我国劳动者报酬份额变动趋势的研究
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摘要
合理的劳动者报酬份额是经济社会持续健康发展的重要条件。自上世纪90年代中期以来，我国的劳动者报酬份额发生了不利于劳动者的变动。劳动者报酬份额持续较低，对我国经济社会发展产生诸多不利影响：导致社会再生产难以顺利进行、总供给和总需求失衡、经济发展方式难以转变、社会不稳定，甚至还导致人们对我国改革的社会主义方向产生质疑，等等。在此背景下，党的“十七大”报告提出“努力提高居民收入在国民收入中的比重，提高劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重”，“十二五”规划建议又提出“逐步实现居民收入增长和经济发展同步，劳动者报酬增长和劳动生产率提高同步”，劳动者报酬份额日益成为政府、学者和民众都普遍关注的问题。
本文基于国内外学者对劳动者报酬份额的研究和一些经典理论，对我国改革开放以来劳动者报酬份额的变动进行了较深入研究，对美国、英国、日本和韩国的长期变动趋势和原因进行梳理和分析，并对我国劳动者报酬份额水平做出判断。在此基础上，结合我国国情，对影响我国劳动者报酬份额变动的因素进行了分析，并基于政府视角提出了保持合理劳动者报酬份额的对策建议。
论文结构如下：
第一章，导言。本章为论文的总体概要，介绍了选题的背景与意义，详细归纳了国内外学者在该领域的研究成果，力求把握国内外学者目前在该领域的研究现状和跟踪的方向，明确了研究内容、研究思路、研究方法、研究结论和研究的创新点。
第二章，研究的理论基础。本章梳理了古典经济学、新古典经济学、马克思主义经济学以及凯恩斯经济学对劳动者报酬份额的研究，并对劳动者和劳动者报酬份额等一些基本概念进行了界定，确立自己研究的理论基础。
第三章，我国劳动者报酬份额变动趋势。本章介绍了计量劳动者报酬份额的数据来源、计量所涉及的方法、本研究所采取的计量方法，从收入法GDP中劳动者报酬、固定资产折旧、生产税和营业盈余，收入法GDP中第一、二和三产中劳动者报酬构成等，多角度对我国1978-2007年劳动者报酬份额数据变动趋势进行了描述，尤其是利用国际上的通用方法对我国劳动者报酬份额进行了调整，将其调整为雇员报酬份额，为同国外比较奠定了基础，最后还对我国劳动者报酬份额变动趋势的机理进行了分析。
第四章，劳动者报酬份额比较分析。本章从多角度描述了美国1929—2010年雇员报酬份额变动情况，并对英国、日本和韩国雇员报酬份额运行趋势和原因进行了分析，比较后认为，我国劳动者报酬份额处于低水平稳定状态，尽管同日本和韩国差距较小，但同美国和英国相比差距甚大。
第五章，我国劳动者报酬份额较低的根源。市场经济发展初期资本稀缺，民营经济大发展对资本过度追求，产业结构变迁中的二产过高，劳动力无限供给以及劳资双方力量失衡导致的劳动者地位弱化，等等，都对劳动者报酬份额较低具有重要影响。
第六章，合理调整我国劳动者报酬份额的对策。本章首先对几个发达国家调整劳动者报酬份额的政府职能进行了梳理，从推动政府有效转型，大力发展民营经济，产业结构高度化，形成规范的劳资双方行为主体促进劳资双方力量均衡等方面提出了对策。
第七章，我国劳动者报酬份额变动趋势的预测及结语。本章从劳动力供需出现有利于劳动者的趋向，劳动者维护自身权益意识的提高，政府具有保持合理劳动者报酬份额的外在压力和内在动力等，推断劳动者报酬份额在“十二五”及其以后时期会逐渐提升。最后，对论文的研究结论和不足进行了总结。
论文创新点：
研究选题：尽管中央先后提出“两提高”和“两同步”，但总体成效并不明显，特别在提高劳动者报酬份额方面仍存在认识不一致、阻力较大等问题。该研究基于政府职能发挥视角提出政策建议，对保持合理的劳动者报酬份额有一定的意义。
研究方法：借鉴Solow（1958）提出的劳动份额产业结构分析方法，分析我国各产业劳动者报酬份额对总劳动者报酬份额的影响；借鉴国际上对雇员报酬份额或劳动者报酬份额的调整方法，对我国的劳动者报酬份额进行了调整，并对美国、英国、日本和韩国的劳动者报酬份额从多角度进行了纵向研究，为定位我国雇员报酬份额奠定了基础。
研究结论：一是认为我国市场经济发展过程中雇员报酬份额增加和劳动者报酬份额低水平稳定并行不悖。二是认为我国劳动者报酬份额长期的低水平相对稳定是多重因素综合作用的结果。三是认为劳动者报酬份额高低应同经济发展水平相适应。四是认为政府职能定位准确是劳动者报酬份额保持合理的关键。我国作为政府主导型的市场经济国家，劳动者报酬份额的不合理同政府介入过多有一定的关系。
Reasonable labor income share is an important condition for economic andsocial sustainable and healthy development. Since the mid-1990s, the labor incomeshare of China has changed that is not conducive to the laborers. The labor incomeshare consistently lowers, which has produced many adverse effects on economic andsocial development: social reproduction is difficult to be carried out smoothly,aggregate supply and demand is imbalance, the mode of economic development ishard to change, society is instability and even people cast doubt on China's reformand socialist orientation, and so on. Against this backdrop,“the report of17thNational Congress” has raised that “we will gradually increase the share of personalincome in the distribution of national income, and raise that of work remuneration inprimary distribution”, and “Twelfth Five-year Plan” proposal has put forward “theprogressive realization of people's income growth and economic developmentsimultaneously, laborers compensation growth and labor productivity increasedsynchronized”. The labor income share is increasingly becoming a problem ofcommon concern of the government, academia and the public.
Based on the research of some domestic and foreign scholars for the laborincome share and some of the classical theory, in this paper, I have made a study indepth for the changes of the labor income share, sort out and analyzedlong-term changes in trends and causes of the United States, Britain, Japan and SouthKorea，and made a reasonable judgment to China's labor income share level. On thisbasis, combined with China's national conditions, I have analyzed the impact ofchanges in China's labor income share factors.Based on government perspective, Ihave put forward some suggestions to maintain a reasonable share of laborerscompensation.
The paper structure is as follows:
Chapter Ⅰ, Introduction. This chapter provides an overall summary of the paper,which introduces the background and significance of the topics, summaries in detailresearch findings of the domestic and foreign scholars in the field, finds out currentresearch situation and tracking direction of domestic and foreign scholars in the field, specifies research content, research ideas, research approach, research findingsand research innovation.
Chapter Ⅱ, the theoretical basis of the study. This chapter sorts out the researchof classical economics, neo-classical economics, Marxist economics and Keynesianeconomics for the labor income share, and defines some basic concepts to laborersand laborers compensation share, and establishes the theoretical basis which Iresearch.
Chapter Ⅲ, the change trend of China's labor income share.This chapterdescribes data sources of the metering labor income share, measurement methods,measurement methods of this study. From different perspectives which includethe income approach of GDP labor income share, depreciation of fixed assets, taxeson production and operating surplus, the income approach of GDP of laborremuneration in the first, second and tertiary industry and so on, I describe the datachange of the labor income share trend in China from1978to2007. In particular,I use the international methods to adjust China's labor income share, and theseshare will be adjusted for the share of compensation of employees. This lays thefoundation for comparing with foreign. Finally, I have analyzed the mechanism ofchanges trend in China's labor income share.
Chapter Ⅳ, the comparative analysis of labor income share. From many angles,this chapter describes the situation of the United States1929-2010share ofcompensation of employees changes, and analyzes the run trends and causes of shareof employees compensation in the United Kingdom, Japan and South Korea. Aftercomparing with those countries, I find the share of China's labor income share at alow level steady state.Although the difference is smaller paralleled with Japan andSouth Korea, that compared with the United States and Britain gap is great.
Chapter Ⅴ, the roots of the low labor income share of China. In the early stagesof the market development, capital is scarce and private economy excessively pursuitof capital. In the change of industrial structure, the secondary industry is too high, andunlimited labor supply and labor and capital force imbalance have weakened laborers'status, and so on. All of these are of critical importance to the reduction of the laborincome share.
Chapters Ⅵ, countermeasures of reasonable adjustments on the labor incomeshare of China.This chapter sorts out the governmental functions of several developed countries adjustments on the labor income share, and proposescountermeasures from these aspects,such as promoting the effective transition ofgovernment, reinforcing development of the private economy, upgrading industrialStructure, forming normatively labor and capital agents, advancing the balance ofpower both employers and employees.
Chapter Ⅶ，the forecast of the change tendency of labor income share andconclusions. This chapter's main content：I can infer that labor income share will begradually improved in the Twelfth Five-year Plan and in the later because of thetendency of labor supply in favor of the employee，the raising consciousness thatlabors maintain their own rights and interests，the external pressure and internal forcesthat government keeps reasonable labor income share，and so on. Last，I have asummary of the conclusion and deficiency of my paper.
The innovation of the thesis:
Topics of research：The Central Government has put forward “increase the shareof personal income in the distribution of national income, and raise that of laborremuneration in primary distribution”and“achieve residents' income growth andeconomic development, growth and productivity of Labor remuneration increasesynchronization”，but the overall effect is not obvious，especially lack of effectivecountermeasures to increase labor income share. Based on the perspective ofgovernment function，my research puts forward the policy suggestions to provide afeasible train of thought in increasing labor income share.
Methods of research: I draw lessons from the analysis method of industrystructure in labor share which Solow（1958）put forward to analyze the influence ofeach industry laborer share to the total remuneration of labor share, and theinternational adjustment method of the share of compensation of employees or thelabor income share to adjust the labor income share in our country. Meanwhile，I havemade a longitudinal research from multi angle on labor income share during theUnited States, Britain, Japan and South Korea，which lay a foundation to correctlyjudge the labor income share in our country.
Conclusion of research：First，it runs parallel between the increase of the share ofcompensation of employees and the stability of the labor income share at a low level.Second，the present situation of the stability at a relatively low level is due tocomprehensive effects of multiple factors. Third，there should be a relationship between the level and the reasonable degree of the labor income share. Fourth，governmental functions' positioning accuracy is key to keep labor income sharereasonable. Our country is a market economy country that is dominated bygovernment，so the unreasonable labor income share has something to do with the toomuch government intervenes.
本文基于国内外学者对劳动者报酬份额的研究和一些经典理论，对我国改革开放以来劳动者报酬份额的变动进行了较深入研究，对美国、英国、日本和韩国的长期变动趋势和原因进行梳理和分析，并对我国劳动者报酬份额水平做出判断。在此基础上，结合我国国情，对影响我国劳动者报酬份额变动的因素进行了分析，并基于政府视角提出了保持合理劳动者报酬份额的对策建议。
论文结构如下：
第一章，导言。本章为论文的总体概要，介绍了选题的背景与意义，详细归纳了国内外学者在该领域的研究成果，力求把握国内外学者目前在该领域的研究现状和跟踪的方向，明确了研究内容、研究思路、研究方法、研究结论和研究的创新点。
第二章，研究的理论基础。本章梳理了古典经济学、新古典经济学、马克思主义经济学以及凯恩斯经济学对劳动者报酬份额的研究，并对劳动者和劳动者报酬份额等一些基本概念进行了界定，确立自己研究的理论基础。
第三章，我国劳动者报酬份额变动趋势。本章介绍了计量劳动者报酬份额的数据来源、计量所涉及的方法、本研究所采取的计量方法，从收入法GDP中劳动者报酬、固定资产折旧、生产税和营业盈余，收入法GDP中第一、二和三产中劳动者报酬构成等，多角度对我国1978-2007年劳动者报酬份额数据变动趋势进行了描述，尤其是利用国际上的通用方法对我国劳动者报酬份额进行了调整，将其调整为雇员报酬份额，为同国外比较奠定了基础，最后还对我国劳动者报酬份额变动趋势的机理进行了分析。
第四章，劳动者报酬份额比较分析。本章从多角度描述了美国1929—2010年雇员报酬份额变动情况，并对英国、日本和韩国雇员报酬份额运行趋势和原因进行了分析，比较后认为，我国劳动者报酬份额处于低水平稳定状态，尽管同日本和韩国差距较小，但同美国和英国相比差距甚大。
第五章，我国劳动者报酬份额较低的根源。市场经济发展初期资本稀缺，民营经济大发展对资本过度追求，产业结构变迁中的二产过高，劳动力无限供给以及劳资双方力量失衡导致的劳动者地位弱化，等等，都对劳动者报酬份额较低具有重要影响。
第六章，合理调整我国劳动者报酬份额的对策。本章首先对几个发达国家调整劳动者报酬份额的政府职能进行了梳理，从推动政府有效转型，大力发展民营经济，产业结构高度化，形成规范的劳资双方行为主体促进劳资双方力量均衡等方面提出了对策。
第七章，我国劳动者报酬份额变动趋势的预测及结语。本章从劳动力供需出现有利于劳动者的趋向，劳动者维护自身权益意识的提高，政府具有保持合理劳动者报酬份额的外在压力和内在动力等，推断劳动者报酬份额在“十二五”及其以后时期会逐渐提升。最后，对论文的研究结论和不足进行了总结。
论文创新点：
研究选题：尽管中央先后提出“两提高”和“两同步”，但总体成效并不明显，特别在提高劳动者报酬份额方面仍存在认识不一致、阻力较大等问题。该研究基于政府职能发挥视角提出政策建议，对保持合理的劳动者报酬份额有一定的意义。
研究方法：借鉴Solow（1958）提出的劳动份额产业结构分析方法，分析我国各产业劳动者报酬份额对总劳动者报酬份额的影响；借鉴国际上对雇员报酬份额或劳动者报酬份额的调整方法，对我国的劳动者报酬份额进行了调整，并对美国、英国、日本和韩国的劳动者报酬份额从多角度进行了纵向研究，为定位我国雇员报酬份额奠定了基础。
研究结论：一是认为我国市场经济发展过程中雇员报酬份额增加和劳动者报酬份额低水平稳定并行不悖。二是认为我国劳动者报酬份额长期的低水平相对稳定是多重因素综合作用的结果。三是认为劳动者报酬份额高低应同经济发展水平相适应。四是认为政府职能定位准确是劳动者报酬份额保持合理的关键。我国作为政府主导型的市场经济国家，劳动者报酬份额的不合理同政府介入过多有一定的关系。
Reasonable labor income share is an important condition for economic andsocial sustainable and healthy development. Since the mid-1990s, the labor incomeshare of China has changed that is not conducive to the laborers. The labor incomeshare consistently lowers, which has produced many adverse effects on economic andsocial development: social reproduction is difficult to be carried out smoothly,aggregate supply and demand is imbalance, the mode of economic development ishard to change, society is instability and even people cast doubt on China's reformand socialist orientation, and so on. Against this backdrop,“the report of17thNational Congress” has raised that “we will gradually increase the share of personalincome in the distribution of national income, and raise that of work remuneration inprimary distribution”, and “Twelfth Five-year Plan” proposal has put forward “theprogressive realization of people's income growth and economic developmentsimultaneously, laborers compensation growth and labor productivity increasedsynchronized”. The labor income share is increasingly becoming a problem ofcommon concern of the government, academia and the public.
Based on the research of some domestic and foreign scholars for the laborincome share and some of the classical theory, in this paper, I have made a study indepth for the changes of the labor income share, sort out and analyzedlong-term changes in trends and causes of the United States, Britain, Japan and SouthKorea，and made a reasonable judgment to China's labor income share level. On thisbasis, combined with China's national conditions, I have analyzed the impact ofchanges in China's labor income share factors.Based on government perspective, Ihave put forward some suggestions to maintain a reasonable share of laborerscompensation.
The paper structure is as follows:
Chapter Ⅰ, Introduction. This chapter provides an overall summary of the paper,which introduces the background and significance of the topics, summaries in detailresearch findings of the domestic and foreign scholars in the field, finds out currentresearch situation and tracking direction of domestic and foreign scholars in the field, specifies research content, research ideas, research approach, research findingsand research innovation.
Chapter Ⅱ, the theoretical basis of the study. This chapter sorts out the researchof classical economics, neo-classical economics, Marxist economics and Keynesianeconomics for the labor income share, and defines some basic concepts to laborersand laborers compensation share, and establishes the theoretical basis which Iresearch.
Chapter Ⅲ, the change trend of China's labor income share.This chapterdescribes data sources of the metering labor income share, measurement methods,measurement methods of this study. From different perspectives which includethe income approach of GDP labor income share, depreciation of fixed assets, taxeson production and operating surplus, the income approach of GDP of laborremuneration in the first, second and tertiary industry and so on, I describe the datachange of the labor income share trend in China from1978to2007. In particular,I use the international methods to adjust China's labor income share, and theseshare will be adjusted for the share of compensation of employees. This lays thefoundation for comparing with foreign. Finally, I have analyzed the mechanism ofchanges trend in China's labor income share.
Chapter Ⅳ, the comparative analysis of labor income share. From many angles,this chapter describes the situation of the United States1929-2010share ofcompensation of employees changes, and analyzes the run trends and causes of shareof employees compensation in the United Kingdom, Japan and South Korea. Aftercomparing with those countries, I find the share of China's labor income share at alow level steady state.Although the difference is smaller paralleled with Japan andSouth Korea, that compared with the United States and Britain gap is great.
Chapter Ⅴ, the roots of the low labor income share of China. In the early stagesof the market development, capital is scarce and private economy excessively pursuitof capital. In the change of industrial structure, the secondary industry is too high, andunlimited labor supply and labor and capital force imbalance have weakened laborers'status, and so on. All of these are of critical importance to the reduction of the laborincome share.
Chapters Ⅵ, countermeasures of reasonable adjustments on the labor incomeshare of China.This chapter sorts out the governmental functions of several developed countries adjustments on the labor income share, and proposescountermeasures from these aspects,such as promoting the effective transition ofgovernment, reinforcing development of the private economy, upgrading industrialStructure, forming normatively labor and capital agents, advancing the balance ofpower both employers and employees.
Chapter Ⅶ，the forecast of the change tendency of labor income share andconclusions. This chapter's main content：I can infer that labor income share will begradually improved in the Twelfth Five-year Plan and in the later because of thetendency of labor supply in favor of the employee，the raising consciousness thatlabors maintain their own rights and interests，the external pressure and internal forcesthat government keeps reasonable labor income share，and so on. Last，I have asummary of the conclusion and deficiency of my paper.
The innovation of the thesis:
Topics of research：The Central Government has put forward “increase the shareof personal income in the distribution of national income, and raise that of laborremuneration in primary distribution”and“achieve residents' income growth andeconomic development, growth and productivity of Labor remuneration increasesynchronization”，but the overall effect is not obvious，especially lack of effectivecountermeasures to increase labor income share. Based on the perspective ofgovernment function，my research puts forward the policy suggestions to provide afeasible train of thought in increasing labor income share.
Methods of research: I draw lessons from the analysis method of industrystructure in labor share which Solow（1958）put forward to analyze the influence ofeach industry laborer share to the total remuneration of labor share, and theinternational adjustment method of the share of compensation of employees or thelabor income share to adjust the labor income share in our country. Meanwhile，I havemade a longitudinal research from multi angle on labor income share during theUnited States, Britain, Japan and South Korea，which lay a foundation to correctlyjudge the labor income share in our country.
Conclusion of research：First，it runs parallel between the increase of the share ofcompensation of employees and the stability of the labor income share at a low level.Second，the present situation of the stability at a relatively low level is due tocomprehensive effects of multiple factors. Third，there should be a relationship between the level and the reasonable degree of the labor income share. Fourth，governmental functions' positioning accuracy is key to keep labor income sharereasonable. Our country is a market economy country that is dominated bygovernment，so the unreasonable labor income share has something to do with the toomuch government intervenes.
引文
①Mankiw, N. G, Macroeconomic,New York,2007,pp.55-58.
②Martin Feldistein,Did Wages Reflect Growth in Productivity?,National Bureau of EconomicResearch Working Paper,2008.
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③在古典经济学时期，只有国民收入的用法，并无GDP.
④2009年12月3日人民日报:为提高“劳动所得”势在必行.
⑤源自奥美国国民分析局按收入分GDI份额，从理论上说，GDP=GDI.
①Thomas G.Moehrle,The Evolution of Compensation in a Changing, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
①NI只是GNP的一个重要组成部分，是GNP扣除间接税减补贴和资本折旧以后的部分。
①【英】戴维·W·皮尔斯主编，宋承先寿进文章雷唐雄俊唐振斌译.现代经济学词典〔M〕.上海:上海译文出版社,1988,p.156.
①这些学者认为，由于各地上报的地区生产总值一般高于国家统计局的数据，最终得到的全国地区生产总值明显低于各省份加总的地区生产总值。我国国内生产总值核算数据包括国家和地方两个层级，“省际收入法数据”属于地方核算数据，所以也存在高估。由于劳动者报酬和生产税高估操作较难，固定资产折旧和营业盈余高估的可能性更大，而这两项主要属于资本收入，所以可能会高估资本收入，进而高估资本收入份额。不过笔者认为，利用的数据是经过调整的国内生产总值，能够较好说明问题。
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②【日】桥本寿朗著，复旦大学日本研究中心译.日本经济论-20世纪体系和日本经济〔M〕.上海:上海财经大学出版社，1997年第241页。
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①人们所熟知的是刘易斯对发展中国家的研究，但刘易斯在《增长与波动》中，研究了四个核心国：美国、英国、德国和法国的经济增长，在对英国货币工资的研究中，也认为资本主义发展的早期阶段，“无限劳动力供给”的存在压低了实际工资，有利于利润增加和资本积累。英国在1780-1860年间，农业和工业革命已经全面展开，并带来了较高的生产率，但实际工资增加却很少。1781-1789年到1821-1829年，年均增加0.35%,1821-1829年到1856-1864年，年均增加0.4%。尽管之间的差额要由其他部门的工人来分享，也即是差额并不能全部转化为利润和租金，但此期间的储蓄率增加了1倍，分配仍然是相当有利于利润。
①飞地最初是指一个国家位于别国家境内，同本国领土不相联结的小块区域，这里指一个国家经济中具有现代经济特征，发展较快的地区。
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③在古典经济学时期，只有国民收入的用法，并无GDP.
④2009年12月3日人民日报:为提高“劳动所得”势在必行.
⑤源自奥美国国民分析局按收入分GDI份额，从理论上说，GDP=GDI.
①Thomas G.Moehrle,The Evolution of Compensation in a Changing, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
①NI只是GNP的一个重要组成部分，是GNP扣除间接税减补贴和资本折旧以后的部分。
①【英】戴维·W·皮尔斯主编，宋承先寿进文章雷唐雄俊唐振斌译.现代经济学词典〔M〕.上海:上海译文出版社,1988,p.156.
①这些学者认为，由于各地上报的地区生产总值一般高于国家统计局的数据，最终得到的全国地区生产总值明显低于各省份加总的地区生产总值。我国国内生产总值核算数据包括国家和地方两个层级，“省际收入法数据”属于地方核算数据，所以也存在高估。由于劳动者报酬和生产税高估操作较难，固定资产折旧和营业盈余高估的可能性更大，而这两项主要属于资本收入，所以可能会高估资本收入，进而高估资本收入份额。不过笔者认为，利用的数据是经过调整的国内生产总值，能够较好说明问题。
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①【日】内野达朗著，赵毅李守贞李春勤译.战后日本经济史〔M〕.北京:新华出版社,1982年第179页。
②【日】桥本寿朗著，复旦大学日本研究中心译.日本经济论-20世纪体系和日本经济〔M〕.上海:上海财经大学出版社，1997年第241页。
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①国际劳工局:日内瓦,中华人民共和国劳动和社会保障部国际劳工与信息研究所译.世界就业报告
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①人们所熟知的是刘易斯对发展中国家的研究，但刘易斯在《增长与波动》中，研究了四个核心国：美国、英国、德国和法国的经济增长，在对英国货币工资的研究中，也认为资本主义发展的早期阶段，“无限劳动力供给”的存在压低了实际工资，有利于利润增加和资本积累。英国在1780-1860年间，农业和工业革命已经全面展开，并带来了较高的生产率，但实际工资增加却很少。1781-1789年到1821-1829年，年均增加0.35%,1821-1829年到1856-1864年，年均增加0.4%。尽管之间的差额要由其他部门的工人来分享，也即是差额并不能全部转化为利润和租金，但此期间的储蓄率增加了1倍，分配仍然是相当有利于利润。
①飞地最初是指一个国家位于别国家境内，同本国领土不相联结的小块区域，这里指一个国家经济中具有现代经济特征，发展较快的地区。
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