基于东亚经济一体化的新加坡发展战略研究
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摘要
面对全球与区域经济一体化所导致的政经变化格局与经济结构调整,中印两大区域发展中国家相继崛起,本土产业“空心化”现象进一步严重,企业战略管理理论面临超竞争环境挑战,新加坡需要审时度势,提出新的发展战略与定位,为下一阶段的经济转型与发展积极准备。
研究打造新加坡未来的发展战略定位时,有必要重新回顾曾走过的发展历程,探讨过去成功的诀窍和经济发展模式的主要特点,再分析其内在优势与劣势。在新加坡经济发展过程中,都面对不同的新问题与挑战必须解决,应付世变的适应能力也非常强。当发展的外部环境已经发生根本性的变化,要求组织以一种更高水平的新型战略与定位系统应对这一系列的挑战,经济一体化战略乃应运而生。
随着东亚贸易与投资一体化的深入和产业结构调整,区域复合网络型分工将深化发展,而全球或区域整合型企业的相继出现,将使区域产业结构朝“水平分工”为主导的价值链与业务整合的方向推进。在整个过程中,各主要与次级板块间的互动、传递和协同将进一步增强,会从原有的“雁行模式”转换成“群山重叠型模式”,形成欧盟早期形式推进东亚经济的融合。在东亚经济一体化过程中,各个成员暂时的经济得失是不平均的。如何在竞争中求合作,如何扩大互利互补的空间,如何在出口商品结构上“存同求异”或“化同为异”,甚至“创新求异”,需要东亚各国政商朝野共同合作与协调的大智慧。
从地缘优势出发,新加坡应定位为“东亚政经中枢”,随着东北亚、南亚、东南亚和大洋洲政经板块相互整合,位于这几个区域政经板块的中央,新加坡却有可能成为未来跨国公司首选的新东亚总部。新加坡要发展成为新东亚的总部,必须积极经营八大全球性或区域性的功能中心,那就是“文教中心”、“旅游中心”、“会展中心”、“信息中心”、“商贸中心”、“金融中心”、“航运中心”、和“研发中心”。
企业在经济全球化时代,需要让自己变得更灵活,无论是做“大”或做“小”,企业应按照全球最大盈利模式设计组织结构。企业拟定全球化或区域化策略时,应以国家和企业间的协同优势为考虑基准,需要认识国际与区域间经济合作的发展趋势,了解双边与多边自贸进程,根据区域一体化的进程进行经营战略与组织结构的调整。新加坡企业也能夠仿效跨国公司的全球整合模式，在当地形成强大的产业集群,积极以母国为基地走向跨国经营,编织全球与区域网络,进行内外要素组合与资源协同整合,成为整合型企业参与国际合作性竞争。
随着全球与东亚经济一体化进程的推进,实施经济一体化战略者将获取长期动态的利益。但这个发展战略有相当大的层次,还是取决于东亚一体化的发展。随着这方面的深入推进,不确定性的程度会逐渐减小。
论文主要创新处体现在下述几个方面:
(1)提出“国际、国家、产业与企业组织的一体化战略间的对应关系矩阵”,主张企业拟定全球化或区域化策略时,应以国家和企业间的协同优势作为考虑基准,并以协同优势的有无,划分为三种主要的协同模式。
(2)把国内外文献重新整合分析,梳理新加坡开埠180多年的经济发展史上的主要特色与发展脉络,为规划新加坡未来的发展战略定位,廓清思路上的迷雾。
(3)结合西方的协同学、当代模块化理论与中国传统《周易》管理哲学,提出组织协同能力模型。
(4)提出新加坡的经济一体化发展战略,为新加坡的政、商、学界的战略定位提出一系列的政策建议。
In the process of the global and regional economic integration, there have been changes to the economic and political pattern/structure in the region. With the rise of the two regional developed economic superpowers, China and India, Singapore’s local industry was further affected by the“hollow effect”. Hence, it has to promote new strategies and re-positioning of future development, to prepare itself for economic transformation in the next decade.
To establish the future development strategies position of Singapore, we need to review the previous development course, by analysing the key success factors of the past and the internal strengths and weaknesses of the past economic development. There have always been new challenges to deal with during the economic development in Singapore, which results in the strong ability to adapt to changes. The ultimate change in the external environment requires a befitting strategy and orientation system to meet the dynamic challenge. The integrated economic strategy will emerge at the right time.
The growing economy in East Asia is making the trade and investment more and more integrated with each other, and changing the industrial structure of the region. As a result, the international labour division is more likely to be a regional, compound network, leading to the integration featuring“horizontal labor division”between the value chain and the business flow. When the industrial structure is more developed, enhanced pass-on and complementation will be the main outcome.
From the previous East Asia industrial structure (“Flying Geese”mode), the evolution of the mode will pass through the present state (“geese in disorder”mode) and entering to a horizontal mode of“overlapped mountains with co-opetition”. As what occurred in European Union in early days, this horizontal mode will drive the integration process of East Asian economy. When the East Asian economy becomes a more integral body, the economic benefit will vary in different states of the region and certain states may even result temporary loss of the benefit. Singapore should cooperate with its competitive economic entities in East Asia and create a larger opportunity for their mutual benefit and complementation. As to the structure of exported commodities, Singapore should seek common interests with such entities while resolving differences between them, or even transforms such differences into common interests. To achieve these objectives, politicians and businesses of all East Asian states must work closely with each other to coordinate their commitments.
Having location advantage, Singapore should position itself as the“Political and economy Center of East Asian". With the process of economic integration in East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia, Singapore being the heart in Southeast Asia, is likely to become the preferred East Asia headquarter for many multinational corporations. To acquire this status, Singapore should diversify itself into eight global or regional centers, which include being the "cultural & educational center", "tourism center", "conference & exhibition center", "information center", "business & trade center", "financial center", "shipping center" and "R&D center".
For those enterprises under globalisation, its main objective should be in maximizing its global profits. They shall base on the collaborative advantages between the nations and the enterprises when they design there globally or regional strategies and become the "integrative global or regional enterprise".
Along with the progress of global and East Asian economic integration, this integrated economic strategy should be implemented in a long run to receive continuous and dynamic profits. However, to a large extent this economic strategy depends on the development state of East Asian economic integrity, but with the strong enforcement of this development, the uncertainty will definitely be reduced gradually.
The innovation of this thesis shows itself from the following aspects:
(1) This thesis analyzes the relationship matrix among the international, national, industrial and enterprise's integrative policies. The thesis is also distinguishing three major models based on the collaborative advantages between the nations and the enterprises when they design there globally or regional strategies.
(2) By conforming and analyzing internal and international documents, redefines the characteristics and the past 180 years of developing history of Singapore. It will be helpful to clear the contradiction of the layout before planning future strategy and doing re-positioning programme for the nation.
(3) In conjunction with the study of collaboration, contemporary modularization theory and Chinese traditional management philosophy, by introducing the collaborative capability module.
(4) This thesis also introduces Singapore economic integration with suggestions for local politicians, businessmen and scholars for consideration and references.
研究打造新加坡未来的发展战略定位时,有必要重新回顾曾走过的发展历程,探讨过去成功的诀窍和经济发展模式的主要特点,再分析其内在优势与劣势。在新加坡经济发展过程中,都面对不同的新问题与挑战必须解决,应付世变的适应能力也非常强。当发展的外部环境已经发生根本性的变化,要求组织以一种更高水平的新型战略与定位系统应对这一系列的挑战,经济一体化战略乃应运而生。
随着东亚贸易与投资一体化的深入和产业结构调整,区域复合网络型分工将深化发展,而全球或区域整合型企业的相继出现,将使区域产业结构朝“水平分工”为主导的价值链与业务整合的方向推进。在整个过程中,各主要与次级板块间的互动、传递和协同将进一步增强,会从原有的“雁行模式”转换成“群山重叠型模式”,形成欧盟早期形式推进东亚经济的融合。在东亚经济一体化过程中,各个成员暂时的经济得失是不平均的。如何在竞争中求合作,如何扩大互利互补的空间,如何在出口商品结构上“存同求异”或“化同为异”,甚至“创新求异”,需要东亚各国政商朝野共同合作与协调的大智慧。
从地缘优势出发,新加坡应定位为“东亚政经中枢”,随着东北亚、南亚、东南亚和大洋洲政经板块相互整合,位于这几个区域政经板块的中央,新加坡却有可能成为未来跨国公司首选的新东亚总部。新加坡要发展成为新东亚的总部,必须积极经营八大全球性或区域性的功能中心,那就是“文教中心”、“旅游中心”、“会展中心”、“信息中心”、“商贸中心”、“金融中心”、“航运中心”、和“研发中心”。
企业在经济全球化时代,需要让自己变得更灵活,无论是做“大”或做“小”,企业应按照全球最大盈利模式设计组织结构。企业拟定全球化或区域化策略时,应以国家和企业间的协同优势为考虑基准,需要认识国际与区域间经济合作的发展趋势,了解双边与多边自贸进程,根据区域一体化的进程进行经营战略与组织结构的调整。新加坡企业也能夠仿效跨国公司的全球整合模式，在当地形成强大的产业集群,积极以母国为基地走向跨国经营,编织全球与区域网络,进行内外要素组合与资源协同整合,成为整合型企业参与国际合作性竞争。
随着全球与东亚经济一体化进程的推进,实施经济一体化战略者将获取长期动态的利益。但这个发展战略有相当大的层次,还是取决于东亚一体化的发展。随着这方面的深入推进,不确定性的程度会逐渐减小。
论文主要创新处体现在下述几个方面:
(1)提出“国际、国家、产业与企业组织的一体化战略间的对应关系矩阵”,主张企业拟定全球化或区域化策略时,应以国家和企业间的协同优势作为考虑基准,并以协同优势的有无,划分为三种主要的协同模式。
(2)把国内外文献重新整合分析,梳理新加坡开埠180多年的经济发展史上的主要特色与发展脉络,为规划新加坡未来的发展战略定位,廓清思路上的迷雾。
(3)结合西方的协同学、当代模块化理论与中国传统《周易》管理哲学,提出组织协同能力模型。
(4)提出新加坡的经济一体化发展战略,为新加坡的政、商、学界的战略定位提出一系列的政策建议。
In the process of the global and regional economic integration, there have been changes to the economic and political pattern/structure in the region. With the rise of the two regional developed economic superpowers, China and India, Singapore’s local industry was further affected by the“hollow effect”. Hence, it has to promote new strategies and re-positioning of future development, to prepare itself for economic transformation in the next decade.
To establish the future development strategies position of Singapore, we need to review the previous development course, by analysing the key success factors of the past and the internal strengths and weaknesses of the past economic development. There have always been new challenges to deal with during the economic development in Singapore, which results in the strong ability to adapt to changes. The ultimate change in the external environment requires a befitting strategy and orientation system to meet the dynamic challenge. The integrated economic strategy will emerge at the right time.
The growing economy in East Asia is making the trade and investment more and more integrated with each other, and changing the industrial structure of the region. As a result, the international labour division is more likely to be a regional, compound network, leading to the integration featuring“horizontal labor division”between the value chain and the business flow. When the industrial structure is more developed, enhanced pass-on and complementation will be the main outcome.
From the previous East Asia industrial structure (“Flying Geese”mode), the evolution of the mode will pass through the present state (“geese in disorder”mode) and entering to a horizontal mode of“overlapped mountains with co-opetition”. As what occurred in European Union in early days, this horizontal mode will drive the integration process of East Asian economy. When the East Asian economy becomes a more integral body, the economic benefit will vary in different states of the region and certain states may even result temporary loss of the benefit. Singapore should cooperate with its competitive economic entities in East Asia and create a larger opportunity for their mutual benefit and complementation. As to the structure of exported commodities, Singapore should seek common interests with such entities while resolving differences between them, or even transforms such differences into common interests. To achieve these objectives, politicians and businesses of all East Asian states must work closely with each other to coordinate their commitments.
Having location advantage, Singapore should position itself as the“Political and economy Center of East Asian". With the process of economic integration in East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia, Singapore being the heart in Southeast Asia, is likely to become the preferred East Asia headquarter for many multinational corporations. To acquire this status, Singapore should diversify itself into eight global or regional centers, which include being the "cultural & educational center", "tourism center", "conference & exhibition center", "information center", "business & trade center", "financial center", "shipping center" and "R&D center".
For those enterprises under globalisation, its main objective should be in maximizing its global profits. They shall base on the collaborative advantages between the nations and the enterprises when they design there globally or regional strategies and become the "integrative global or regional enterprise".
Along with the progress of global and East Asian economic integration, this integrated economic strategy should be implemented in a long run to receive continuous and dynamic profits. However, to a large extent this economic strategy depends on the development state of East Asian economic integrity, but with the strong enforcement of this development, the uncertainty will definitely be reduced gradually.
The innovation of this thesis shows itself from the following aspects:
(1) This thesis analyzes the relationship matrix among the international, national, industrial and enterprise's integrative policies. The thesis is also distinguishing three major models based on the collaborative advantages between the nations and the enterprises when they design there globally or regional strategies.
(2) By conforming and analyzing internal and international documents, redefines the characteristics and the past 180 years of developing history of Singapore. It will be helpful to clear the contradiction of the layout before planning future strategy and doing re-positioning programme for the nation.
(3) In conjunction with the study of collaboration, contemporary modularization theory and Chinese traditional management philosophy, by introducing the collaborative capability module.
(4) This thesis also introduces Singapore economic integration with suggestions for local politicians, businessmen and scholars for consideration and references.
引文
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