时移电视集群系统缓存调度研究
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摘要
随着计算机技术、网络技术的不断发展,电信网、广播电视网和互联网融合发展的逐步推进,流媒体应用获得了广泛关注。时移电视(Time-shifted TV)作为典型的流媒体业务,受到互联网运营商以及广播电视网运营商的青睐与关注,关于时移电视的研究具有学术意义与实用价值。时移电视是一种允许用户在观看电视直播的过程中进行暂停、快进、快退、跳转等VCR操作的服务,具有数据量大、实时性要求高等特点,时移电视对网络带宽、存储设备等资源的需求较高,而单台服务器的服务能力有限,在提供大规模并发服务时通常需要建造服务器集群系统。
本文在国家863项目“上海高性能宽带信息网”、国家广电总局项目“海南双向HFC实验网络”等课题的基础上,围绕时移电视集群系统的缓存调度展开深入研究,分别针对分布式存储结构的集群系统、共享存储结构的集群系统、大规模时移电视集群研究对应的缓存调度方案,建立了缓存放置问题的数学模型,并根据系统特点和工程实践提出相应的缓存调度策略。
本文的创新工作简要归纳如下：
1.针对分布式存储的时移电视集群系统的缓存放置问题,以降低用户请求拒绝率为目标建立了优化模型,并提出了一种基于遗传算法的缓存调度策略,策略结合基于流行度的随机放置算法,并利用遗传技术寻找最优解,具有一定的自适应学习能力。该策略可有效地降低集群系统的用户请求拒绝率,对不同模式的用户点播行为具有良好的适应性。
2.针对共享存储结构的时移电视集群系统存在的存储子系统磁盘带宽瓶颈,讨论如何在服务器上缓存热门节目内容的缓存放置问题,建立了时变流行度模型与多目标优化模型作为分析框架,提出了完整的缓存调度策略。该策略考虑了时移电视具有实时录制、用户点播行为随时间变化等特点,包括分组复制算法、代价感知的最小负载优先缓存放置算法和双阂值动态调整算法,策略在调度过程中充分利用之前已经缓存的节目副本来避免副本的创建和删除,在保证系统实现负载平衡的同时降低了调度的部署代价,使缓存调度策略更适合于时移电视系统的工程应用。
3.时移电视集群系统服务规模的扩大给缓存调度带来了更大的难度,需要利用有限容量的内存来降低磁盘带宽消耗。针对大规模服务系统提出了一种协同缓存策略,以管理调度服务器为中心,结合接入控制、缓存管理等技术对集群内所有媒体服务器的缓冲区协作管理,当管理服务器收到一个用户请求后,它会综合考虑全局缓存情况来决定服务器任务,以此提高整个系统的缓存命中率。此外还针对时移电视支持VCR操作的特点,对协作缓存策略进行了扩展。试验表明协作缓存策略可以有效地提高磁盘I／O的利用率,降低系统的用户请求拒绝率,适合应用于大规模的时移电视集群系统。
With the rapid development of computing technology and broadband networking and convergence of telecommunications networks, broadcast networks and internet, streaming media applications obtained more attentions. As a typical streaming media business, Time-shifted TV service is introduced to the market by internet service provider and broadcast TV service provider. Thus, the research on time-shifted TV also has academic and practical significance. Time-shifted TV provide broadcast TV service to users, and enables users to watch TV programs with a time shift and VCR-like controls like pause, jump, stop, fast forward, fast rewind etc operation. Due to high volume of data and real-time storage, time-shifted TV requires high network bandwidth and disk I/O bandwidth. The capacity of a single server is quite limited, so clustered servers are needed to provide large scale streaming media services.
The work in this dissertation is based on "China High Performance Broadband Information Network" (3T'Net) project and "Hainan bidirectional HFC experimental network" projects. This dissertation discusses cache scheduling strategy for time-shifted TV server clusters, including distributed storage cluster, shared storage cluster and large scale cluster. For each kind of clustered server system, this dissertation gives an analytical model to describe the problems and finally proposed a corresponding policy. The main research contents and contributions are summarized as follows:
1. The designing of distributed storage time-shifted TV cluster faces a cache placement problem of deciding how to cache channels to multiple servers so that the blocking probability is minimized subject to memory capacity constraints. We propose a popularity-based random placement (PRP) scheme together with the genetic algorithm (GA) to find an optimal or approximate optimal solution of the problem. The experiment results reveal that our proposed algorithm is efficient on improving the performance of time-shifted TV cluster in terms of minimizing blocking probability.
2. To alleviate disk I/O bandwidth bottleneck of a shared storage cluster, a classification replication algorithm and a novel cache placement algorithm, named as Cost-aware Least Load Proportion First (CALLF) were proposed. It was formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem based on the time-based popularity model. The algorithms focus on the time-varying nature of Time-shifted TV, and explore previous stored information to reduce the cost of redeploying. We also present a dual-threshold reconfigure scheme to further balance the load of servers dynamically. Simulation reveals that the proposed algorithms are efficient on improving the performance of Time-shifted TV system in terms of total outgoing bandwidth requirement, and allow the tradeoffs between the bandwidth utilization and the reconfiguration overhead.
3. In large scale time-shifted TV server clusters, by adopting cooperative caching technique, the free cache memory of all the servers in the cluster can be used more efficiently. A cooperative cache buffer scheduling strategy is presented, which makes use of each server to perform the caching task by manager server. It will help to reduce disk accesses, resulting in the improvement of the overall throughput of cluster. The proposed method is also designed to handle VCR-like operations. Simulations are performed to investigate its performance, and the results show that it can reduce disk I/O overhead and provide high throughput in clustered servers.
本文在国家863项目“上海高性能宽带信息网”、国家广电总局项目“海南双向HFC实验网络”等课题的基础上,围绕时移电视集群系统的缓存调度展开深入研究,分别针对分布式存储结构的集群系统、共享存储结构的集群系统、大规模时移电视集群研究对应的缓存调度方案,建立了缓存放置问题的数学模型,并根据系统特点和工程实践提出相应的缓存调度策略。
本文的创新工作简要归纳如下：
1.针对分布式存储的时移电视集群系统的缓存放置问题,以降低用户请求拒绝率为目标建立了优化模型,并提出了一种基于遗传算法的缓存调度策略,策略结合基于流行度的随机放置算法,并利用遗传技术寻找最优解,具有一定的自适应学习能力。该策略可有效地降低集群系统的用户请求拒绝率,对不同模式的用户点播行为具有良好的适应性。
2.针对共享存储结构的时移电视集群系统存在的存储子系统磁盘带宽瓶颈,讨论如何在服务器上缓存热门节目内容的缓存放置问题,建立了时变流行度模型与多目标优化模型作为分析框架,提出了完整的缓存调度策略。该策略考虑了时移电视具有实时录制、用户点播行为随时间变化等特点,包括分组复制算法、代价感知的最小负载优先缓存放置算法和双阂值动态调整算法,策略在调度过程中充分利用之前已经缓存的节目副本来避免副本的创建和删除,在保证系统实现负载平衡的同时降低了调度的部署代价,使缓存调度策略更适合于时移电视系统的工程应用。
3.时移电视集群系统服务规模的扩大给缓存调度带来了更大的难度,需要利用有限容量的内存来降低磁盘带宽消耗。针对大规模服务系统提出了一种协同缓存策略,以管理调度服务器为中心,结合接入控制、缓存管理等技术对集群内所有媒体服务器的缓冲区协作管理,当管理服务器收到一个用户请求后,它会综合考虑全局缓存情况来决定服务器任务,以此提高整个系统的缓存命中率。此外还针对时移电视支持VCR操作的特点,对协作缓存策略进行了扩展。试验表明协作缓存策略可以有效地提高磁盘I／O的利用率,降低系统的用户请求拒绝率,适合应用于大规模的时移电视集群系统。
With the rapid development of computing technology and broadband networking and convergence of telecommunications networks, broadcast networks and internet, streaming media applications obtained more attentions. As a typical streaming media business, Time-shifted TV service is introduced to the market by internet service provider and broadcast TV service provider. Thus, the research on time-shifted TV also has academic and practical significance. Time-shifted TV provide broadcast TV service to users, and enables users to watch TV programs with a time shift and VCR-like controls like pause, jump, stop, fast forward, fast rewind etc operation. Due to high volume of data and real-time storage, time-shifted TV requires high network bandwidth and disk I/O bandwidth. The capacity of a single server is quite limited, so clustered servers are needed to provide large scale streaming media services.
The work in this dissertation is based on "China High Performance Broadband Information Network" (3T'Net) project and "Hainan bidirectional HFC experimental network" projects. This dissertation discusses cache scheduling strategy for time-shifted TV server clusters, including distributed storage cluster, shared storage cluster and large scale cluster. For each kind of clustered server system, this dissertation gives an analytical model to describe the problems and finally proposed a corresponding policy. The main research contents and contributions are summarized as follows:
1. The designing of distributed storage time-shifted TV cluster faces a cache placement problem of deciding how to cache channels to multiple servers so that the blocking probability is minimized subject to memory capacity constraints. We propose a popularity-based random placement (PRP) scheme together with the genetic algorithm (GA) to find an optimal or approximate optimal solution of the problem. The experiment results reveal that our proposed algorithm is efficient on improving the performance of time-shifted TV cluster in terms of minimizing blocking probability.
2. To alleviate disk I/O bandwidth bottleneck of a shared storage cluster, a classification replication algorithm and a novel cache placement algorithm, named as Cost-aware Least Load Proportion First (CALLF) were proposed. It was formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem based on the time-based popularity model. The algorithms focus on the time-varying nature of Time-shifted TV, and explore previous stored information to reduce the cost of redeploying. We also present a dual-threshold reconfigure scheme to further balance the load of servers dynamically. Simulation reveals that the proposed algorithms are efficient on improving the performance of Time-shifted TV system in terms of total outgoing bandwidth requirement, and allow the tradeoffs between the bandwidth utilization and the reconfiguration overhead.
3. In large scale time-shifted TV server clusters, by adopting cooperative caching technique, the free cache memory of all the servers in the cluster can be used more efficiently. A cooperative cache buffer scheduling strategy is presented, which makes use of each server to perform the caching task by manager server. It will help to reduce disk accesses, resulting in the improvement of the overall throughput of cluster. The proposed method is also designed to handle VCR-like operations. Simulations are performed to investigate its performance, and the results show that it can reduce disk I/O overhead and provide high throughput in clustered servers.
引文
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