980nm光纤光栅外腔半导体激光器的研制
|
摘要
光纤通信系统中的密集波分复用(DWDM)技术对发射光源有很高的要求,要求发射波长精确、输出线宽窄等。光纤光栅外腔半导体激光器在很大程度上能够符合DWDM光纤通信系统的要求,近些年来成为该领域的一个研究热点;980hm半导体激光器被广泛应用于泵浦掺饵光纤放大器,它与单模光纤(SMF)通过合理的模型耦合,不仅能改善掺饵光纤放大器的性能,而且直接影响光纤传输的中继距离,因而日益受到人们的重视。
本论文采用楔形柱透镜光纤光栅(FBG)形成外腔,获得了激射波长稳定的980nm光纤光栅外腔半导体激光器。其主要内容可概括如下:
(1)对光纤光栅外腔半导体激光器的工作原理作了详细的分析,包括发光机制、模式选择理论、等效腔理论、速率方程、激光器与光纤的耦合理论等。
(2)基于等效腔理论,考虑半导体激光器端面反射率、外腔长度及光纤光栅三者的共同作用,利用Matlab仿真模拟了它们对光纤光栅外腔半导体激光器输出特性(如阈值增益、输出功率、线宽和边模抑制比)的影响,并获得了优化的参数。
(3)分析了均匀光纤布拉格光栅的光学特性,结合优化的光纤光栅反射率,确定了光纤光栅其它参数,包括周期、长度。
(4)针对980nm半导体激光器与楔形柱透镜光纤耦合,利用matlab软件仿真计算得出优化的光纤微透镜参数(楔形柱透镜曲率半径和半楔角)及激光器与透镜光纤端的最佳距离。
(5)介绍980hm光纤光栅外腔半导体激光器的蝶形模块封装工艺。
(6)通过对器件输出特性的测试来证实理论计算出的优化模型的准确性。
Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is an important technology of fiber communication system. The laser source, as the important portion of DWDM optical fiber communication system, must satisfy some strict requirements such as stable lasing wavelength, and narrow line-width, etc. Fiber grating external cavity semiconductor laser (FGESL) has received considerable attention as a promising source to satisfy these strict requirements; 980nm semiconductor laser is widely used in the design of erbium doped fiber amplifier(EDFA). The coupling efficiency of 980 semiconductor laser and single mode fiber (SMF) has become the most fundamental problem for engineers and researchers to solve. Coupling efficiency affects the performance of EDFA and decides fiber communication relay distance. Thus people pay more and more attention on researching it.
In this paper, we used wedge-shaped cylindrical lensed fiber bragg grating (FBG) to form an fiber grating external cavity semiconductor laser, finally we obtained stable lasing wavelength output. The theoretical and experimental researches completed in the thesis are as follows:
(1) Made a detailed analysis to the work principle of FGB external cavity semiconductor laser, included luminescent mechanism, mode selection theory, equivalent cavity theory, speed equation, fiber coupling theory and so on.
(2) Based on the equivalent cavity theory, we took semiconductor laser's end surface reflectivity, external cavity length and fiber grating together into account, simulating and calculating basic parameters of fiber grating external cavity semiconductor laser by Matlab software, such as: threshold gain, output power, line width and side-mode suppression ratio, then we obtain the optimized parameters.
(3) Analyzed the characteristics of fiber Bragg grating, and used the optimized reflectivity of fiber grating, we determined other parameters of fiber grating , including its cycle, length.
(4) Aimed at 980nm semiconductor laser coupling with wedge-shaped cylindrical lensed fiber, through the coupling equation, we simulated and attained optimized parameters of micro lensed fiber (half wede angle and curvature radius) and the best distance between them by Matlab software.
(5) Introduced the butterfly-shaped packaging for 980nm fiber grating external cavity semiconductor laser.
(6) Through testing the output characteristics of 980nm fiber grating external cavity semiconductor laser to confirm the optimization model was accurate.
本论文采用楔形柱透镜光纤光栅(FBG)形成外腔,获得了激射波长稳定的980nm光纤光栅外腔半导体激光器。其主要内容可概括如下:
(1)对光纤光栅外腔半导体激光器的工作原理作了详细的分析,包括发光机制、模式选择理论、等效腔理论、速率方程、激光器与光纤的耦合理论等。
(2)基于等效腔理论,考虑半导体激光器端面反射率、外腔长度及光纤光栅三者的共同作用,利用Matlab仿真模拟了它们对光纤光栅外腔半导体激光器输出特性(如阈值增益、输出功率、线宽和边模抑制比)的影响,并获得了优化的参数。
(3)分析了均匀光纤布拉格光栅的光学特性,结合优化的光纤光栅反射率,确定了光纤光栅其它参数,包括周期、长度。
(4)针对980nm半导体激光器与楔形柱透镜光纤耦合,利用matlab软件仿真计算得出优化的光纤微透镜参数(楔形柱透镜曲率半径和半楔角)及激光器与透镜光纤端的最佳距离。
(5)介绍980hm光纤光栅外腔半导体激光器的蝶形模块封装工艺。
(6)通过对器件输出特性的测试来证实理论计算出的优化模型的准确性。
Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is an important technology of fiber communication system. The laser source, as the important portion of DWDM optical fiber communication system, must satisfy some strict requirements such as stable lasing wavelength, and narrow line-width, etc. Fiber grating external cavity semiconductor laser (FGESL) has received considerable attention as a promising source to satisfy these strict requirements; 980nm semiconductor laser is widely used in the design of erbium doped fiber amplifier(EDFA). The coupling efficiency of 980 semiconductor laser and single mode fiber (SMF) has become the most fundamental problem for engineers and researchers to solve. Coupling efficiency affects the performance of EDFA and decides fiber communication relay distance. Thus people pay more and more attention on researching it.
In this paper, we used wedge-shaped cylindrical lensed fiber bragg grating (FBG) to form an fiber grating external cavity semiconductor laser, finally we obtained stable lasing wavelength output. The theoretical and experimental researches completed in the thesis are as follows:
(1) Made a detailed analysis to the work principle of FGB external cavity semiconductor laser, included luminescent mechanism, mode selection theory, equivalent cavity theory, speed equation, fiber coupling theory and so on.
(2) Based on the equivalent cavity theory, we took semiconductor laser's end surface reflectivity, external cavity length and fiber grating together into account, simulating and calculating basic parameters of fiber grating external cavity semiconductor laser by Matlab software, such as: threshold gain, output power, line width and side-mode suppression ratio, then we obtain the optimized parameters.
(3) Analyzed the characteristics of fiber Bragg grating, and used the optimized reflectivity of fiber grating, we determined other parameters of fiber grating , including its cycle, length.
(4) Aimed at 980nm semiconductor laser coupling with wedge-shaped cylindrical lensed fiber, through the coupling equation, we simulated and attained optimized parameters of micro lensed fiber (half wede angle and curvature radius) and the best distance between them by Matlab software.
(5) Introduced the butterfly-shaped packaging for 980nm fiber grating external cavity semiconductor laser.
(6) Through testing the output characteristics of 980nm fiber grating external cavity semiconductor laser to confirm the optimization model was accurate.
引文
[1]江剑平.《半导体激光器原理》,北京:电子工业出版。2000
[2]Magnus G.Oberg.Crosstalk between Intensity Modulated Wavelength Division Multiplexed Signals in a Semiconductor Laser Amplifier.IEEE J.Quantum Electron,1988,24(1):52-59
[3]林世清.掺铒光纤放大器的原理及在密集波分复用系统中的应用.光电产品世界,2000,9:38
[4]J.Martensson,A.Berntson.Timing jifitter owing to intrachannel pulse interactions in dispersion-managed transmission systems.Opt.Lett.,2001,26(2):55
[5]杨祥林.《光纤通信系统》,国防工业出版社,2000
[6]T.Bjarne,H.O.Jens and O.Henning.Stability analysis semiconductor laser with external cavity.IEEE J.Quantum Electron.,1984,20(9):1023-1032
[7]H.Charles,F.Rudolf.Instability of semiconductor laser due to feedback from distant reflector.IEEE J.Quantum Electron.,1986,22(2):294-301
[8]S.Nikolaus.Numerical analysis of the feedback regimes for a single-mode semiconductor lasers with external feedback.IEEE J.Quantum Electron.,1988,24(7):1242-1246
[9]C.Masoller,N.B.Abram.Stability and modulation properties of semiconductor laser with weak optical feedback from a distant reflector.Quantum semi-class.Optical.,1998,10:519-534.
[10]H.Angela,G.Athanasios.Bifurcation cascade in a semiconductor laser subject to optical feedback.Physical Review Letters.,1999,82(6):1148-1151
[11]何玉平.光纤光栅外腔半导体激光器输出特性研究.西南大学硕士,2007
[12]L.Roy,K.Kohroh.External optical feedback effects on semiconductor injection laser roperties.IEEE J.Quantum Electron.,1980,16(3):347-355
[13]Osmundsen J.Gade N IEEE J.Quantum Electron.1983:194-195
[14]M.Jesper,T.Bjarne and M.Jannik.Chaos in semiconductor lasers with optical feedback:theory and experiment.IEEE J.Quantum Electron.,1992,28(1):93-108
[15]K.Kallimani.M.O'Mahony.Relative intensity noise for laser diodes with arbitrary amounts of optical feedback.IEEE J.Quantum Electron.,1998,34(8):1438-1446.
[16]周凯明,胡伟等.高边模抑制比窄线宽的光线光栅外腔半导体激光器,光子学报,2001,30(4):478-482
[17]N.Alexander,B.Pascal,L.Natalia,et al.,Characteristics of a semiconductor laser coupled with a fiber bragg grating with arbitrary amount of feedback.IEEE J.Quantum Electron.,2003,39(10):1216-1228.
[18]T.Kato,T.Takagi,A.Hamakawa,et al.,Fiber-grating semiconductor laser modules for dense-WDM systems.IEICE Trans.Electron.,1999,E82-C(2):357-359
[19]F.N.Timmofeev,P Bayvel,W Mikhailov,et al.,2.6Gbitls dense WDM transmission in standard fiber using directly-modulated fiber grating lasers.Electron.Lett.,1997,33(19):1632-1633
[20]F N.T' unofeev,I.A.Kostko,P Bayvel,et al.,lOGbitls directly modulated high emperature-stability external fiber grating laser for dense WDM networks.IEEE.Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting.,LEOS'98.1998,2:360-361
[21]S.Leby,R.Nagrajan,A.Mar,et al.,Fiber optic PSK subcarrier at 35GHz using a resonantly enhanced semiconductor laser.Electron.Lett.,1992,28:2103-2104.
[22]S.Leby,R.Nagarajan,R J.Helkey,et al.,Millimeter wave fiber-optic PSK subcarrier transmission at 35GHz over 6.3Km using a grating external cavity semiconductor laser.Electron.Lett.,1993,29:690-691
[23]R.Nagarajan,S.Levy and J.E.Bowers.Millimeter wave narrow-band optical fiber links using external cavity semiconductor lasers.J.Lightwave Technol.,1994,12:127-136
[24]D.Marcuse.Computer model of an injection laser amplifier[J].IEEE J.Quantum Electron,198319(1):63-73
[25]张位在,丁浩,赵浩等.单模光纤相位光栅外腔主动锁模半导体激光器[J]光学学报,1996,16(12):1681-1683
[26]N.Dogru,M.S.Ozyazici.Intensity noise of mode-locked fiber grating externalcavity semiconductor lasers.Optical and Quantum Electronics.,2003,35(2):169-178
[27]N:Dogru,M.S.Ozyazici.Relative intensity noise of mode-locked fiber grating external cavity semiconductor lasers.Optics&Laser Technology.,2003,35(3):163-168.
[28]P A.Morton,V Mizrahi,G.T Harvey et al.,Packaged hybrid soliton pulse source results and 270Terabit.km/sec soliton transmission.IEEE Photon Technol Lett.,1995,7(1):111-113
[29]陈高庭,瞿荣辉,赵浩等.光纤光栅外腔分布布拉格反射激光器中的波长转换[J].光学学报,1998,18(3):257-261
[30]赵同刚,任建华等.外腔激光器光子寿命对波长转换特性的影响,光电工程,2006,33(1):77-80
[31]Xia G.,Wu Z.,Chen J.,et al..Studying semiconductor lasers with multimode rate equation.J.Appl.1995,34(9):1523-1527
[32]S.Joachin,E.Woligang and O.G.Emst.Intermittency in the coherence collapse of a semiconductor lasers with external feedback.Physical Review Letters.,1989,63(20):2224-2227
[33]K.Petermann.Laser diode modulation and noise.Boston PKluwer Academics Publisher.1988:254-263
[34]柴燕杰,张汉一,周炳琨.强反馈外腔半导体激光器线宽特性研究.半导体学报,1995,16(12):885-8890
[35]薛灏,张全,李鹏.半导体激光器远场光强特性分析.激光技术.2004,28(6):661
[36]于海鹰,邹德恕等.微透镜光纤在半导体激光器中的应用研究.半导体光电.2005,26(5):400-405
[37]D.K.Lam,B.K.Garside.Characterization of single-mode optical fiber filters[J].Appl.Opt.,1981, 20(3):440-445
[38]Tang H Q.Cylindrical lensed fibers optimized for 980nm pump laser diode coupling.SPIE,2002,4905:157-160
[39]Hidehiko Yoda,Kazuo Shiraishi,Senior Member,et al.A New Scheme of a Lensed Fiber Employing a Wedge-Shaped Graded-Index Fiber Tip for the Coupling Between High-Power Laser Diodes and Single-Mode Fibers.Journal of Lightwave Technology,2001,19(12):1910-1914
[40]周寒青,吴正茂等.温度变化对光纤光栅外腔半导体激光器激射波长的影响,激光杂志,2003,24(5):65-66
[41]尹泽明,丁春利等.《精通MATLAB6》,北京:清华大学出版社,2002
[42]G.S.Abdulrhmann,A.Moustafa,O.Takaharu,et al.,An improved analysis of semiconductor laser dynamics under strong optical feedback.IEEE J.selected topics in Quantum Electron.,2003,9(5):1265-1274
[43]黄德修.《半导体激光器及其应用》,国防工业出版社,1999
[44]T.Erdogan.Fiber grating spectra[J].J.Lightwave Technol.,1997,15(8):1277-1294
[45]陈少武,韩勤,胡传贤等.大功率半导体激光器光纤耦合模块的耦合光学系统.半导体学报,2001,22(12):1753
[46]杨修文,王安福,路素彦.980hm半导体激光器的模场分布.现代电子技术.2004,(16):1-2
[2]Magnus G.Oberg.Crosstalk between Intensity Modulated Wavelength Division Multiplexed Signals in a Semiconductor Laser Amplifier.IEEE J.Quantum Electron,1988,24(1):52-59
[3]林世清.掺铒光纤放大器的原理及在密集波分复用系统中的应用.光电产品世界,2000,9:38
[4]J.Martensson,A.Berntson.Timing jifitter owing to intrachannel pulse interactions in dispersion-managed transmission systems.Opt.Lett.,2001,26(2):55
[5]杨祥林.《光纤通信系统》,国防工业出版社,2000
[6]T.Bjarne,H.O.Jens and O.Henning.Stability analysis semiconductor laser with external cavity.IEEE J.Quantum Electron.,1984,20(9):1023-1032
[7]H.Charles,F.Rudolf.Instability of semiconductor laser due to feedback from distant reflector.IEEE J.Quantum Electron.,1986,22(2):294-301
[8]S.Nikolaus.Numerical analysis of the feedback regimes for a single-mode semiconductor lasers with external feedback.IEEE J.Quantum Electron.,1988,24(7):1242-1246
[9]C.Masoller,N.B.Abram.Stability and modulation properties of semiconductor laser with weak optical feedback from a distant reflector.Quantum semi-class.Optical.,1998,10:519-534.
[10]H.Angela,G.Athanasios.Bifurcation cascade in a semiconductor laser subject to optical feedback.Physical Review Letters.,1999,82(6):1148-1151
[11]何玉平.光纤光栅外腔半导体激光器输出特性研究.西南大学硕士,2007
[12]L.Roy,K.Kohroh.External optical feedback effects on semiconductor injection laser roperties.IEEE J.Quantum Electron.,1980,16(3):347-355
[13]Osmundsen J.Gade N IEEE J.Quantum Electron.1983:194-195
[14]M.Jesper,T.Bjarne and M.Jannik.Chaos in semiconductor lasers with optical feedback:theory and experiment.IEEE J.Quantum Electron.,1992,28(1):93-108
[15]K.Kallimani.M.O'Mahony.Relative intensity noise for laser diodes with arbitrary amounts of optical feedback.IEEE J.Quantum Electron.,1998,34(8):1438-1446.
[16]周凯明,胡伟等.高边模抑制比窄线宽的光线光栅外腔半导体激光器,光子学报,2001,30(4):478-482
[17]N.Alexander,B.Pascal,L.Natalia,et al.,Characteristics of a semiconductor laser coupled with a fiber bragg grating with arbitrary amount of feedback.IEEE J.Quantum Electron.,2003,39(10):1216-1228.
[18]T.Kato,T.Takagi,A.Hamakawa,et al.,Fiber-grating semiconductor laser modules for dense-WDM systems.IEICE Trans.Electron.,1999,E82-C(2):357-359
[19]F.N.Timmofeev,P Bayvel,W Mikhailov,et al.,2.6Gbitls dense WDM transmission in standard fiber using directly-modulated fiber grating lasers.Electron.Lett.,1997,33(19):1632-1633
[20]F N.T' unofeev,I.A.Kostko,P Bayvel,et al.,lOGbitls directly modulated high emperature-stability external fiber grating laser for dense WDM networks.IEEE.Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting.,LEOS'98.1998,2:360-361
[21]S.Leby,R.Nagrajan,A.Mar,et al.,Fiber optic PSK subcarrier at 35GHz using a resonantly enhanced semiconductor laser.Electron.Lett.,1992,28:2103-2104.
[22]S.Leby,R.Nagarajan,R J.Helkey,et al.,Millimeter wave fiber-optic PSK subcarrier transmission at 35GHz over 6.3Km using a grating external cavity semiconductor laser.Electron.Lett.,1993,29:690-691
[23]R.Nagarajan,S.Levy and J.E.Bowers.Millimeter wave narrow-band optical fiber links using external cavity semiconductor lasers.J.Lightwave Technol.,1994,12:127-136
[24]D.Marcuse.Computer model of an injection laser amplifier[J].IEEE J.Quantum Electron,198319(1):63-73
[25]张位在,丁浩,赵浩等.单模光纤相位光栅外腔主动锁模半导体激光器[J]光学学报,1996,16(12):1681-1683
[26]N.Dogru,M.S.Ozyazici.Intensity noise of mode-locked fiber grating externalcavity semiconductor lasers.Optical and Quantum Electronics.,2003,35(2):169-178
[27]N:Dogru,M.S.Ozyazici.Relative intensity noise of mode-locked fiber grating external cavity semiconductor lasers.Optics&Laser Technology.,2003,35(3):163-168.
[28]P A.Morton,V Mizrahi,G.T Harvey et al.,Packaged hybrid soliton pulse source results and 270Terabit.km/sec soliton transmission.IEEE Photon Technol Lett.,1995,7(1):111-113
[29]陈高庭,瞿荣辉,赵浩等.光纤光栅外腔分布布拉格反射激光器中的波长转换[J].光学学报,1998,18(3):257-261
[30]赵同刚,任建华等.外腔激光器光子寿命对波长转换特性的影响,光电工程,2006,33(1):77-80
[31]Xia G.,Wu Z.,Chen J.,et al..Studying semiconductor lasers with multimode rate equation.J.Appl.1995,34(9):1523-1527
[32]S.Joachin,E.Woligang and O.G.Emst.Intermittency in the coherence collapse of a semiconductor lasers with external feedback.Physical Review Letters.,1989,63(20):2224-2227
[33]K.Petermann.Laser diode modulation and noise.Boston PKluwer Academics Publisher.1988:254-263
[34]柴燕杰,张汉一,周炳琨.强反馈外腔半导体激光器线宽特性研究.半导体学报,1995,16(12):885-8890
[35]薛灏,张全,李鹏.半导体激光器远场光强特性分析.激光技术.2004,28(6):661
[36]于海鹰,邹德恕等.微透镜光纤在半导体激光器中的应用研究.半导体光电.2005,26(5):400-405
[37]D.K.Lam,B.K.Garside.Characterization of single-mode optical fiber filters[J].Appl.Opt.,1981, 20(3):440-445
[38]Tang H Q.Cylindrical lensed fibers optimized for 980nm pump laser diode coupling.SPIE,2002,4905:157-160
[39]Hidehiko Yoda,Kazuo Shiraishi,Senior Member,et al.A New Scheme of a Lensed Fiber Employing a Wedge-Shaped Graded-Index Fiber Tip for the Coupling Between High-Power Laser Diodes and Single-Mode Fibers.Journal of Lightwave Technology,2001,19(12):1910-1914
[40]周寒青,吴正茂等.温度变化对光纤光栅外腔半导体激光器激射波长的影响,激光杂志,2003,24(5):65-66
[41]尹泽明,丁春利等.《精通MATLAB6》,北京:清华大学出版社,2002
[42]G.S.Abdulrhmann,A.Moustafa,O.Takaharu,et al.,An improved analysis of semiconductor laser dynamics under strong optical feedback.IEEE J.selected topics in Quantum Electron.,2003,9(5):1265-1274
[43]黄德修.《半导体激光器及其应用》,国防工业出版社,1999
[44]T.Erdogan.Fiber grating spectra[J].J.Lightwave Technol.,1997,15(8):1277-1294
[45]陈少武,韩勤,胡传贤等.大功率半导体激光器光纤耦合模块的耦合光学系统.半导体学报,2001,22(12):1753
[46]杨修文,王安福,路素彦.980hm半导体激光器的模场分布.现代电子技术.2004,(16):1-2