行业协会组织能力研究：构建、评价与培育
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摘要
行业协会是成熟市场经济国家普遍存在的一种促进经济领域各类互益性活动并提供相应公共服务的社会经济组织形式。改革开放以来,随着“小政府,大社会”目标模式的确定和社会主义市场经济体制的建立,我国行业协会得到快速的发展。行业协会不仅是国家实现行业管理的重要力量和有效途径,同时可整合全行业资源和规范行业秩序,并具有保护产业、支持企业、增强国际竞争力等作用。可以说,行业协会在我国社会主义市场经济建设中处于不可替代的地位。
然而,面对经济体制改革的深化、政府职能转变以及入市后面临的严峻局面,行业协会面临的深层次问题也越来越多,行业协会发展中遇到的阻碍不仅包括组织外部环境的问题,更重要的是组织自身问题并表现为组织能力低下。客观地分析、评价行业协会组织能力,并提出行业协会组织能力培育的基本方案,使行业协会又好又快地发展,成为笔者着手于本文研究的初衷,同时,这对我国行业协会理论研究也具有重要意义。
本文在文献综述的基础上,通过对行业协会与第三域其它组织如非营利组织、非政府组织等的辨识及属性分析,把行业协会界定为由同一行业内企业或其它主体参加为实现共同利益的非营利性、民间性、中介性和互益性的经济组织。一般而言,组织能力是建立在组织管理基础上的,研究组织能力首先需要展开组织管理基本问题的研究。行业协会组织管理通常包括组织内部管理和组织外部管理两个部分。行业协会组织内部管理实际上就是指行业协会组织治理。通过对行业协会组织治理的界定、本质与基本架构研究,本文阐述了组织治理的核心机制及异化现象,提出行业协会组织治理完善的途径;行业协会组织外部管理主要是指行业协会管理体制。通过对我国行业协会管理体制建立、改革起因以及操作层面存在弊端的论述,本文比较性地分析了我国地方在行业协会管理体制三种典型模式及我国行业协会管理体制的未来趋势。
在上述研究的基础上,本文分析了我国行业协会组织能力的基本特点,并将行业协会组织能力界定为行业协会作为社会团体所具有的以行业共同利益为导向、能够实现联盟治理并促进组织可持续发展的自组织性综合能力。然而,组织能力作为组织实施运作、实现组织目标时本身所具备的综合能力,其构建、评价和培育首先取决于组织能力的定位。为此,本文从经济学视角研究了行业协会与其他组织所具有不同的组织能力定位,包括会员定位、外部相关利益者定位和法人定位。
在行业协会组织管理与组织能力的基本问题研究的基础上,本文通过借鉴企业研究领域中组织边界理论,从价值网络的角度将行业协会组织边界合理界定、分析,将组织边界分为实体、行业和社会边界三种,并以行业协会组织边界作为区分的界面结构实现行业协会组织能力的模块化,将行业协会组织能力分为结构、运作和关系能力三种,从而构建行业协会组织能力的S-O-R模型。
在行业协会组织能力构建的理论模型建立之后,本文通过大量调研与专家研讨的基础上确定了初始评价指标,并通过运用多种统计方法、计量经济学方法和计算机的Rough集分析方法,以上海行业协会为例对我国行业协会组织能力进行了实证分析,客观、科学地构建了行业协会组织能力的评价体系,包括3个能力模块,13个能力指标和54个能力要素。
最后,本文从现代管理学与营销学角度,以顾客价值创造为核心主线,基于价值链的构造,提出行业协会组织能力培育的理论模型,并对组织能力培育的具体途径包括知识管理、职能配置、品牌运营与战略联盟进行了详细的分析和研究。
As an universal social and economical organization in the mature market-oriented economy country, Trade Association(TA) has played an important role in promoting all kinds of mutual-benefit activities in the economical field and providing the related public service. Since the opening-up and reforming, and with the setting-up of the object model of small government and big society as well as the establishment of the socialist market economy, TAs in China had been developing rapidly. TA is not only an important power and effective means for the nation to implement the trade management, but also could integrate the resources and canon the orders in the trade. Also, TA made contributions to protecting the trade, supporting the enterprise as well as strengthening the international competitivness and etc. So TA took an irreplaceable position in the building of Socialist market economy.
However, being confronted with the deepening of the social system reform, the transformation of the government functions as well as the rigorous situation after China's entering of WTO, TA had met more and more problems of deep root. The issues met in the development of TA included not only the problems of external environment, but also those belonging to the organization its self, namely the poor Organizational Capability(OC). Having an objective analysis and assessment of the OC of TA, putting forward the infrastructure of the OC cultivation, and making TA developing well and fast is the original intention why the author set about this paper. At the same time, the paper would be of much importance to the theoratical research of TA in China
On the basis of the literature summary, and through the identification with other organizations in the 3rd domain, as well as the analysis of the its attributes, the paper makes the conceptual definition of TA: TA is organization which the enterprises in the same trade or other subjects join in to realize the common interests, with the characteristics including the non-profit, folk, agency, mutual benefit as well as economy. Normally speaking, the building of OC is based on the organization management, and the research of organization management is presequisite for that of OC. The organization management of OC could be classified into two kinds, namely the internal organization management and external one. The internal organization management is actually the organizational governance. On the basis of the research of the clarification, nature as well as the framework of TA, the paper analized core systems and the alienation representations of organizational governance of Chinese TA in China, and then advocated some suggestions of perfecting the organizational governance of TA. The external organization management of TA is mainly the management system of TA. Through the analysis of the origin of, reasons for the reform of the present management system of TA as well as the malpractice of the management system, the paper elaborates on the three kinds of management system innovation locally in China, and the future trend of the TA management system in China.
Base on the research above, the paper then makes an analysis of the basic characters of the OC of TAs in China and gave an definition of the TA's OC: TA's OC is an self-organizing comprehensive capability, which is characteristics of mutual benefit in the trade and could realize the alliance governance and promote the ever-lasting development. However, with the OC being the comprehensive capability of implementing operation and realizing the goal, its constitution, assessment and cultivation hinged on the position of the OC. Therefore, from the perspective of the economics, the paper has a research on the capability position differing from other organizations, namely position of the membership, position of the external stakeholders, and position of legal person.
On the basis of the research on the basic points of organization management and the OC of TA, by referring to the theory of boundary in the field of enterprise, and from the perspective of value net, the paper makes an reasonable definition and classified the organizational boundary of TA into three kinds, namely entity boundary, industry boundary and relation boundary. An then by the definition of the organization boundary of TA as the interface structure, modular process of the core-competence of TA is implemented, which resulting in three modules, including structure capability, operation capability and relation capability, and then the S-O-R model of TA's OC is constructed.
After the building of the theoretical model of the OC construction of TA, through plenty of investigations and discussions with specialists, the original assessment indexes are made. Then by making good use of many statistical methods, econometrics method as well as the rough-set method in computer science, the paper makes a practical analysis on the OC of TA in China with the data of TAs in Shanghai, after which an objective and scientific assessment system of TA's OC was constructed, including 3 capability modules, 13 capability indexes and 54 capability factors.
Finnaly, from the point-view of modern management and marketing, centering on the creation of customer value, based on which the customer value chain is constructed, the paper puts forward the theoretical model of TA's OC cultivation, and makes a detailed analysis and research on the four specific means of OC cultivation, including knowledge management, function position, brand operation as well as strategic alliance.
然而,面对经济体制改革的深化、政府职能转变以及入市后面临的严峻局面,行业协会面临的深层次问题也越来越多,行业协会发展中遇到的阻碍不仅包括组织外部环境的问题,更重要的是组织自身问题并表现为组织能力低下。客观地分析、评价行业协会组织能力,并提出行业协会组织能力培育的基本方案,使行业协会又好又快地发展,成为笔者着手于本文研究的初衷,同时,这对我国行业协会理论研究也具有重要意义。
本文在文献综述的基础上,通过对行业协会与第三域其它组织如非营利组织、非政府组织等的辨识及属性分析,把行业协会界定为由同一行业内企业或其它主体参加为实现共同利益的非营利性、民间性、中介性和互益性的经济组织。一般而言,组织能力是建立在组织管理基础上的,研究组织能力首先需要展开组织管理基本问题的研究。行业协会组织管理通常包括组织内部管理和组织外部管理两个部分。行业协会组织内部管理实际上就是指行业协会组织治理。通过对行业协会组织治理的界定、本质与基本架构研究,本文阐述了组织治理的核心机制及异化现象,提出行业协会组织治理完善的途径;行业协会组织外部管理主要是指行业协会管理体制。通过对我国行业协会管理体制建立、改革起因以及操作层面存在弊端的论述,本文比较性地分析了我国地方在行业协会管理体制三种典型模式及我国行业协会管理体制的未来趋势。
在上述研究的基础上,本文分析了我国行业协会组织能力的基本特点,并将行业协会组织能力界定为行业协会作为社会团体所具有的以行业共同利益为导向、能够实现联盟治理并促进组织可持续发展的自组织性综合能力。然而,组织能力作为组织实施运作、实现组织目标时本身所具备的综合能力,其构建、评价和培育首先取决于组织能力的定位。为此,本文从经济学视角研究了行业协会与其他组织所具有不同的组织能力定位,包括会员定位、外部相关利益者定位和法人定位。
在行业协会组织管理与组织能力的基本问题研究的基础上,本文通过借鉴企业研究领域中组织边界理论,从价值网络的角度将行业协会组织边界合理界定、分析,将组织边界分为实体、行业和社会边界三种,并以行业协会组织边界作为区分的界面结构实现行业协会组织能力的模块化,将行业协会组织能力分为结构、运作和关系能力三种,从而构建行业协会组织能力的S-O-R模型。
在行业协会组织能力构建的理论模型建立之后,本文通过大量调研与专家研讨的基础上确定了初始评价指标,并通过运用多种统计方法、计量经济学方法和计算机的Rough集分析方法,以上海行业协会为例对我国行业协会组织能力进行了实证分析,客观、科学地构建了行业协会组织能力的评价体系,包括3个能力模块,13个能力指标和54个能力要素。
最后,本文从现代管理学与营销学角度,以顾客价值创造为核心主线,基于价值链的构造,提出行业协会组织能力培育的理论模型,并对组织能力培育的具体途径包括知识管理、职能配置、品牌运营与战略联盟进行了详细的分析和研究。
As an universal social and economical organization in the mature market-oriented economy country, Trade Association(TA) has played an important role in promoting all kinds of mutual-benefit activities in the economical field and providing the related public service. Since the opening-up and reforming, and with the setting-up of the object model of small government and big society as well as the establishment of the socialist market economy, TAs in China had been developing rapidly. TA is not only an important power and effective means for the nation to implement the trade management, but also could integrate the resources and canon the orders in the trade. Also, TA made contributions to protecting the trade, supporting the enterprise as well as strengthening the international competitivness and etc. So TA took an irreplaceable position in the building of Socialist market economy.
However, being confronted with the deepening of the social system reform, the transformation of the government functions as well as the rigorous situation after China's entering of WTO, TA had met more and more problems of deep root. The issues met in the development of TA included not only the problems of external environment, but also those belonging to the organization its self, namely the poor Organizational Capability(OC). Having an objective analysis and assessment of the OC of TA, putting forward the infrastructure of the OC cultivation, and making TA developing well and fast is the original intention why the author set about this paper. At the same time, the paper would be of much importance to the theoratical research of TA in China
On the basis of the literature summary, and through the identification with other organizations in the 3rd domain, as well as the analysis of the its attributes, the paper makes the conceptual definition of TA: TA is organization which the enterprises in the same trade or other subjects join in to realize the common interests, with the characteristics including the non-profit, folk, agency, mutual benefit as well as economy. Normally speaking, the building of OC is based on the organization management, and the research of organization management is presequisite for that of OC. The organization management of OC could be classified into two kinds, namely the internal organization management and external one. The internal organization management is actually the organizational governance. On the basis of the research of the clarification, nature as well as the framework of TA, the paper analized core systems and the alienation representations of organizational governance of Chinese TA in China, and then advocated some suggestions of perfecting the organizational governance of TA. The external organization management of TA is mainly the management system of TA. Through the analysis of the origin of, reasons for the reform of the present management system of TA as well as the malpractice of the management system, the paper elaborates on the three kinds of management system innovation locally in China, and the future trend of the TA management system in China.
Base on the research above, the paper then makes an analysis of the basic characters of the OC of TAs in China and gave an definition of the TA's OC: TA's OC is an self-organizing comprehensive capability, which is characteristics of mutual benefit in the trade and could realize the alliance governance and promote the ever-lasting development. However, with the OC being the comprehensive capability of implementing operation and realizing the goal, its constitution, assessment and cultivation hinged on the position of the OC. Therefore, from the perspective of the economics, the paper has a research on the capability position differing from other organizations, namely position of the membership, position of the external stakeholders, and position of legal person.
On the basis of the research on the basic points of organization management and the OC of TA, by referring to the theory of boundary in the field of enterprise, and from the perspective of value net, the paper makes an reasonable definition and classified the organizational boundary of TA into three kinds, namely entity boundary, industry boundary and relation boundary. An then by the definition of the organization boundary of TA as the interface structure, modular process of the core-competence of TA is implemented, which resulting in three modules, including structure capability, operation capability and relation capability, and then the S-O-R model of TA's OC is constructed.
After the building of the theoretical model of the OC construction of TA, through plenty of investigations and discussions with specialists, the original assessment indexes are made. Then by making good use of many statistical methods, econometrics method as well as the rough-set method in computer science, the paper makes a practical analysis on the OC of TA in China with the data of TAs in Shanghai, after which an objective and scientific assessment system of TA's OC was constructed, including 3 capability modules, 13 capability indexes and 54 capability factors.
Finnaly, from the point-view of modern management and marketing, centering on the creation of customer value, based on which the customer value chain is constructed, the paper puts forward the theoretical model of TA's OC cultivation, and makes a detailed analysis and research on the four specific means of OC cultivation, including knowledge management, function position, brand operation as well as strategic alliance.
引文
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