新加坡华社的多语现象与语言接触研究
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摘要
新加坡是一个多民族、多语言的国家。特殊的历史背景和种种的社会因素,促使新加坡华人的语言应用状况变得极为复杂。早期的新加坡华人较常接触汉语方言和马来语。国家独立后,政府积极推行双语政策,致使新生代华人多数都能掌握中英双语。由于不同语言长期的接触,新加坡英语和华语都产生了变异的情况,甚至形成多语交融的掺杂式语言。我们从历时和共时的角度去分析新加坡华人语言应用的实际状况,可以了解语言在接触之后所引发的问题,并掌握多语现象形成与发展的脉络,从而为语言政策的规划和多语学习的研究提供宝贵的借鉴。
本论文拟从社会语言学理论的角度来研究新加坡华社的多语现象与语言接触的课题。新加坡华人的语用状况和外在的社会因素是密不可分的。通过田野调查的方式,我们能够在科学的基础上以实际的数据来总结成果,从而勾勒出一幅完整而清晰的多语应用图景。
本论文共分八章,兹将各章的重点择要列出如下。
第一章为绪论,说明研究目的与研究方法,并介绍一些重要的术语,包括双重语言(Bilingualism)和多重语言(Multilingualism)、双层语言(Diglossia)和多层语言(Polyglossia)、华语和母语的概念。
第二章论述多语现象在新加坡形成与发展的轨迹。本章着重分析开埠以来至独立之前新加坡华人移民历史与华人社会的结构,从而解释多语现象的形成与移民浪潮有直接关系。在新加坡华社成型的初期,中国华南一带的移民以帮群的形式落户新加坡,这使得中国南方方言如闽南语、广东话和潮州话等在新加坡的语言环境里扎下根基。另外,还有从马六甲南来的峇峇华人,他们在新加坡形成一个特殊的语言集团,也促成了闽南语和马来语的融合。下来,文章着重探讨建国以后影响新加坡华人语言应用状况的关键因素,其中包括政府积极推展的双语政策、讲华语运动和新移民政策。
第三章利用现代语言学理论,对新加坡英语和华语在音韵、语汇和语法方面进行比较,从而了解多语环境和语言接触如何促成标准英语和华语产生区域变异的特征。新加坡英语相较于新加坡华语,在词汇和语法方面呈现出更大程度的变异特征,应被视为是一种典型的掺杂式语言。
第四章通过问卷调查所得的数据,分析新加坡华人在多语环境之下语言应用的状况和语言态度,并与过去的问卷调查成果进行比较。调查结果显示,有越来越多的新加坡华人利用中英两种语言进行沟通。汉语方言的使用率则进一步萎缩,逐渐退居至家庭域。另一种“双言制”正在新加坡华社中形成:在正式场合里,人们广泛地使用英语;而在非正式场合里,华语的使用率却是最高的。在语言态度方面,不同的年龄层出现明显的差距。新生代华人多数对中英两种语言持有同等的态度,他们已摒弃老一辈华人所抱持的“母语情结”。新加坡华人也逐渐接受和使用掺杂式语言,并认为这是当地的一种语言特色。至于是否需要学习第三种语言,受试者的看法并不一致。
第五章探讨新加坡华人会话中语码转换和语码夹杂的模式。我们利用原始录音所得的语料进行两个典型的个案研究,对象包括一组华族年轻人,以及三代同堂的一家人。研究结果发现新加坡华人在日常会话中,语码转换和语码夹杂的现象非常普遍。录音分析的所得也进一步验证了问卷调查的部分结果。
第六章针对新加坡华社中的书面语料进行分析。我们选择了一份近期出版的中文免费报《我报》作为研究材料,借由语域理论模式说明这种新式媒体语言形成的主要因素,从而揭示中英双语为主导的语用模式很有可能成为未来新加坡中文传媒的主流。
第七章探讨中国文化的传播对新加坡华社的语言应用状况所带来的冲击。中国新移民持续涌入新加坡,加上中国在国际舞台上所发挥的重大影响力,已使得中国文化成为塑造新加坡华社语言环境的关键因素。中国文化的有力渗透,正开始将新加坡的华人社会划分成两个特色迥异的言语社区。
最后,在第八章的结语里,本论文对前述的章节内容进行统整与归纳,并探讨新加坡华人社会语言发展的势态,以及未来将面临的种种挑战,最后预示一个稳定的双语社会将长期存在的可能。
Singapore is a multiracial and multilingual country. Due to its unique historical background and other social factors, the use of Mandarin by the local Chinese population has evolved to become complex and multifaceted. The Chinese community in the early years of Singapore communicated mainly through the use of various Chinese dialects and the Malay language. After Singapore gained independence in 1965, the government placed a strong emphasis on the bilingual policy, resulting in the higher proficiency of both the English and Chinese languages amongst the majority of the younger Chinese population. As a result of contact with multiple languages and dialects, the English language and Mandarin in Singapore has varied linguistically, to become a native variant of the original languages which incorporates multiple local languages and dialect.
The aim of this thesis is to analyse the language use of Singapore Chinese population from historical and synchronic perspectives, so as to unravel issues pertaining to language contact phenomena, and understand the evolution of multilingualism in Singapore society. We hope the findings will provide useful references in the field of language planning and learning at the national level.
This thesis delves into the issues of language contact and multilingual phenomena of Singapore Chinese community based on fundamentals from modern sciolinguistic theory. There is a strong relationship between language use of Singapore Chinese and the social context. We adopt a pragmatic and scientific approach by conducting a sociolinguistic survey of the Chinese community in Singapore, which brings to light many interesting aspects of the language use and attitudes of Singapore Chinese based on quantitative analyses of survey data.
The synopses of the 7 chapters in this thesis are as follows:
Chapter 1 gives an outline of the thesis and introduces definitions and concepts of specific key words, including bilingualism, multilingualism, diglossia, polyglossia, Huayu and mother tongue.
Chapter 2 traces the formation and development of the multilingual phenomenon in Singapore. Colonial Singapore attracted a huge influx of Chinese immigrants from Southern China in the early 19th century, which set the stage for the multilingual setting of Chinese community. The Chinese immigrants who settled down in Singapore formed clans based on dialect groups, common geographical areas or similar surnames. Linguistically, the early Chinese population was fragmented into various dialect groups. Apart from this group of Chinese immigrants, there were the Straits Chinese who came from Malacca and spoke Baba Malay, which is a form of patois Malay interspersed with Hokkien. Next, the thesis focuses on the determinants of language use in Singapore Chinese community after independence in 1965, which includes bilingual policy, Speak Mandarin campaign and foreign talent policy.
Chapter 3 applies the theory of modern linguistics in the comparison of the phonology, vocabulary and grammar of Singlish and Singapore Mandarin. This analysis enables a better understanding of how the multilingual background and language contact led to variation and special characteristics of Singlish and Singapore Mandarin. Compared to Singapore Mandarin, Singlish exhibits a greater extent of language variation, and hence is typecast as a form of "mixed language".
Chapter 4 provides significant findings of the survey on language use and attitudes of Singapore Chinese community. The results from statistical analyses of the survey data are also compared with an earlier survey conducted in 1996. This latest survey reveals that the majority of Singapore Chinese are competent in both basic English and Mandarin, which they use frequently in daily comunication. The usage of Chinese dialects has continued to decline, and is mainly confined to family domain. It is also evident that a new diglossic pattern is emerging in the Singapore Chinese community, as English is used in formal and official domains, while Mandarin and mixed languages are used in informal domains. There are discernible differences among different age groups in their language attitudes. The younger Chinese generation displays similar attitude towards both English and Mandarin, which is a stark contrast to the older generation with immense emotional attachment to Mandarin and dialects. The Singapore Chinese community has gradually come into acceptance of mixed language usage and views it as a trait of local identity. On the other hand, responses to the need of learning a third language in Singapore are mixed.
Chapter 5 explores the usage of a mixture of languages in both verbal and written contexts of the Singapore Chinese community. We conducted two case studies involving recording of conversations; the first one was conducted among 4 young Chinese Singaporeans at a social gathering, and the second one was during a three-generation family gathering at home. These case studies show that code switching and code mixing are common phenomena in daily communication among the Chinese community. Analyses based on this study are congruent with the findings of the survey.
Chapter 6 analyses the language characteristics of a free Chinese newspaper by using the three elements, namely field, tenor and mode from Halliday's Register Theory. The study indicates that the evolvement of new media language has been spearheaded by the linguistic context of situation in Singapore. The unique language usage of could serve as a precedent of the gradual evolution of language usage in Chinese media into a new era by adopting a bilingual approach.
Chapter 7 examines the impact of inculcating Chinese culture from modern China in reshaping the landscape of language use in Singapore's Chinese community. This observation is attributed to the steady increase in number of new Chinese immigrants in Singapore and the growing global influence of China arising from its economic success. The assimilation of the distinctive China culture has led to formation of two different speech communities within the Singapore Chinese.
Last but not least, the final chapter recapitulate the key observations and findings. We appraise the key drivers of language setting in the Singapore Chinese community and cite the main challenges that lies ahead. This thesis then concludes by providing a positive outlook of a stable bilingual language setting in the Chinese community.
本论文拟从社会语言学理论的角度来研究新加坡华社的多语现象与语言接触的课题。新加坡华人的语用状况和外在的社会因素是密不可分的。通过田野调查的方式,我们能够在科学的基础上以实际的数据来总结成果,从而勾勒出一幅完整而清晰的多语应用图景。
本论文共分八章,兹将各章的重点择要列出如下。
第一章为绪论,说明研究目的与研究方法,并介绍一些重要的术语,包括双重语言(Bilingualism)和多重语言(Multilingualism)、双层语言(Diglossia)和多层语言(Polyglossia)、华语和母语的概念。
第二章论述多语现象在新加坡形成与发展的轨迹。本章着重分析开埠以来至独立之前新加坡华人移民历史与华人社会的结构,从而解释多语现象的形成与移民浪潮有直接关系。在新加坡华社成型的初期,中国华南一带的移民以帮群的形式落户新加坡,这使得中国南方方言如闽南语、广东话和潮州话等在新加坡的语言环境里扎下根基。另外,还有从马六甲南来的峇峇华人,他们在新加坡形成一个特殊的语言集团,也促成了闽南语和马来语的融合。下来,文章着重探讨建国以后影响新加坡华人语言应用状况的关键因素,其中包括政府积极推展的双语政策、讲华语运动和新移民政策。
第三章利用现代语言学理论,对新加坡英语和华语在音韵、语汇和语法方面进行比较,从而了解多语环境和语言接触如何促成标准英语和华语产生区域变异的特征。新加坡英语相较于新加坡华语,在词汇和语法方面呈现出更大程度的变异特征,应被视为是一种典型的掺杂式语言。
第四章通过问卷调查所得的数据,分析新加坡华人在多语环境之下语言应用的状况和语言态度,并与过去的问卷调查成果进行比较。调查结果显示,有越来越多的新加坡华人利用中英两种语言进行沟通。汉语方言的使用率则进一步萎缩,逐渐退居至家庭域。另一种“双言制”正在新加坡华社中形成:在正式场合里,人们广泛地使用英语;而在非正式场合里,华语的使用率却是最高的。在语言态度方面,不同的年龄层出现明显的差距。新生代华人多数对中英两种语言持有同等的态度,他们已摒弃老一辈华人所抱持的“母语情结”。新加坡华人也逐渐接受和使用掺杂式语言,并认为这是当地的一种语言特色。至于是否需要学习第三种语言,受试者的看法并不一致。
第五章探讨新加坡华人会话中语码转换和语码夹杂的模式。我们利用原始录音所得的语料进行两个典型的个案研究,对象包括一组华族年轻人,以及三代同堂的一家人。研究结果发现新加坡华人在日常会话中,语码转换和语码夹杂的现象非常普遍。录音分析的所得也进一步验证了问卷调查的部分结果。
第六章针对新加坡华社中的书面语料进行分析。我们选择了一份近期出版的中文免费报《我报》作为研究材料,借由语域理论模式说明这种新式媒体语言形成的主要因素,从而揭示中英双语为主导的语用模式很有可能成为未来新加坡中文传媒的主流。
第七章探讨中国文化的传播对新加坡华社的语言应用状况所带来的冲击。中国新移民持续涌入新加坡,加上中国在国际舞台上所发挥的重大影响力,已使得中国文化成为塑造新加坡华社语言环境的关键因素。中国文化的有力渗透,正开始将新加坡的华人社会划分成两个特色迥异的言语社区。
最后,在第八章的结语里,本论文对前述的章节内容进行统整与归纳,并探讨新加坡华人社会语言发展的势态,以及未来将面临的种种挑战,最后预示一个稳定的双语社会将长期存在的可能。
Singapore is a multiracial and multilingual country. Due to its unique historical background and other social factors, the use of Mandarin by the local Chinese population has evolved to become complex and multifaceted. The Chinese community in the early years of Singapore communicated mainly through the use of various Chinese dialects and the Malay language. After Singapore gained independence in 1965, the government placed a strong emphasis on the bilingual policy, resulting in the higher proficiency of both the English and Chinese languages amongst the majority of the younger Chinese population. As a result of contact with multiple languages and dialects, the English language and Mandarin in Singapore has varied linguistically, to become a native variant of the original languages which incorporates multiple local languages and dialect.
The aim of this thesis is to analyse the language use of Singapore Chinese population from historical and synchronic perspectives, so as to unravel issues pertaining to language contact phenomena, and understand the evolution of multilingualism in Singapore society. We hope the findings will provide useful references in the field of language planning and learning at the national level.
This thesis delves into the issues of language contact and multilingual phenomena of Singapore Chinese community based on fundamentals from modern sciolinguistic theory. There is a strong relationship between language use of Singapore Chinese and the social context. We adopt a pragmatic and scientific approach by conducting a sociolinguistic survey of the Chinese community in Singapore, which brings to light many interesting aspects of the language use and attitudes of Singapore Chinese based on quantitative analyses of survey data.
The synopses of the 7 chapters in this thesis are as follows:
Chapter 1 gives an outline of the thesis and introduces definitions and concepts of specific key words, including bilingualism, multilingualism, diglossia, polyglossia, Huayu and mother tongue.
Chapter 2 traces the formation and development of the multilingual phenomenon in Singapore. Colonial Singapore attracted a huge influx of Chinese immigrants from Southern China in the early 19th century, which set the stage for the multilingual setting of Chinese community. The Chinese immigrants who settled down in Singapore formed clans based on dialect groups, common geographical areas or similar surnames. Linguistically, the early Chinese population was fragmented into various dialect groups. Apart from this group of Chinese immigrants, there were the Straits Chinese who came from Malacca and spoke Baba Malay, which is a form of patois Malay interspersed with Hokkien. Next, the thesis focuses on the determinants of language use in Singapore Chinese community after independence in 1965, which includes bilingual policy, Speak Mandarin campaign and foreign talent policy.
Chapter 3 applies the theory of modern linguistics in the comparison of the phonology, vocabulary and grammar of Singlish and Singapore Mandarin. This analysis enables a better understanding of how the multilingual background and language contact led to variation and special characteristics of Singlish and Singapore Mandarin. Compared to Singapore Mandarin, Singlish exhibits a greater extent of language variation, and hence is typecast as a form of "mixed language".
Chapter 4 provides significant findings of the survey on language use and attitudes of Singapore Chinese community. The results from statistical analyses of the survey data are also compared with an earlier survey conducted in 1996. This latest survey reveals that the majority of Singapore Chinese are competent in both basic English and Mandarin, which they use frequently in daily comunication. The usage of Chinese dialects has continued to decline, and is mainly confined to family domain. It is also evident that a new diglossic pattern is emerging in the Singapore Chinese community, as English is used in formal and official domains, while Mandarin and mixed languages are used in informal domains. There are discernible differences among different age groups in their language attitudes. The younger Chinese generation displays similar attitude towards both English and Mandarin, which is a stark contrast to the older generation with immense emotional attachment to Mandarin and dialects. The Singapore Chinese community has gradually come into acceptance of mixed language usage and views it as a trait of local identity. On the other hand, responses to the need of learning a third language in Singapore are mixed.
Chapter 5 explores the usage of a mixture of languages in both verbal and written contexts of the Singapore Chinese community. We conducted two case studies involving recording of conversations; the first one was conducted among 4 young Chinese Singaporeans at a social gathering, and the second one was during a three-generation family gathering at home. These case studies show that code switching and code mixing are common phenomena in daily communication among the Chinese community. Analyses based on this study are congruent with the findings of the survey.
Chapter 6 analyses the language characteristics of a free Chinese newspaper
Chapter 7 examines the impact of inculcating Chinese culture from modern China in reshaping the landscape of language use in Singapore's Chinese community. This observation is attributed to the steady increase in number of new Chinese immigrants in Singapore and the growing global influence of China arising from its economic success. The assimilation of the distinctive China culture has led to formation of two different speech communities within the Singapore Chinese.
Last but not least, the final chapter recapitulate the key observations and findings. We appraise the key drivers of language setting in the Singapore Chinese community and cite the main challenges that lies ahead. This thesis then concludes by providing a positive outlook of a stable bilingual language setting in the Chinese community.
引文
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