国际化实践相符的理论研究框架。在研究路线上,按照“理论研究—模型构建—实证与案例研究”的规范方法,重点研究了六大核心问题：企业国际化网络嵌入性的理论根源、关系网络对企业国际化的作用机理、关系网络视角下的企业国际化成长路径与策略选择、关系网络发展与企业国际化的协同演进机制、关系网络影响企业国际化的概念模型构建以及关系网络作用于企业国际化的概念模型的实证检验与案例研究。本研究的创新性研究工作为以下四个方面。
(1)对关系网络影响企业国际化的内在机理进行了剖析。本文结合经济社会学的嵌入性思想分析了企业国际化行为网络嵌入性的理论根源,认为企业国际化过程中不仅与国际市场主体进行了经济互动,更加重要和不可忽视的是这种互动也是一种社会互动和制度互动,这就是企业国际化网络嵌入性的根源。本研究对资源基础论进行了拓展,将网络资源概念纳入到资源基础论的分析体系,构建了“关系网络—网络资源—企业国际化”的崭新理论框架,从而奠定了从关系网络角度研究企业国际化的理论基础,最后本研究也结合了温州民营企业国际化实践对这一框架的合理性进行了验证。
(2)对关系网络视角下企业国际化成长路径进行了探索性研究。企业国际合作伙伴选择主要有“关注”、“探索”和“选择”三个阶段,每个阶段企业将会采用不同的行为模式,企业所面临的顾客类型、环境不确定性程度、进入模式和资产专用性等因素是企业国际合作伙伴的选择的重要影响因素。此外,本研究对不同网络类型包括代表关系、层级关系、自主伙伴关系和相互依赖伙伴关系与国际市场进入模式之间的内在关系进行了分析,同时也对企业在不同网络状态和国际化状态下的行为方式及策略选择进行了探讨。
(3)对企业关系网络跨国发展及其与企业国际化之间的互动机制进行研究。企业家精神、企业网络能力和企业所处环境共同决定了企业关系网络的跨国发展动力。企业国际化过程从关系网络视角来看可以划分为关系建立、关系延伸、关系渗透和关系整合四个阶段,企业国际化过程中关系网络沿着“本地社会网络→国际商业网络→全球战略网络”的方向演化。关系网络发展与企业国际化成长之间通过“资源获取机制”和“关系运作机制”实现两者的协同演进。
(4)“关系网络—资源获取—企业国际化”概念模型的构建与实证研究。本研究通过问卷调查获得对企业的相关数据,主要运用结构方程模型对概念模型进行实证检验。结果表明,企业关系网络的三个维度包括结构维度、关系维度和认知维度既对企业国际化绩效有直接的影响,又通过企业国际化信息资源、知识资源和声誉资源获取的中介效应间接影响企业国际化绩效。“关系网络—资源获取—企业国际化”概念模型得到实践证实。本研究最后也结合株洲硬质合金集团有限公司的国际化案例对本文理论框架进行了验证与分析。
Toward the incremental dynamism and complexity of the global ecomomic and business environment, there are many new characteristics of firm's internationalization.The stable and broad international relational network is the key factors driving firm's internationalization.Achieving internationalization by building and operating relational networks has been the actual demand and strategic choice of firm's international growth.
Facing the theroretical and practical challenges of Chinese firm's international growth, by broadly reference to foreign and domestic literatures, the research imported the embeddedness idea of economic sociology into the field of firm's internationalization research, and based on RBV which has been extended, involving network theory of firm, social capital theory and entrepreneurship theory, the article has carried comparatively comprehensive and thorough research on the dynamism and path choice of firm's internationalization under the relational network view. Then we built the theoretical framework of firm's internationalization which not only had stable theoretical foundation but also according with the pratice of firm's internationalization. About the research path, according to the normative technique of "theoretical research-model building-empirical proving ",the article researched six core problems:the theoretical root of embeddedness of firm's internationalization, the mechanism that relational network effects firm's internationalization, the path of firm's internationalization and the countermeasures the firm should take, the coevolution mechanism between the development of relational network and firm's internationalization, the design of the empirical method that relational network effects firm's internationalization and the empirical research of the theoretical model. The main creative work of the research includes four aspects behind.
(1) Analyzing the internal mechanism that how relational network influences firm's internationalization.The article analyses the theoretical root of network embeddedness of firm's internationalization by importing some ideas of economic sociology, and thinks that firms not only have economic interation with the main bodies of international market, and what is more important is that it is also social interation and institutional interaction, this is the theoretical foundation of embeddedness of firm's internationalization. The research extends the RBV and brings network resources into the RBV, then build the theoretical framework of "relationship network→network resource→firm's internationalization", this is the foundation of researching firm's internationalization form the relational network view. finally we validated the rationality of the theoretical framework by linking to WenZhou's international private enterprises.
(2) Analyzing the routes of firm's international growth from the relational network view. The choice of firm's international maily includes three phases which are "attention", "exploring" and "choosing",in the different phases the firm's will use different behavior mode. The customer types, the degree of uncertainty of the environment, entry mode and asset specility will determine the process of the choosing of international parters. The research also explored the relationship between different network mode including commissary relation, ranking relation, self-associate relation and leaning relation with the international entry mode. Also the paper dicussed the behaviors and strategies in different network situation and internationalization situation
(3) Analyzing the development and international expansion of firm's relational networks and its interaction with firm's internationalization. The entrepreneurship, firm's network capabilities and the environment together determine the dynamic of the international expansion of firm's relational networks. From the network view internationalization of the firm can be seen as four phases including relation building, relation expansion, relation penetration and relation cooperation, the mechanism between development of relational network and firm's internationalization is "resources acquisition" and "relation operation".
(4) The empirical research and theoretical model building of "relationship network→network resource→firm's internationalization". The paper empirically tests the relationship between firm's external relational network and firm's international performance by questionnaires from Guangzhou. The outcomes demonstrate that the external relational network not only has direct effects on firm's international performance but also has indirect effects on firm's international performance by the mediating role of resources acquisition. Since the network theory of firm's internationalization has been proved. At last the research carried on a case study on the internationalization of ZhuZhou Cemented Carbide Group to prove the theories.
引文
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