基于近红外光谱法检测面粉中过氧化苯甲酰添加量
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摘要
面粉是人们日常膳食结构中的主要原料之一。为了提高其表观品质,以往面粉生产企业广泛使用过氧化苯甲酰(BPO)作为面粉改良剂。有些企业为了追求利润,片面提高面粉外观品质,在面粉中过量添加过氧化苯甲酰;面粉中过氧化苯甲酰添加过量会给消费者健康带来安全隐患,因此研究面粉中过氧化苯甲酰添加量的快速检测方法对于以保护广大人民的身体健康具有十分重要的意义。
     近红外光谱分析法以其快速、简单、低成本的优点在食品品质及安全检测领域得到了广泛的研究,本论文将近红外光谱分析技术用于面粉过氧化苯甲酰添加量的检测中,具体研究内容如下:
     1、提出了面粉过氧化苯甲酰“当量检测”的光谱分析方法。因为过氧化苯甲酰添加到面粉中后,部分过氧化苯甲酰会与面粉中的水反应,转化成苯甲酸,面粉中会同时存在过氧化苯甲酰和苯甲酸,所以现有的检测方法如气相色谱法、液相色谱法等,采用间接的方法进行面粉过氧化苯甲酰添加量的测定:即首先用某种还原剂将面粉中存在的部分未反应的过氧化苯甲酰也转化为苯甲酸,接着通过一定的溶剂将总的苯甲酸提取出来,通过相应方法测定苯甲酸的含量来推算出面粉原始的过氧化苯甲酰添加量,这种间接测量的方法增加了检测的复杂性,所以本文提出“当量检测”的光谱分析方法:即在采集了被测面粉样品的光谱数据后,将光谱数据与面粉样品中过氧化苯甲酰的原始添加当量直接进行建模分析。利用光谱分析的相关理论对“当量检测”的可行性进行了说明,并通过实验结果进行了验证。同时本文考察了小波分解、经验模态分解等多种光谱预处理方法对光谱法检测面粉过氧化苯甲酰添加量时建模精度的影响。
     2、研究了面粉样品温度变化对测量结果的影响。结果表明:样品温度变化影响了模型的预测稳定性,利用某单一温度下建立的模型对其他温度下的样品进行预测时精度较差。本文探讨了几种不同的方法对温度影响进行校正的效果。其中,建立混合温度校正模型可以较好的提高模型的温度适应性;利用直接正交信号校正(DOSC)方法对光谱进行校正后建立的模型虽然校正精度得到了提高,但是模型的温度适应性仍然较差。利用直接标准化(DS)方法和分段直接标准化(PDS)方法对光谱进行校正后均可以较好的消除温度变化对检测结果的影响,提高模型对不同温度样品的预测稳定性。
     3、为提高面粉过氧化苯甲酰添加量检测的精度,本文提出了对面粉样品进行提取液浓缩的样品前处理方法,即先利用相应的有机溶剂将面粉样品中的过氧化苯甲酰及其还原产物苯甲酸提取出来,然后利用氮吹法对各样品的提取液进行十多倍的浓缩,采集浓缩液的光谱并与被测样品的过氧化苯甲酰添加量进行建模分析,结果表明该方法可以有效的提高过氧化苯甲酰添加量的检测精度。
     4、在利用光谱法对面粉样品的提取浓缩液进行分析时,多光程长组合光谱建模方法可以进一步提高过氧化苯甲酰添加量的检测精度,但是多光程组合光谱建模大大增加了建模所用光谱数据量,使模型变得较为复杂,鉴于此本文提出了多光程敏感波长组合建模的方法,即先通过遗传算法、改进的iPLS算法及连续投影法等变量优选方法提取出多光程组合光谱中的若干敏感波长,再利用敏感波长组合光谱来进行建模分析,结果表明:除连续投影算法外,利用改进的iPLS方法和遗传算法提取的敏感波长进行组合建模可以在模型精度没有明显下降的情况下大幅度得减少光谱数据量,降低模型的复杂性。
Flour is one of the essential ingredients in people's daily dietary structure. Addingbenzoyl peroxide (BPO) can improve the flour apparent quality. But the excessiveBPO dopants will bring hidden troubles to consumers’ health.The purpose of thispaper was to study and bring forward a method for quick detection of BPO additiveamount in flour. This paper use the near-infrared spectroscopy for the detection ofBPO addition, the main contents are organized as the following:
     1、This paper gives an analytical method by spectrometry of “equivalentdetection” on BPO in the flour. The feasibility of “equivalent detection” wasillustrated by the theories of spectral analysis and verified with the results ofexperiment. Meanwhile, the effect of different spectral pretreatment methods ofwavelet decomposition (WD) and empirical mode decomposition (EMD) upon themodeling accuracy of BPO addition in flour was explored as well.
     2、Effects of temperature on the measurement results in flour were studied. Theresults show that: the stability of model for predicting BPO addition was affected bythe changing with temperature, it presented as the model developed at onetemperature used to predict the BPO addition at other temperature has a lowforecasting precision. This paper discusses several different methods in an attempt tocompensate for temperature effects. These include, the mixed temperature correctionmodel can improve the temperature adaptation of the model; the direct orthogonalsignal correction (DOSC) method used for correct the spectral data correction canimprove the model accuracy, but the temperature adaptation of the model is stillunsatisfying; the direct standardization (DS) and piecewise direct standardization(PDS) method used for spectral data correction can be better to eliminate the impactof temperature on the test results, and improve the stability of the predict model atdifferent temperatures.
     3、This paper presents a pre-treatment method to concentrate the extraction of theflour sample to improve the detection accuracy of the BPO addition. It means BPOand its reduction product BA in the flour samples extracted by organic solvent ofmethanol; then the extract of each sample was concentrated more than10fold bynitrogen blow-down method; the spectra of the concentrate liquid was collected andmodeled with the BPO addition of the test samples, the results show that the methodcan improve the detection accuracy of BPO addition effectively.
     4、The best optical path length will help to improve the measurement accuracy ofBPO addition when analyze the concentrate liquid of the flour samples byspectrometry method. However, it is difficult to obtain the exact best optical pathlength in actual measurement. So an analysis model of using spectra from thecombination of multiple optical path lengths and the concentrate liquid was used inthis paper: The spectral modeling method of the combination of multiple optical pathlengths can further improve the detection accuracy of BPO addition, but it alsoincrease the amount of spectral data and raise the complexity of the model. In thissituation, a novel modeling analysis methods of the combination of sensitivewavelengths from multi path lengths were promoted in this paper. That is firstlyextracting several sensitive wavelengths by the wavelength selection methods ofgenetic algorithm and successive projections algorithm, etc; and then using thecombination spectra of sensitive wavelengths for modeling analysis, the resultsshowed that: the modeling analysis methods of the combination of sensitivewavelengths from multi path lengths can substantially reduce the amount of spectraldata and the complexity of the model but keep modeling accuracy at the same time.
引文
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