海上风机钢混组合筒型基础研究
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摘要
海上风能是一种丰富的清洁可再生能源,但是海上风力发电机的基础结构所处的环境复杂,导致运输施工困难、造价成本高,另外如何保证海上风机基础结构在复杂的荷载作用下的稳定和安全性,也是当今研究的热点。筒型基础作为一种新型的海上的平台基础,具有施工简便,机动灵活,使用安全可靠,可实现回收复用等特点,被广泛应用于各种海上结构设施。本文利用筒型基础的这些特点,设计了新型的海上风机筒型基础,并通过理论分析和数值模拟,对这种形式的海上风机基础运用于实际工程的可行性进行了研究,重点研究如下几个问题:
(1)根据所选择的风机场址,确定风电场特定的外部条件。分析海上风机筒型基础在使用过程中受到的各种荷载,并给出相应的理论计算方法,确定筒型风机基础计算工况。分析筒型基础的特点和工作机理,阐述筒型基础承载特性的理论计算方法。介绍了筒型基础充气浮运的浮稳性的理论分析方法,通过稳性高参数来判断气浮体的浮稳性。介绍影响筒型基础负压沉贯的几个因数,并给出计算负压值的理论公式,用于指导平台就位施工时的负压控制。
(2)根据前面介绍的筒型基础设计要点,提出了适用于浅海的钢结构形式和钢混组合形式两种筒型基础方案,并对两种方案从基础重量、造价、稳定性、施工阶段的拖航浮运沉贯几个方面进行了比较,选出了较优的方案钢混组合基础。
(3)通过有限元分析软件ABAQUS,对较优方案钢混组合筒型基础进行了数值分析计算。校核基础在正常运行工况下和极限工况下,位移和应力,并具体分析了土体对筒基的作用。采用位移控制法对筒型基础在单向荷载作用下地基的承载特性进行了数值计算和分析,为复合加载模式下海上风机筒型基础的承载特性分析奠定了基础。
(4)选取了适当的疲劳S-N曲线,并结合有限元分析,评价了基础钢结构的疲劳寿命,为基础的设计提供依据。
Maritime wind energy is an abundant, clean and renewable energy, but the Infrastructure for offshore wind turbine in which the environment is so complex that it is difficult to transport construction, and the construction cost high; in addition, how to ensure the stability and security of the offshore wind turbine infrastructure under complex loads is a hot project today. As a new-style platform foundation, bucket foundation is widely used in various marine structures facilities for the reasons that it has so many merit such as simple structure, flexible, reliable and reusable. In this paper, a new-style offshore bucket foundation was designed, and its feasibility was studied through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Focusing on the following issues:
(1) According to the fan site choiced, the specific farms external conditions are determined. Various loads will focus on the bucket foundation during use. The loads were analyzed and the corresponding theoretical calculating methods of these loads are gived in the paper to determine work condition. Analysed the characteristics of bucket foundation and working mechanism to explain the theoretical calculating methods of bucket foundation’s load-bearing characteristics. The theoretical analysis of the static stability of air float bucket foundation was introduced. Whether an air float structure is in stability can be judged by the parameter of stabilizing height. Several factors that effects suction penetration of bucket foundation were introduced, and the theoretically calculating formula of underpressure was provided. Allowable value of negative pressure changed with the inserting depth of bucket foundation. The transformation was obtained to used to guide the underpressure-control during construction period.
(2) According to the basic design elements, Steel structure and Steel-concrete Composite Fucket Foundation are designed. And coMPared two programs from basic weight, cost, stability, the towing floating and suction penetration during construction, and then the steel-concrete combination program was chosen as the best one.
(3) The bucket foundation that designed were numerically calculated and analyzed in ABAQUS. Checked the displacement and stress under normal operating conditions and extreme conditions, and specifically analysed the influence that acted on the bucket foundation by soil. The bucket foundation’s load-bearing characteristics under monodirectional loads were numerically calculated using displacement control method, then lay the foundation of the numerical calculation of the bucket foundation’s load-bearing characteristics under combined loading.
(4) Evaluated the fatigue life of steel structures in the method of finite element analysis using the appropriate fatigue SN curves, to provide evidence-based theories for the design of foundation.
(1)根据所选择的风机场址,确定风电场特定的外部条件。分析海上风机筒型基础在使用过程中受到的各种荷载,并给出相应的理论计算方法,确定筒型风机基础计算工况。分析筒型基础的特点和工作机理,阐述筒型基础承载特性的理论计算方法。介绍了筒型基础充气浮运的浮稳性的理论分析方法,通过稳性高参数来判断气浮体的浮稳性。介绍影响筒型基础负压沉贯的几个因数,并给出计算负压值的理论公式,用于指导平台就位施工时的负压控制。
(2)根据前面介绍的筒型基础设计要点,提出了适用于浅海的钢结构形式和钢混组合形式两种筒型基础方案,并对两种方案从基础重量、造价、稳定性、施工阶段的拖航浮运沉贯几个方面进行了比较,选出了较优的方案钢混组合基础。
(3)通过有限元分析软件ABAQUS,对较优方案钢混组合筒型基础进行了数值分析计算。校核基础在正常运行工况下和极限工况下,位移和应力,并具体分析了土体对筒基的作用。采用位移控制法对筒型基础在单向荷载作用下地基的承载特性进行了数值计算和分析,为复合加载模式下海上风机筒型基础的承载特性分析奠定了基础。
(4)选取了适当的疲劳S-N曲线,并结合有限元分析,评价了基础钢结构的疲劳寿命,为基础的设计提供依据。
Maritime wind energy is an abundant, clean and renewable energy, but the Infrastructure for offshore wind turbine in which the environment is so complex that it is difficult to transport construction, and the construction cost high; in addition, how to ensure the stability and security of the offshore wind turbine infrastructure under complex loads is a hot project today. As a new-style platform foundation, bucket foundation is widely used in various marine structures facilities for the reasons that it has so many merit such as simple structure, flexible, reliable and reusable. In this paper, a new-style offshore bucket foundation was designed, and its feasibility was studied through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Focusing on the following issues:
(1) According to the fan site choiced, the specific farms external conditions are determined. Various loads will focus on the bucket foundation during use. The loads were analyzed and the corresponding theoretical calculating methods of these loads are gived in the paper to determine work condition. Analysed the characteristics of bucket foundation and working mechanism to explain the theoretical calculating methods of bucket foundation’s load-bearing characteristics. The theoretical analysis of the static stability of air float bucket foundation was introduced. Whether an air float structure is in stability can be judged by the parameter of stabilizing height. Several factors that effects suction penetration of bucket foundation were introduced, and the theoretically calculating formula of underpressure was provided. Allowable value of negative pressure changed with the inserting depth of bucket foundation. The transformation was obtained to used to guide the underpressure-control during construction period.
(2) According to the basic design elements, Steel structure and Steel-concrete Composite Fucket Foundation are designed. And coMPared two programs from basic weight, cost, stability, the towing floating and suction penetration during construction, and then the steel-concrete combination program was chosen as the best one.
(3) The bucket foundation that designed were numerically calculated and analyzed in ABAQUS. Checked the displacement and stress under normal operating conditions and extreme conditions, and specifically analysed the influence that acted on the bucket foundation by soil. The bucket foundation’s load-bearing characteristics under monodirectional loads were numerically calculated using displacement control method, then lay the foundation of the numerical calculation of the bucket foundation’s load-bearing characteristics under combined loading.
(4) Evaluated the fatigue life of steel structures in the method of finite element analysis using the appropriate fatigue SN curves, to provide evidence-based theories for the design of foundation.
引文
[1]姜谦,2010-2015年中国海上风力发电行业投资分析及前景预测报告[J],中投顾问
[2] Simon-Philippe Breton, Geir Moe.Status,plans and technologies for offshore wind turbines in Europe and North America[J],Renewable 2009(34):646-654
[3]海上风电开发及沿海大型风电基地建设研讨会[C],workshop on Offshore wind and Coastal Wind Base Development,北京:[出版社不详],2009
[4]刘树杰、王忠涛、栾茂田,单向荷载作用下海上风机多桶基础承载特性数值分析[J],海洋工程,2006.28(1)
[5]别社安,赵冲久,及春宁等,筒型基础海洋平台气浮拖航稳性分析[J],天津大学学报,2002,35(2)
[6]国家发展和改革委员会,SY/T 10020-2004,海上固定平台规划、设计和建造的推荐作法——工作应力设计法[S],中国石油工业出版社.
[7] Hogervorst JR,Field Trails with Large Diameter Suction Piles [R],OTC3817,1980:217-220.
[8]孙东昌,桶形基础采油平台负压沉贯特性分析[J],黄渤海海洋,2000,18 (4):01~05
[9]严恺、梁其荀,海洋工程,北京:海洋出版社,2002:273~275
[10] DESIGN OFOFFSHORE WIND TURBINE STRUCTURES[S],DNV-OS—J101
[11]王元战、华蕾娜、祝振宇,软土地基条件下大型圆筒海岸结构稳定性计算方法[J],岩土力学,2005,20(1):41~45
[12]中交第一航务工程勘察设计院,长江口深水航道治理工程大圆筒结构试验段工程“威马逊”台风后失稳的验算分析报告[R],上海:长江口航道建设有限公司,2002
[13]朱以文、蔡元奇、徐晗,ABAQUS与岩土工程分析[M],香港:中国图书出版社,2005
[14]庄茁,ABAQUS/Standard有限元软件入门指南,北京:清华大学出版社,2003
[15]陈希哲,土力学地基基础(M),北京:清华大学出版社,195~199
[16] FD 003—2007,风电机组地基基础设计规定,北京:中国水利水电出版社,2007
[17] GB 50135—2006,高耸结构设计规范,北京:中国计划出版社,2007
[18]张淑茳、史冬岩,海洋工程结构的疲劳与断裂,哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学出版色和,2004:1~2
[19]俞剑勇、张艳芳、王铭飞,海上风力发电工程钢结构疲劳分析[J],钢结构,2008(23):49~51
[20]郇彩云,海上桩式风机基础结构设计与研究[D],大连理工大学,2009
[21] GB 50017-2003,钢结构设计规范,北京:2003
[22] GB 50010-2002,混凝土结构设计规范,中国建筑工业出版社,北京:2002
[23]别社安、时钟民、王翎羽,气浮结构的小倾角浮稳性分析,中国港湾建设, 2001(1):31~36
[24]别社安、徐艳杰、王光纶,气浮结构的静稳性分析,清华大学学报(自然科学版),2002,42(2):274-277
[25]别社安、时忠民、王翎羽,气浮结构的静浮态分析[J],中国港湾建设,2000(6):18~23.
[26]别社安、徐元锡、祝业浩等,大圆筒结构的充气浮运方法[J] ,港工技术,2001 (1): 21~23
[27]别社安、徐元锡、祝业浩等,增强结构气浮稳定的分舱法及优化分析[J] ,中国港湾建设,2003 (1): 1~4
[28] International Electrotechnical Commission , IEC 61400-01-2005 Wind turbines-Part Design requirements,2005
[29]李斌、石友强,海上钢结构防腐蚀措施的研究[J],海岸工程,2007,26(3):54~56
[30] TEMPORARY SEA-FLOOR SUPPORT OF JACKET SYRUCTURES[A],OTC 3750[C],1980,Steven C Helfrich,Alan G,Young,Clarence J Ehlers,McClelland Engineers
[31]袁聚云,基础工程设计原理[M],上海:同济大学出版社,2002
[32]石亦平、周玉蓉,ABAQUS有限元分析实例详解,北京:机械工业出版社,2006:51~63
[33] DNV-RP- C203,Fatigue Design of Offshore Steel Structures,DNV, AUG,2005
[34]吴芳和,近海风机基础结构选型优化与疲劳分析[D],大连理工大学,2009
[35]张伟、周锡礽、余建星,滩海桶形基础极限水平承载力研究[J],中国海洋平台,2004,19(3):14~16
[36]栾茂田、张其一、杨庆等,均质地基上浅埤矩形基础,极限承载力上限分析[J].海洋工程,2008,26(2):69~77
[37] Zhao S F、Luan MT、Lu A Z, Numerical analysis of bearing capacity of foundation under combined loading[C],Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics,2005: 499~505
[38]徐强、余海勇,大型海工混凝土结构耐久性研究与实践[M],北京:中国建筑出版社,2008.6
[39]杨树耕、孟昭瑛、任贵水,等海上桶基平台基础边界条件的简化方法与结构优化[J,海洋工程,1999,17(2):22~30
[40]刘树杰,海上风机吸力式多桶组合基础承载力特性研究[J],大连理工大学,2009
[41]张丛林,练继建,王海军.海上风电发展状况综述[M],第四届全国水力学与水利信息学学术大会[C],2009:1.
[42]徐继祖、王翎羽,吸力锚到筒型基础平台——关于近海吸力式基础的工程经验和技术思考[J],中国海上油气(工程),2002,14(1):2~5
[2] Simon-Philippe Breton, Geir Moe.Status,plans and technologies for offshore wind turbines in Europe and North America[J],Renewable 2009(34):646-654
[3]海上风电开发及沿海大型风电基地建设研讨会[C],workshop on Offshore wind and Coastal Wind Base Development,北京:[出版社不详],2009
[4]刘树杰、王忠涛、栾茂田,单向荷载作用下海上风机多桶基础承载特性数值分析[J],海洋工程,2006.28(1)
[5]别社安,赵冲久,及春宁等,筒型基础海洋平台气浮拖航稳性分析[J],天津大学学报,2002,35(2)
[6]国家发展和改革委员会,SY/T 10020-2004,海上固定平台规划、设计和建造的推荐作法——工作应力设计法[S],中国石油工业出版社.
[7] Hogervorst JR,Field Trails with Large Diameter Suction Piles [R],OTC3817,1980:217-220.
[8]孙东昌,桶形基础采油平台负压沉贯特性分析[J],黄渤海海洋,2000,18 (4):01~05
[9]严恺、梁其荀,海洋工程,北京:海洋出版社,2002:273~275
[10] DESIGN OFOFFSHORE WIND TURBINE STRUCTURES[S],DNV-OS—J101
[11]王元战、华蕾娜、祝振宇,软土地基条件下大型圆筒海岸结构稳定性计算方法[J],岩土力学,2005,20(1):41~45
[12]中交第一航务工程勘察设计院,长江口深水航道治理工程大圆筒结构试验段工程“威马逊”台风后失稳的验算分析报告[R],上海:长江口航道建设有限公司,2002
[13]朱以文、蔡元奇、徐晗,ABAQUS与岩土工程分析[M],香港:中国图书出版社,2005
[14]庄茁,ABAQUS/Standard有限元软件入门指南,北京:清华大学出版社,2003
[15]陈希哲,土力学地基基础(M),北京:清华大学出版社,195~199
[16] FD 003—2007,风电机组地基基础设计规定,北京:中国水利水电出版社,2007
[17] GB 50135—2006,高耸结构设计规范,北京:中国计划出版社,2007
[18]张淑茳、史冬岩,海洋工程结构的疲劳与断裂,哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学出版色和,2004:1~2
[19]俞剑勇、张艳芳、王铭飞,海上风力发电工程钢结构疲劳分析[J],钢结构,2008(23):49~51
[20]郇彩云,海上桩式风机基础结构设计与研究[D],大连理工大学,2009
[21] GB 50017-2003,钢结构设计规范,北京:2003
[22] GB 50010-2002,混凝土结构设计规范,中国建筑工业出版社,北京:2002
[23]别社安、时钟民、王翎羽,气浮结构的小倾角浮稳性分析,中国港湾建设, 2001(1):31~36
[24]别社安、徐艳杰、王光纶,气浮结构的静稳性分析,清华大学学报(自然科学版),2002,42(2):274-277
[25]别社安、时忠民、王翎羽,气浮结构的静浮态分析[J],中国港湾建设,2000(6):18~23.
[26]别社安、徐元锡、祝业浩等,大圆筒结构的充气浮运方法[J] ,港工技术,2001 (1): 21~23
[27]别社安、徐元锡、祝业浩等,增强结构气浮稳定的分舱法及优化分析[J] ,中国港湾建设,2003 (1): 1~4
[28] International Electrotechnical Commission , IEC 61400-01-2005 Wind turbines-Part Design requirements,2005
[29]李斌、石友强,海上钢结构防腐蚀措施的研究[J],海岸工程,2007,26(3):54~56
[30] TEMPORARY SEA-FLOOR SUPPORT OF JACKET SYRUCTURES[A],OTC 3750[C],1980,Steven C Helfrich,Alan G,Young,Clarence J Ehlers,McClelland Engineers
[31]袁聚云,基础工程设计原理[M],上海:同济大学出版社,2002
[32]石亦平、周玉蓉,ABAQUS有限元分析实例详解,北京:机械工业出版社,2006:51~63
[33] DNV-RP- C203,Fatigue Design of Offshore Steel Structures,DNV, AUG,2005
[34]吴芳和,近海风机基础结构选型优化与疲劳分析[D],大连理工大学,2009
[35]张伟、周锡礽、余建星,滩海桶形基础极限水平承载力研究[J],中国海洋平台,2004,19(3):14~16
[36]栾茂田、张其一、杨庆等,均质地基上浅埤矩形基础,极限承载力上限分析[J].海洋工程,2008,26(2):69~77
[37] Zhao S F、Luan MT、Lu A Z, Numerical analysis of bearing capacity of foundation under combined loading[C],Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics,2005: 499~505
[38]徐强、余海勇,大型海工混凝土结构耐久性研究与实践[M],北京:中国建筑出版社,2008.6
[39]杨树耕、孟昭瑛、任贵水,等海上桶基平台基础边界条件的简化方法与结构优化[J,海洋工程,1999,17(2):22~30
[40]刘树杰,海上风机吸力式多桶组合基础承载力特性研究[J],大连理工大学,2009
[41]张丛林,练继建,王海军.海上风电发展状况综述[M],第四届全国水力学与水利信息学学术大会[C],2009:1.
[42]徐继祖、王翎羽,吸力锚到筒型基础平台——关于近海吸力式基础的工程经验和技术思考[J],中国海上油气(工程),2002,14(1):2~5