CGF协同行为建模关键技术研究
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摘要
协同行为建模是计算机生成兵力（CGF）研究中的重要内容，也是作战仿真系统中人类行为表示是否准确、仿真结果是否可信的关键所在。论文以作战仿真系统中的人类行为表示为研究背景，以真实反映战场人类协同行为为目标，通过“理论—方法—应用”的思路对CGF协同行为建模关键技术展开研究。
论文首先论述了CGF协同行为建模研究的背景及意义，并在掌握国内外研究现状基础上分析了已有研究的不足，进而引出了CGF协同行为建模研究的技术需求和主要内容，为后续理论和方法研究提供了技术参考依据。
其次，协同行为建模研究需要有良好的认知体系结构作支撑。论文研究了CGF协同行为建模的统一认知体系结构，并设计了具有个体行为差异、对手意图识别与推理、协同行为能力的PVC_HBM认知体系结构。在此基础上，分析了CGF协同有关概念及功能需求，建立了CGF协同行为建模技术框架，论述了每个层次的功能特点及层次间相互关系，提出了框架中需要解决的几个关键技术问题。作战中的行为均是组织约束下的行为。为了真实表示实际战场上的组织行为，论文研究并构建了基于本体理论的CGF实体组织模型。根据作战组织特征分析，论述了CGF组织本体构建需求及过程；提出了CGF组织本体概念化描述方法，描述了CGF组织本体的静态结构关系和动态交互行为；实现了CGF组织本体的形式化表示方法，包括CGF组织本体形式化建模方法和CGF组织本体知识库构建方法。组织本体的实现，为CGF实体提供了一致的组织术语、描述框架和可重用的组织行为知识。
任务组织是各作战单元之间进行协同的基础。为了形成CGF任务组织以实现整体作战目标，论文研究了CGF作战任务分解以及动态任务分配方法。首先，给出了作战任务的形式化定义、分类和关系描述，并利用“与或分解树”方法表示作战任务间的逻辑依赖关系；其次，提出了基于LD-TAEMS的CGF任务分解框架，增强了任务分解的可操作性；在此基础上，对CGF动态任务分配问题进行了数学描述，定义了CGF实体完成任务的综合能力指标，给出了各级指标“权重”分配方法；最后，综合考虑CGF实体经验、能力和个体状态，设计实现了基于个体综合能力评估与排序（ICCER）的CGF动态任务分配算法。实验结果表明，算法是有效的、适用的，能够真实表示作战仿真系统中CGF任务组织的形成过程。
作战单元在无法单独完成被赋予的协同任务时，可以通过与团队内其它单元协作实现。论文分析了作战协作行为过程，提出了基于改进联合意图的协作行为建模方法。该方法首先针对已有联合意图理论的不足，给出了基于任务逻辑依赖关系的联合目标形成方法；其次，研究了基于观察的识别与推理（OBRR）技术，并实现了基于联合意图的行为约束、基于团队内部通信和基于OBRR三种技术相结合的团队状态监控与维护方法；最后，设计了一种团队状态修复算法，并实现了针对团队无法完成修复时的任务组织重规划能力。实验结果表明，该协作行为模型能够真实有效地表示协同过程中的实际协作行为。
作战单元之间在面临信念冲突时需要有效地进行冲突消解。为了达到上述目的，论文研究了基于辩论理论的CGF协商行为建模方法。首先定义了相关概念，并设计了基于辩论的协商流程；进而提出了基于效用理论的论据强度定量评估算法，用于辩论过程中选取首选议题及确定共同信念；同时为了提高协商效率，实现了一种用于多个事件辩论过程中的排序与约简方法。实验结果表明，该协商行为模型能够真实表示信念冲突下的实际人类战场行为，且能够保证协同过程中协商行为的一致性。
最后，论文论述了分队级战术仿真系统中CGF协同行为建模编辑工具（CGF-CBMET）的设计思想和开发过程。首先明确了功能需求，设计了总体结构；其次，给出了组织协同编辑、协同战术行为模型编辑两大功能模块以及知识库与外部仿真应用接口的详细设计；最后在“小组阵地进攻”任务背景下进行了仿真应用开发和结果数据分析，从整体上检验了本文所做的研究工作。
Cooperative behavior modeling technology plays an important role in research ofComputer Generated Forces (CGF). It also ensures the validity of human behaviorrepresenting and the credibility of combat simulation results. Through making humanbehavior representing in combat simulation system as the research background andreflecting actual battlefield cooperative behaviors as the aim, this paper elaborates onthe research of cooperative behavior modeling key technology in CGF by the guidelinesof“theory - method - application”.
First of all, paper expatiates on the background and significance of research ofcooperative behavior modeling technology, analyses shortages of exsiting internal andoverseas research, according to which fetchs out the technical requirement of researchon cooperative behavior modeling and main contents of this paper, provides technicalreference for following research of theories and methods.
Secondly, research of cooperative behavior modeling needs backup of well formedcognize architecture. Unified cognize architecture of human cognitive behaviormodeling is researched, and hence PVC_HBM cognize architecture is designed that canbe provided with human behavior variability, adversary intention recognition andreasoning and cooperative behavior. According to analysis of CGF cooperationconcepts and fuctional requirements, our CGF cooperative behavior modelingframework is established, characteristics of each functional level and correlationsbetween levels are expatiated, and their key implement technologies are also broughtforward.
Behaviors in combat are all under the organization restrictions. Paper studies andbuilds ontology-based CGF organization model, which can precisely representbattlefield organization behaviors. It expatiates on the modeling requirements andprocess of CGF organization ontology based on modern combat organizationcharacteristics, presents conceptual description method of CGF organization ontology,describes related concepts and relations at aspects of static structure and dynamicbehavior, and implements the formalizing representation of CGF organization ontology,including formalizing modeling method using first-order predicate logic and buildingmethod of knowledge. The implemention of CGF organization ontology providescoherent organization glossary, description framework and reuseable organizationbehavior knowledge for CGF entites.
Task organization is the base of cooperation between combat units. In order toforming CGF task organization to fulfill the whole combat target, methods of combattask decomposition and dynamic task allocation in CGF are studied. First, formalizeddefinition, classification and relation description about combat task are put forward, a method called“AND-OR decomposition tree”is presented to describe logic dependencebetween combat tasks.Second, a CGF task decomposition framework that is based onLD-TAEMS is presented to enhance maneuverability of task decomposition. Furthermore, the process of dynamic task allocation in CGF is firstly described in mathematicalforms, then comprehensive capabilities target of entity to accomplish task is defined,and an“authority”assignment method is given for all levels’targets. At last, throughtaking the entity’s experiences, abilities, and individual states into account, paper designsand implements the dynamic task allocation algorithm based on individualcomprehensive capabilities evaluation and ranking (ICCER). The experimental resultsshow that algorithm is effective, applicable and can represent the whole CGF taskorganization formation process in domain of combat simulation.
When a cooperative task assigned to certain combat unit can’t be fulfilled, it couldbe achieved through collaboration with other units in the team. With analyzing thecombat collaborative behavior process, collaborative behavior modeling method basedon modified joint intention theory is presented. First, according to the shortage ofexisting joint intention theory, a new joint goal formation method which is based ontask logic and dependence relations is presented. Second, an observation-basedrecognition and reasoning (OBRR) technology is studied, and an team status monitorand maintenance method is given which is combined with Joint-Intention-basedbehavior restriction, team inter-communication method and OBRR-based method. Atlast, a team status repairing algorithm is designed, and the capability of replanning taskorganization is implemented which is used when the team can not be repaired any more.As the test results show, this model could practically and effectively representbattlefield collaborative behaviors during cooperation process.
Effective resolution needs to be done among combat units when they areconfronting belief conflicts. According to this requirement, a negotiatory behaviormodeling method based on argumentation theory is studied. First, the definitions aboutrelated concepts are given, and the Argumentation-based negotiation process isdesigned. Further more, the Utility Theory-based arguments strength qualifiedevaluation algorithm is implemented, which is used for the selection of optimal proposaland confirmation of common belief. For improving negotiation efficiency, a rankingand reduction method for multi-event argumentation is implemented. According to testresults, it can represent the actual battlefield behaviors under conflicts and ensure theconsistency of negotiation during the cooperation process.
Finally, paper expatiates on the design guideline and development process of CGFcooperative behavior modeling edit tools (CGF-CBMET) in unit-level tacticalsimulation system. First, the collective architecture of CGF-CBMET is designed afterfunctional requirements analyse. Then, two functional modules including editors oforganizational cooperation and cooperative tactic behavior, as well as the interface between knowledge base and outerside simulation application are designed detailedly.Last, combining with the“group position attack”task scenario, the development processand data analysis of simulation application are given to validate the whole work above.
论文首先论述了CGF协同行为建模研究的背景及意义，并在掌握国内外研究现状基础上分析了已有研究的不足，进而引出了CGF协同行为建模研究的技术需求和主要内容，为后续理论和方法研究提供了技术参考依据。
其次，协同行为建模研究需要有良好的认知体系结构作支撑。论文研究了CGF协同行为建模的统一认知体系结构，并设计了具有个体行为差异、对手意图识别与推理、协同行为能力的PVC_HBM认知体系结构。在此基础上，分析了CGF协同有关概念及功能需求，建立了CGF协同行为建模技术框架，论述了每个层次的功能特点及层次间相互关系，提出了框架中需要解决的几个关键技术问题。作战中的行为均是组织约束下的行为。为了真实表示实际战场上的组织行为，论文研究并构建了基于本体理论的CGF实体组织模型。根据作战组织特征分析，论述了CGF组织本体构建需求及过程；提出了CGF组织本体概念化描述方法，描述了CGF组织本体的静态结构关系和动态交互行为；实现了CGF组织本体的形式化表示方法，包括CGF组织本体形式化建模方法和CGF组织本体知识库构建方法。组织本体的实现，为CGF实体提供了一致的组织术语、描述框架和可重用的组织行为知识。
任务组织是各作战单元之间进行协同的基础。为了形成CGF任务组织以实现整体作战目标，论文研究了CGF作战任务分解以及动态任务分配方法。首先，给出了作战任务的形式化定义、分类和关系描述，并利用“与或分解树”方法表示作战任务间的逻辑依赖关系；其次，提出了基于LD-TAEMS的CGF任务分解框架，增强了任务分解的可操作性；在此基础上，对CGF动态任务分配问题进行了数学描述，定义了CGF实体完成任务的综合能力指标，给出了各级指标“权重”分配方法；最后，综合考虑CGF实体经验、能力和个体状态，设计实现了基于个体综合能力评估与排序（ICCER）的CGF动态任务分配算法。实验结果表明，算法是有效的、适用的，能够真实表示作战仿真系统中CGF任务组织的形成过程。
作战单元在无法单独完成被赋予的协同任务时，可以通过与团队内其它单元协作实现。论文分析了作战协作行为过程，提出了基于改进联合意图的协作行为建模方法。该方法首先针对已有联合意图理论的不足，给出了基于任务逻辑依赖关系的联合目标形成方法；其次，研究了基于观察的识别与推理（OBRR）技术，并实现了基于联合意图的行为约束、基于团队内部通信和基于OBRR三种技术相结合的团队状态监控与维护方法；最后，设计了一种团队状态修复算法，并实现了针对团队无法完成修复时的任务组织重规划能力。实验结果表明，该协作行为模型能够真实有效地表示协同过程中的实际协作行为。
作战单元之间在面临信念冲突时需要有效地进行冲突消解。为了达到上述目的，论文研究了基于辩论理论的CGF协商行为建模方法。首先定义了相关概念，并设计了基于辩论的协商流程；进而提出了基于效用理论的论据强度定量评估算法，用于辩论过程中选取首选议题及确定共同信念；同时为了提高协商效率，实现了一种用于多个事件辩论过程中的排序与约简方法。实验结果表明，该协商行为模型能够真实表示信念冲突下的实际人类战场行为，且能够保证协同过程中协商行为的一致性。
最后，论文论述了分队级战术仿真系统中CGF协同行为建模编辑工具（CGF-CBMET）的设计思想和开发过程。首先明确了功能需求，设计了总体结构；其次，给出了组织协同编辑、协同战术行为模型编辑两大功能模块以及知识库与外部仿真应用接口的详细设计；最后在“小组阵地进攻”任务背景下进行了仿真应用开发和结果数据分析，从整体上检验了本文所做的研究工作。
Cooperative behavior modeling technology plays an important role in research ofComputer Generated Forces (CGF). It also ensures the validity of human behaviorrepresenting and the credibility of combat simulation results. Through making humanbehavior representing in combat simulation system as the research background andreflecting actual battlefield cooperative behaviors as the aim, this paper elaborates onthe research of cooperative behavior modeling key technology in CGF by the guidelinesof“theory - method - application”.
First of all, paper expatiates on the background and significance of research ofcooperative behavior modeling technology, analyses shortages of exsiting internal andoverseas research, according to which fetchs out the technical requirement of researchon cooperative behavior modeling and main contents of this paper, provides technicalreference for following research of theories and methods.
Secondly, research of cooperative behavior modeling needs backup of well formedcognize architecture. Unified cognize architecture of human cognitive behaviormodeling is researched, and hence PVC_HBM cognize architecture is designed that canbe provided with human behavior variability, adversary intention recognition andreasoning and cooperative behavior. According to analysis of CGF cooperationconcepts and fuctional requirements, our CGF cooperative behavior modelingframework is established, characteristics of each functional level and correlationsbetween levels are expatiated, and their key implement technologies are also broughtforward.
Behaviors in combat are all under the organization restrictions. Paper studies andbuilds ontology-based CGF organization model, which can precisely representbattlefield organization behaviors. It expatiates on the modeling requirements andprocess of CGF organization ontology based on modern combat organizationcharacteristics, presents conceptual description method of CGF organization ontology,describes related concepts and relations at aspects of static structure and dynamicbehavior, and implements the formalizing representation of CGF organization ontology,including formalizing modeling method using first-order predicate logic and buildingmethod of knowledge. The implemention of CGF organization ontology providescoherent organization glossary, description framework and reuseable organizationbehavior knowledge for CGF entites.
Task organization is the base of cooperation between combat units. In order toforming CGF task organization to fulfill the whole combat target, methods of combattask decomposition and dynamic task allocation in CGF are studied. First, formalizeddefinition, classification and relation description about combat task are put forward, a method called“AND-OR decomposition tree”is presented to describe logic dependencebetween combat tasks.Second, a CGF task decomposition framework that is based onLD-TAEMS is presented to enhance maneuverability of task decomposition. Furthermore, the process of dynamic task allocation in CGF is firstly described in mathematicalforms, then comprehensive capabilities target of entity to accomplish task is defined,and an“authority”assignment method is given for all levels’targets. At last, throughtaking the entity’s experiences, abilities, and individual states into account, paper designsand implements the dynamic task allocation algorithm based on individualcomprehensive capabilities evaluation and ranking (ICCER). The experimental resultsshow that algorithm is effective, applicable and can represent the whole CGF taskorganization formation process in domain of combat simulation.
When a cooperative task assigned to certain combat unit can’t be fulfilled, it couldbe achieved through collaboration with other units in the team. With analyzing thecombat collaborative behavior process, collaborative behavior modeling method basedon modified joint intention theory is presented. First, according to the shortage ofexisting joint intention theory, a new joint goal formation method which is based ontask logic and dependence relations is presented. Second, an observation-basedrecognition and reasoning (OBRR) technology is studied, and an team status monitorand maintenance method is given which is combined with Joint-Intention-basedbehavior restriction, team inter-communication method and OBRR-based method. Atlast, a team status repairing algorithm is designed, and the capability of replanning taskorganization is implemented which is used when the team can not be repaired any more.As the test results show, this model could practically and effectively representbattlefield collaborative behaviors during cooperation process.
Effective resolution needs to be done among combat units when they areconfronting belief conflicts. According to this requirement, a negotiatory behaviormodeling method based on argumentation theory is studied. First, the definitions aboutrelated concepts are given, and the Argumentation-based negotiation process isdesigned. Further more, the Utility Theory-based arguments strength qualifiedevaluation algorithm is implemented, which is used for the selection of optimal proposaland confirmation of common belief. For improving negotiation efficiency, a rankingand reduction method for multi-event argumentation is implemented. According to testresults, it can represent the actual battlefield behaviors under conflicts and ensure theconsistency of negotiation during the cooperation process.
Finally, paper expatiates on the design guideline and development process of CGFcooperative behavior modeling edit tools (CGF-CBMET) in unit-level tacticalsimulation system. First, the collective architecture of CGF-CBMET is designed afterfunctional requirements analyse. Then, two functional modules including editors oforganizational cooperation and cooperative tactic behavior, as well as the interface between knowledge base and outerside simulation application are designed detailedly.Last, combining with the“group position attack”task scenario, the development processand data analysis of simulation application are given to validate the whole work above.
引文
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