无线中继系统中资源分配与切换机制的研究
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摘要
人们对随时随地的进行自由通信的渴望促进了无线网络的迅速发展,基于中继技术的无线网络的出现令传统无线网络一直存在的可伸缩性低和健壮性差等诸多问题迎刃而解,中继技术成了满足下一代网络未来通信网络高容量、高速率和广覆盖需求的极有前途的方案。本文以无线中继系统为研究背景,研究无线中继系统中资源管理中的关键问题,重点对资源分配策略和切换机制进行了全面而深入的研究。
本文从中继链路入手,分别研究了解码转发(DF)和放大转发(AF)方式的功率分配策略。对DF中继链路,通过充分利用端到端的系统中断概率的需求,提出了使系统总功率消耗最小化的功率分配策略。在保证相同的系统中断概率要求下,此分配策略相比考虑单独每跳的中断概率的传统功率分配方案,能得到更高的系统性能。针对MIMO-OFDM AF中继链路,从信息论的角度分析了其信道容量,并以最大化信道容量为优化目标,在中继端功率受限的条件下,提出了一种新的功率分配方法。所提出的算法复杂度较低并且能明显的提高中继系统容量。
正交频分复用(OFDM)技术可以有效地对抗宽带通信中无线信道的频率选择性衰落,未来的通信系统广泛采用OFDM技术。但结合了OFDMA的中继系统的资源优化问题变得非常复杂,需要解决2个问题:1)路由问题,即用户(MS)和中继节点(RS)如何配对。2)资源分配问题,即为配对好的用户和中继节点如何分配资源。本文以OFDMA中继网络为研究背景,在用户最小速率限制下,以最大化系统吞吐量为优化目标,研究了路由和子载波联合分配的策略,针对以上优化问题提出了最优解和次优解:
1)最优解:上述优化问题是一个二进制整数规划问题,一般的线性整数规划问题已经被证明是NP完全(NP-complete)问题,很难求解。而幸运的是,待求解的优化问题可以利用图论的知识来解决:产生新的网络流图,把原始的优化问题转化成与之等效的图论中的“线性最优分配”问题,然后利用图论中的算法来求解。此方法得到的是优化问题的最优解,且算法复杂度相对较低。路由的查找和子载波的分配在新生成的网络图上查找环路的过程中一并执行,实现了路由和子载波的联合分配。
2)次优解:从几何学的角度,优化问题可以抽象到三维空间(路由、子载波和用户),本文把三维空间的资源分配问题映射到二维平面(子载波和用户)上,映射的过程剔除了三维空间中的冗余元素,因此,该策略进一步降低了计算复杂度,并使得子载波分配策略更加灵活。这是一种具有启发式的资源分配方法,得到是优化问题的次优解。另外,映射的操作包含了路由的选择,实现了路由和子载波的联合分配。
论文对中继OFDMA系统的分组数据调度算法也进行了研究,系统中考虑了多种业务,包括时延敏感业务和时延不敏感业务。为了提高系统吞吐量和降低丢包率,提出了考虑信道质量变化以及业务时延需求的自适应调度算法。调度策略采用路由和资源分配分离的方式,BS先为用户选择路由,然后考虑用户的传输速率、业务服务质量(QoS)和用户公平性,设计合适的调度准则来分配资源。所提出的算法在较低复杂度下既充分体现了OFDMA无线信道资源的多用户分集增益优势,又保证了其业务的时延QoS要求,仿真结果同时验证了中继OFDMA网络对于单跳OFDMA网络的优越性。
切换是无线资源管理中一个重要的课题。在传统蜂窝网络中,当MS进行切换时,BS是MS唯一的切换目标。而在中继系统中,其切换节点可能是MS或RS,切换目标也不仅仅是BS,也可以为本小区RS或目标小区下的RS。单跳系统中的切换方法不再适用于中继系统,因此,本文提出了一套完整的切换方法,完成中继系统中的切换流程。同时,还提出了新方法以保证切换过程中下行链路数据传输的连续性。本文提出的切换方法和数据传输方法已申请多项专利,其中部分内容预埋IEEE802.16j标准。最后论文研究了宏分集切换中基于方向信息辅助的分集集合更新方法。
The aspiration of communicating anywhere at any time boosts the evolution of wireless networks. The relay based wireless networks have solved many problems that exist in the traditional wireless networks, e.g. the lack of expansibility and robustness, thus the concept of relaying is a promising solution for the challenging throughput and high data rate coverage requirements of future wireless cellular networks. The dissertation focuses on wireless relay systems, taking the resource management as the key, and gives a thorough and comprehensive study on the resource allocation strategy and handover mechanism.
Based on the relay link, the power allocation strategies for decode-and-forward (DF) and amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying method are respectively studied. The dissertation firstly deals with DF relaying scheme in multihop wireless networks. Through making full use of end-to-end system outage probability requirement in multihop route, an efficient optimal power allocation scheme that minimizing the aggregate power consumption is proposed. Theory analysis and numerical simulation indicate that compared with the traditional power allocation scheme which considering the each intermediate node's power constraint, the proposed scheme has superior performance in view of minimizing the power consumption on the condition of the same system outage guarantee. Based on the MIMO-OFDM AF relay system, from information theory point of view the channel capacity is analyzed and a new power allocation scheme is developed under a certain power constraint at the relay to achieve the maximum channel capacity. The proposed power allocation scheme can be computed with low computational complexity and achieve a higher system performance.
In view of the frequency selective fading of wireless channel in broadband systems, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) will be widely adopted in the future communication systems. The problem of resource optimization becomes more complicated in OFDMA based relay systems. As dedicated relays are deployed in the traditional OFDMA system, two accompanying issues are envisioned, i.e., 1) the routing issue such that how to pair relay station (RS) with the mobile station (MS) and 2) the subcarrier allocation issue, such that how to assign subcarriers to these pairs. The dissertation addresses the joint routing and subcarrier allocation problem for two-hop OFDMA-based relay networks. An optimization problem that maximizes system capacity while guaranteeing minimum resource for each user is formulated, and two joint routing and subcarrier allocation strategies are proposed: the optimal solution and the suboptimal solution respectively.
1) Optimal solution: The original optimization problem is a linear integer programming problem. A gereneral integer programming has been proved to be NP-complete. Fortunately, the original optimization problem can be tackled in virtue of gragh theory: we generate a new network gragh in a directed graph and then transform the original optimization problem into the equivalent "linear optimal distribution" problem in gragh theory. The original optimization problem can be tackled in virtue of the graph-theoretic approach. The proposed scheme gains the optimal solution with relatively low computational complexity. The process of searching circles in the generated network gragh includes the path selection and subcarrier allocation procedure, thus the joint routing and subcarrier allocation is realized.
2) Suboptimal solution: From geometry point of view, the original optimization problem can be abstracted to a three-dimensional space (path, subcarrier and user). The resource allocation problem in a three-dimensional space is mapped into a two-dimensional plane (subcarrier and user). The mapping process deletes the excrescent elments, thus the proposed scheme can reduce the computational complexity significantly. The proposed scheme has some heuristic meaning and gains the suboptimal solution. In addition, the mapping process includes the path selection, so the joint routing and subcarrier allocation is realized.
The dissertation addresses the problem of the packet scheduling design for OFDMA based relay networks with different traffic classes (delay-sensitive traffic and delay-insensitive traffic). In order to improve the system throughput and decrease the packet loss rate, three centralized packet scheduling schemes by adjusting transmission rate dynamically in response to the variation of channel quality and packet delay requirement are proposed. The scheduling strategies adopt the separated routing and resource allocation scheme and consider the constraints of user transmission, traffic quality of service (QoS) and user fairness. The proposed schemes exploit the independent subchannel fading of different users and acquire multiuser diversity gain, and satisfy the traffic QoS requirement. In addition, numerical results show that the OFDMA relay network outperforms the traditional (one hop) OFDMA network significantly in system performance.
Handover is an indispensable problem in wireless resource management. In the traditional cellular networks, the BS is the unique handover target, while in relay networks, the handover target can be BS, RS in the same cell or RS in the neighbor cell and the handover node is MS or RS. So the handover process in single hop networks can't adapt to the relay networks. The dissertation proproses a whole set of handover process for the relay networks. In addition, a new solution is proposed in order to provide the continuity of data transmission during handover process. Our proposed handover mechanisms have applied patents and some content has been accepted and written in IEEE802.16j specification. At last, the diversity set update algorithm for macro diversity handover in Relay Networks is studied.
本文从中继链路入手,分别研究了解码转发(DF)和放大转发(AF)方式的功率分配策略。对DF中继链路,通过充分利用端到端的系统中断概率的需求,提出了使系统总功率消耗最小化的功率分配策略。在保证相同的系统中断概率要求下,此分配策略相比考虑单独每跳的中断概率的传统功率分配方案,能得到更高的系统性能。针对MIMO-OFDM AF中继链路,从信息论的角度分析了其信道容量,并以最大化信道容量为优化目标,在中继端功率受限的条件下,提出了一种新的功率分配方法。所提出的算法复杂度较低并且能明显的提高中继系统容量。
正交频分复用(OFDM)技术可以有效地对抗宽带通信中无线信道的频率选择性衰落,未来的通信系统广泛采用OFDM技术。但结合了OFDMA的中继系统的资源优化问题变得非常复杂,需要解决2个问题:1)路由问题,即用户(MS)和中继节点(RS)如何配对。2)资源分配问题,即为配对好的用户和中继节点如何分配资源。本文以OFDMA中继网络为研究背景,在用户最小速率限制下,以最大化系统吞吐量为优化目标,研究了路由和子载波联合分配的策略,针对以上优化问题提出了最优解和次优解:
1)最优解:上述优化问题是一个二进制整数规划问题,一般的线性整数规划问题已经被证明是NP完全(NP-complete)问题,很难求解。而幸运的是,待求解的优化问题可以利用图论的知识来解决:产生新的网络流图,把原始的优化问题转化成与之等效的图论中的“线性最优分配”问题,然后利用图论中的算法来求解。此方法得到的是优化问题的最优解,且算法复杂度相对较低。路由的查找和子载波的分配在新生成的网络图上查找环路的过程中一并执行,实现了路由和子载波的联合分配。
2)次优解:从几何学的角度,优化问题可以抽象到三维空间(路由、子载波和用户),本文把三维空间的资源分配问题映射到二维平面(子载波和用户)上,映射的过程剔除了三维空间中的冗余元素,因此,该策略进一步降低了计算复杂度,并使得子载波分配策略更加灵活。这是一种具有启发式的资源分配方法,得到是优化问题的次优解。另外,映射的操作包含了路由的选择,实现了路由和子载波的联合分配。
论文对中继OFDMA系统的分组数据调度算法也进行了研究,系统中考虑了多种业务,包括时延敏感业务和时延不敏感业务。为了提高系统吞吐量和降低丢包率,提出了考虑信道质量变化以及业务时延需求的自适应调度算法。调度策略采用路由和资源分配分离的方式,BS先为用户选择路由,然后考虑用户的传输速率、业务服务质量(QoS)和用户公平性,设计合适的调度准则来分配资源。所提出的算法在较低复杂度下既充分体现了OFDMA无线信道资源的多用户分集增益优势,又保证了其业务的时延QoS要求,仿真结果同时验证了中继OFDMA网络对于单跳OFDMA网络的优越性。
切换是无线资源管理中一个重要的课题。在传统蜂窝网络中,当MS进行切换时,BS是MS唯一的切换目标。而在中继系统中,其切换节点可能是MS或RS,切换目标也不仅仅是BS,也可以为本小区RS或目标小区下的RS。单跳系统中的切换方法不再适用于中继系统,因此,本文提出了一套完整的切换方法,完成中继系统中的切换流程。同时,还提出了新方法以保证切换过程中下行链路数据传输的连续性。本文提出的切换方法和数据传输方法已申请多项专利,其中部分内容预埋IEEE802.16j标准。最后论文研究了宏分集切换中基于方向信息辅助的分集集合更新方法。
The aspiration of communicating anywhere at any time boosts the evolution of wireless networks. The relay based wireless networks have solved many problems that exist in the traditional wireless networks, e.g. the lack of expansibility and robustness, thus the concept of relaying is a promising solution for the challenging throughput and high data rate coverage requirements of future wireless cellular networks. The dissertation focuses on wireless relay systems, taking the resource management as the key, and gives a thorough and comprehensive study on the resource allocation strategy and handover mechanism.
Based on the relay link, the power allocation strategies for decode-and-forward (DF) and amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying method are respectively studied. The dissertation firstly deals with DF relaying scheme in multihop wireless networks. Through making full use of end-to-end system outage probability requirement in multihop route, an efficient optimal power allocation scheme that minimizing the aggregate power consumption is proposed. Theory analysis and numerical simulation indicate that compared with the traditional power allocation scheme which considering the each intermediate node's power constraint, the proposed scheme has superior performance in view of minimizing the power consumption on the condition of the same system outage guarantee. Based on the MIMO-OFDM AF relay system, from information theory point of view the channel capacity is analyzed and a new power allocation scheme is developed under a certain power constraint at the relay to achieve the maximum channel capacity. The proposed power allocation scheme can be computed with low computational complexity and achieve a higher system performance.
In view of the frequency selective fading of wireless channel in broadband systems, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) will be widely adopted in the future communication systems. The problem of resource optimization becomes more complicated in OFDMA based relay systems. As dedicated relays are deployed in the traditional OFDMA system, two accompanying issues are envisioned, i.e., 1) the routing issue such that how to pair relay station (RS) with the mobile station (MS) and 2) the subcarrier allocation issue, such that how to assign subcarriers to these pairs. The dissertation addresses the joint routing and subcarrier allocation problem for two-hop OFDMA-based relay networks. An optimization problem that maximizes system capacity while guaranteeing minimum resource for each user is formulated, and two joint routing and subcarrier allocation strategies are proposed: the optimal solution and the suboptimal solution respectively.
1) Optimal solution: The original optimization problem is a linear integer programming problem. A gereneral integer programming has been proved to be NP-complete. Fortunately, the original optimization problem can be tackled in virtue of gragh theory: we generate a new network gragh in a directed graph and then transform the original optimization problem into the equivalent "linear optimal distribution" problem in gragh theory. The original optimization problem can be tackled in virtue of the graph-theoretic approach. The proposed scheme gains the optimal solution with relatively low computational complexity. The process of searching circles in the generated network gragh includes the path selection and subcarrier allocation procedure, thus the joint routing and subcarrier allocation is realized.
2) Suboptimal solution: From geometry point of view, the original optimization problem can be abstracted to a three-dimensional space (path, subcarrier and user). The resource allocation problem in a three-dimensional space is mapped into a two-dimensional plane (subcarrier and user). The mapping process deletes the excrescent elments, thus the proposed scheme can reduce the computational complexity significantly. The proposed scheme has some heuristic meaning and gains the suboptimal solution. In addition, the mapping process includes the path selection, so the joint routing and subcarrier allocation is realized.
The dissertation addresses the problem of the packet scheduling design for OFDMA based relay networks with different traffic classes (delay-sensitive traffic and delay-insensitive traffic). In order to improve the system throughput and decrease the packet loss rate, three centralized packet scheduling schemes by adjusting transmission rate dynamically in response to the variation of channel quality and packet delay requirement are proposed. The scheduling strategies adopt the separated routing and resource allocation scheme and consider the constraints of user transmission, traffic quality of service (QoS) and user fairness. The proposed schemes exploit the independent subchannel fading of different users and acquire multiuser diversity gain, and satisfy the traffic QoS requirement. In addition, numerical results show that the OFDMA relay network outperforms the traditional (one hop) OFDMA network significantly in system performance.
Handover is an indispensable problem in wireless resource management. In the traditional cellular networks, the BS is the unique handover target, while in relay networks, the handover target can be BS, RS in the same cell or RS in the neighbor cell and the handover node is MS or RS. So the handover process in single hop networks can't adapt to the relay networks. The dissertation proproses a whole set of handover process for the relay networks. In addition, a new solution is proposed in order to provide the continuity of data transmission during handover process. Our proposed handover mechanisms have applied patents and some content has been accepted and written in IEEE802.16j specification. At last, the diversity set update algorithm for macro diversity handover in Relay Networks is studied.
引文
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[48]ChiSung Bae and Dong-Ho Cho,"Adaptive Resource Allocation Based on Channel Information in Multihop OFDM Systems," In Proc.VTC 2006-fall, Montreal, Canada,2006:1-5.
[49]ChiSung Bae and Dong-Ho Cho,"Fairness-Aware Adaptive Resource Allocation Scheme in Multihop OFDMA Systems," IEEE Communications Letters, 11(2). Feb. 2007: 134-136.
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[53]"IEEE Draft Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks- Part 16:Air Interface for Fixed and mobile Broadband Wireless Access System,Multihop Relay Specification," IEEE Standard 2007.08.08.
[1]张静美,“无线协作传输系统及资源优化配置”,博士学位论文,北京邮电大学,2006.5。
[2]S.Savazzi and U.Spagnolini,"Energy Aware Power Allocation strategies for Multihop-Cooperative transmission schemes," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,25(2),Feb.2007:318-327.
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[11]IEEE C802.16mmr-06/008,"Relay Strategy of Broadband Messages in Mobile Multihop Relay," Jan.2006.
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[1]Yang Ning,Tian Hui,Chen Shasha,etc,"An Adaptive Frame Resource Allocation Strategy for TDMA-Based Cooperative Transmission,"IEEE Communications Letters,11(5),May 2007:417-419.
[2]Lin Xie and Xi Zhang,"TDMA and FDMA Based Resource Allocations for Quality of Service Provisioning Over Wireless Relay Networks," In.Proceedings of WCNC,Kowloon,2007:3153-3157.
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[1]"IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks- Part 16:Air Interface for Fixed and mobile Broadband Wireless Access System,Amendment 2:Physical and Medium Access Control Layers for Combined Fixed and Mobile Operation in Licensed Bands and Corrigendum 1," IEEE Standard 2006.2.28.
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[4]本作者,“无线通信网络的数据传输方法、节点及系统,”专利受理号:200610109910.9。
[5]"IEEE Draft Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks- Part 16:Air Interface for Fixed and mobile Broadband Wireless Access System,Multihop Relay Specification," IEEE Standard 2007.08.08.
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[1]张静美,“无线协作传输系统及资源优化配置”,博士学位论文,北京邮电大学,2006.5。
[2]S.Savazzi and U.Spagnolini,"Energy Aware Power Allocation strategies for Multihop-Cooperative transmission schemes," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,25(2),Feb.2007:318-327.
[3]T.cover and J.A.Thomas,Elements of information theory,New York:Wiley,1991.
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[11]IEEE C802.16mmr-06/008,"Relay Strategy of Broadband Messages in Mobile Multihop Relay," Jan.2006.
[12]O.Munoz,J.Vidal,and A.Agustin,"Non-regenerative MIMO relaying with channel state information," In Proceedings of ICASSP'05,PA,USA,2005:361-364.
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[19]Yu Guan-ding,Zhang Zhao-yang,Chen Yan,Chen Shi,and Qiu Pei-liang,"Power Allocation for Non-regenerative OFDM Relaying Channels," In Proceedings of Wireless Communications,Networking and Mobile Computing,Wuhan,China,2005:185-188.
[20]YJ Zhang,KB Letaief,"Adaptive Resource Allocation for Multiaccess MIMO/OFDM Systems With Matched Filtering,"IEEE Transactions on Communications,53(11),Nov.2005:1810-1816.
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