北秦岭松树沟铬铁矿矿床和铜峪铜矿床地质地球化学与成矿动力学背景
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摘要
中新元古代—早古生代Rodinia超级大陆的聚散和古秦岭洋的开合形成了北秦岭脊—沟—弧—盆成岩体系。该体系发育了松树沟铬铁矿床、铜峪、上庄坪、水岭洞、刘山岩VHMS矿床、龙庙铅锌矿床和范家寺磁铁矿床等一系列重要的金属矿床。这些矿床的成矿作用及其相应的动力学背景的研究,对于深入探讨秦岭造山带的早期演化过程与金属元素巨量聚集之间的时空耦合关系和成矿机理、发展大陆边缘造山—成矿理论和指导北秦岭地区多金属资源勘查工作具有重要理论和实践意义。本文在系统收集前人北秦岭中新元古代—早古生代成矿作用研究成果的基础上,以松树沟铬铁矿矿床和铜峪铜矿床为主要研究对象,对其赋矿围岩成因、成岩成矿物质来源,矿床的成因类型和成岩成矿动力学背景进行了重点剖析,确定了北秦岭造山带中新元古代—早古生代重大地质事件,初步建立了金属矿床成矿模式。
研究发现松树沟橄榄岩形成于格林威尔期Rodinia超级大陆裂解过程中的洋中脊环境,与松树沟基性岩具有共同的地幔源区,二者同为松树沟蛇绿岩的重要组成部分。松树沟铬铁矿床形成机制与层状铬铁矿床相似,形成于松树沟洋盆扩张过程中,是中粗粒纯橄岩在热边界层(TBL)冷凝结晶的过程中岩浆分异作用的产物。松树沟细粒方辉橄榄岩为洋脊扩张过程中地幔岩减压—近分离熔融产生的残留体；细粒纯橄岩主要由地幔岩熔融残留橄榄石、减压熔融反应(aCpx+bOpx+cSpl=dOl+1Melt)生成的橄榄石和少量的地幔方辉橄榄岩残留体组成,但均受到了渗滤熔体的再富集作用；中粗粒纯橄岩和中粗粒方辉橄榄岩主要为上述反应产生的渗滤熔体在迁移通道或减压扩容带内在热边界层(TBL)通过反应(Melt A=O1+Melt B)冷凝结晶而成,属堆晶橄榄岩。
铜峪铜矿矿床赋矿火山岩围岩为钙碱性岛弧火山岩,矿区火山岩锆石年龄为462.2±7.0Ma,成矿物质与火山岩围岩具有相同的物质来源。该矿床是是古秦岭洋板片在奥陶-志留纪之交(462.2-472 Ma)左右的俯冲事件中,由俯冲板片脱水产生的高氧逸度流体进入地幔楔,活化萃取地幔楔的Cu等金属元素并导致地幔楔部分熔融产生钙碱性岩浆在岛弧区喷发形成的VHMS型矿床。与火山岩同期的火山喷流—沉积作用形成了铜峪铜矿床的初始工业矿化；初始矿体形成后,伴随秦岭造山带印支期全面碰撞造山过程,矿体和含矿层受到强烈的构造改造和叠加。铜峪铜矿床与东秦岭VHMS矿床和经典的VHMS型如日本黑矿型块状硫化物矿床存在差异,其矿化地质特征显示出岛弧火山喷发沉积和构造叠加改造成矿的双重特点。侵入于矿区的煤沟花岗闪长岩的锆石年龄为439.3±3 Ma,它是形成与古秦岭洋玄武质板片在440Ma左右的俯冲事件中部分熔融产生的熔体与地幔楔发生交代作用形成的具埃达克岩性质的岛弧花岗岩。铜峪铜矿区岛弧火山岩—埃达克岩组合的发现,为秦岭—祁连造山带进一步开展与岛弧火山岩有关的VHMS矿床和与埃达克岩有关的Cu(Au)矿床的勘查提供了重要线索。
北秦岭中新元古代—早古生代的金属矿床成矿作用与Rodinia超级大陆的聚散和古秦岭洋盆的扩张—俯冲—碰撞事件密切相关。洋中脊、弧前盆地、岛弧、弧后盆地等不同环境形成的不同类型矿床均是对该时期不同地质事件的响应。中新元古代—早古生代形成的金属矿床属于北秦岭脊—沟—弧—盆火山沉积成岩成矿体系的重要组成部分。
The build-up and break-up of the supercontinent Rodinia and evolution of the Paleo-Qinling Ocean during Meso-Neoproterozoic to Early Paleozoic form the middle ocean ridge-trench-arc-basin lithogenic system in the North Qinling. A series of important ore deposits such as the Songshugou chromite deposit, Tongyu, Shangzhuangping, Shuilingdong, and Liushanyan VHMS deposits, Longmiao Zn-Pb deposit, Fanjiashi magnetite deposit, etc. are preserved in this system. Researches of metallogenesises and the corresponding geodynamic backgrounds of these deposits have the following significant implication:finding the spatiotemporal coupled relationship and mechanism between the early evolutional process of the Qinling Orogen and large quantity of metal element precipitation, developing orogenic-metallogenic theories of continental margins, and providing clues for exploration of multimetal resources in the North Qing area. On the basis of exsiting documents of metallogenesis during Meso-Neoproterozoic to Early Paleozoic, we conducted detailed studies on genesis of host rocks, sources of ore-forming fluids and materials, types of depoits and geodynamic backgrounds for the representative Songshugou chromite deposit and Tongyu copper deposit. A preliminary genetic model of ore deposits has been set up based on important geological events occurred in the North Qinling Orogenic Belt (NQOB) during Meso-Neoproterozoic to Early Paleozoic.
Our researches reveal that the Songshugou peridotite formed during the period of the supercontinent Rodinia break-up and spreading process of the Grenvillian Songshugou Ocean. It shares the common mantle source with the mafic rocks, which both are segments of the Songshugou ophiolite. The Songshugou chromite deposit is a stratiform chromite deposit hosting in the medium-coarse grained cumulate dunite, which is the product of magmatic crystallization and differentiation during the formation of medium-coarse grained dunite in the thermal boundary layer (TBL). In terms of the lithogenesis, we propose that the fine-grained harzburgites is the residue produced by decompression-near fractional melting of mantle peridotite during ridge spreading, the fine-grained dunite is mainly composed of olivine residue leaving by mantle peridotite melting, olivine produced by the reaction:aCpx+ bOpx+cSpl= dOl+1Melt, and minor harzburgite residue, furthermore, both of the fine-grained dunite and harzburgite have undergone post-melting refertilization; medium-coarse grained dunite and harzburgite are cumulate peridotite, producing by crystallization of porous melts trapped on the path of migration or in decompression-dilatant zone of the thermal boundary layer (TBL) after the following reaction:Melt A= O1+Melt B.
The volcanic host rocks of the Tongyu copper deposit, with the weighted average zircon U-Pb age of 462.2±7.0 Ma, belong to calc-alkaline island arc volcanic rocks. Both of the host rocks and ore-forming materials share common sources. During subduction of the Paleo-Qinling oceanic slab in (462.2-472 Ma), high oxygen-fugacity aqueous fluid released by dehydration reaction of the subducting slab rose into the mantle wedge, leached Cu and other metal elements, and triggered partial melting of the mantle wedge. Associated with the ore-forming materials, the arc calc-alkaline magmas erupted and formed the Tongyu VHMS deposit. The volcanic exhalation-sedimentation, which was contemporaneous with the submarine volcanics, produced the primary mineralization of the Tongyu copper deposit. Afterward, the ore bodies and host rocks were reworked and overprinted intensively by structures corresponding with the overall collisional orogenic process of the Qinling Orogenic Belt during the Indosinian period. In contrast to classic VHMS deposits such as the Kuroko deposit in Japan, the Tongyu copper deposit possesses the dual characteristics of island arc volcanic exhalation and sedimentation as well as structural reworking and overprinting. The Meigou granodiorite intruded in the south of the Tongyu mining district. The weighted average zircon U-Pb age of this pluton is 439.3±3 Ma. According to geochemical characteristics, we classify Meigou granodiorite as island arc granite with adakitic geochemical features, which is generated by interaction between the mantle wedge and melt produced by partial melting of the subducted basaltic slab of the Paleo-Qinling Ocean around 440 Ma. The discovery of island arc volcanic rock-adakite association in the Tongyu mining district provides important clues for exploration of island arc volcanic rock-related VHMS deposits and adakite-related Cu(Au) deposits in the Qinling and Qilian orogenic belts.
Metallogenesis in the North Qinling during Meso-Neoproterozoic to Early Paleozoic are closely associated with the build-up and break-up of the supercontinent Rodinia and expansion, subduction, and collision processes of the Paleo-Qinling Ocean. Different types of deposits produced in different setting such as the middle ocean ridge, fore-arc basin, arc, back arc basin, etc. are responses to diffenent geological events in this period. Ore deposits formed during Meso-Neoproterozoic to Early Paleozoic are important parts of the present ridge-trench-arc-basin submarine volcanic-sedimental lithogenic and metallogenic system in the NQOB.
研究发现松树沟橄榄岩形成于格林威尔期Rodinia超级大陆裂解过程中的洋中脊环境,与松树沟基性岩具有共同的地幔源区,二者同为松树沟蛇绿岩的重要组成部分。松树沟铬铁矿床形成机制与层状铬铁矿床相似,形成于松树沟洋盆扩张过程中,是中粗粒纯橄岩在热边界层(TBL)冷凝结晶的过程中岩浆分异作用的产物。松树沟细粒方辉橄榄岩为洋脊扩张过程中地幔岩减压—近分离熔融产生的残留体；细粒纯橄岩主要由地幔岩熔融残留橄榄石、减压熔融反应(aCpx+bOpx+cSpl=dOl+1Melt)生成的橄榄石和少量的地幔方辉橄榄岩残留体组成,但均受到了渗滤熔体的再富集作用；中粗粒纯橄岩和中粗粒方辉橄榄岩主要为上述反应产生的渗滤熔体在迁移通道或减压扩容带内在热边界层(TBL)通过反应(Melt A=O1+Melt B)冷凝结晶而成,属堆晶橄榄岩。
铜峪铜矿矿床赋矿火山岩围岩为钙碱性岛弧火山岩,矿区火山岩锆石年龄为462.2±7.0Ma,成矿物质与火山岩围岩具有相同的物质来源。该矿床是是古秦岭洋板片在奥陶-志留纪之交(462.2-472 Ma)左右的俯冲事件中,由俯冲板片脱水产生的高氧逸度流体进入地幔楔,活化萃取地幔楔的Cu等金属元素并导致地幔楔部分熔融产生钙碱性岩浆在岛弧区喷发形成的VHMS型矿床。与火山岩同期的火山喷流—沉积作用形成了铜峪铜矿床的初始工业矿化；初始矿体形成后,伴随秦岭造山带印支期全面碰撞造山过程,矿体和含矿层受到强烈的构造改造和叠加。铜峪铜矿床与东秦岭VHMS矿床和经典的VHMS型如日本黑矿型块状硫化物矿床存在差异,其矿化地质特征显示出岛弧火山喷发沉积和构造叠加改造成矿的双重特点。侵入于矿区的煤沟花岗闪长岩的锆石年龄为439.3±3 Ma,它是形成与古秦岭洋玄武质板片在440Ma左右的俯冲事件中部分熔融产生的熔体与地幔楔发生交代作用形成的具埃达克岩性质的岛弧花岗岩。铜峪铜矿区岛弧火山岩—埃达克岩组合的发现,为秦岭—祁连造山带进一步开展与岛弧火山岩有关的VHMS矿床和与埃达克岩有关的Cu(Au)矿床的勘查提供了重要线索。
北秦岭中新元古代—早古生代的金属矿床成矿作用与Rodinia超级大陆的聚散和古秦岭洋盆的扩张—俯冲—碰撞事件密切相关。洋中脊、弧前盆地、岛弧、弧后盆地等不同环境形成的不同类型矿床均是对该时期不同地质事件的响应。中新元古代—早古生代形成的金属矿床属于北秦岭脊—沟—弧—盆火山沉积成岩成矿体系的重要组成部分。
The build-up and break-up of the supercontinent Rodinia and evolution of the Paleo-Qinling Ocean during Meso-Neoproterozoic to Early Paleozoic form the middle ocean ridge-trench-arc-basin lithogenic system in the North Qinling. A series of important ore deposits such as the Songshugou chromite deposit, Tongyu, Shangzhuangping, Shuilingdong, and Liushanyan VHMS deposits, Longmiao Zn-Pb deposit, Fanjiashi magnetite deposit, etc. are preserved in this system. Researches of metallogenesises and the corresponding geodynamic backgrounds of these deposits have the following significant implication:finding the spatiotemporal coupled relationship and mechanism between the early evolutional process of the Qinling Orogen and large quantity of metal element precipitation, developing orogenic-metallogenic theories of continental margins, and providing clues for exploration of multimetal resources in the North Qing area. On the basis of exsiting documents of metallogenesis during Meso-Neoproterozoic to Early Paleozoic, we conducted detailed studies on genesis of host rocks, sources of ore-forming fluids and materials, types of depoits and geodynamic backgrounds for the representative Songshugou chromite deposit and Tongyu copper deposit. A preliminary genetic model of ore deposits has been set up based on important geological events occurred in the North Qinling Orogenic Belt (NQOB) during Meso-Neoproterozoic to Early Paleozoic.
Our researches reveal that the Songshugou peridotite formed during the period of the supercontinent Rodinia break-up and spreading process of the Grenvillian Songshugou Ocean. It shares the common mantle source with the mafic rocks, which both are segments of the Songshugou ophiolite. The Songshugou chromite deposit is a stratiform chromite deposit hosting in the medium-coarse grained cumulate dunite, which is the product of magmatic crystallization and differentiation during the formation of medium-coarse grained dunite in the thermal boundary layer (TBL). In terms of the lithogenesis, we propose that the fine-grained harzburgites is the residue produced by decompression-near fractional melting of mantle peridotite during ridge spreading, the fine-grained dunite is mainly composed of olivine residue leaving by mantle peridotite melting, olivine produced by the reaction:aCpx+ bOpx+cSpl= dOl+1Melt, and minor harzburgite residue, furthermore, both of the fine-grained dunite and harzburgite have undergone post-melting refertilization; medium-coarse grained dunite and harzburgite are cumulate peridotite, producing by crystallization of porous melts trapped on the path of migration or in decompression-dilatant zone of the thermal boundary layer (TBL) after the following reaction:Melt A= O1+Melt B.
The volcanic host rocks of the Tongyu copper deposit, with the weighted average zircon U-Pb age of 462.2±7.0 Ma, belong to calc-alkaline island arc volcanic rocks. Both of the host rocks and ore-forming materials share common sources. During subduction of the Paleo-Qinling oceanic slab in (462.2-472 Ma), high oxygen-fugacity aqueous fluid released by dehydration reaction of the subducting slab rose into the mantle wedge, leached Cu and other metal elements, and triggered partial melting of the mantle wedge. Associated with the ore-forming materials, the arc calc-alkaline magmas erupted and formed the Tongyu VHMS deposit. The volcanic exhalation-sedimentation, which was contemporaneous with the submarine volcanics, produced the primary mineralization of the Tongyu copper deposit. Afterward, the ore bodies and host rocks were reworked and overprinted intensively by structures corresponding with the overall collisional orogenic process of the Qinling Orogenic Belt during the Indosinian period. In contrast to classic VHMS deposits such as the Kuroko deposit in Japan, the Tongyu copper deposit possesses the dual characteristics of island arc volcanic exhalation and sedimentation as well as structural reworking and overprinting. The Meigou granodiorite intruded in the south of the Tongyu mining district. The weighted average zircon U-Pb age of this pluton is 439.3±3 Ma. According to geochemical characteristics, we classify Meigou granodiorite as island arc granite with adakitic geochemical features, which is generated by interaction between the mantle wedge and melt produced by partial melting of the subducted basaltic slab of the Paleo-Qinling Ocean around 440 Ma. The discovery of island arc volcanic rock-adakite association in the Tongyu mining district provides important clues for exploration of island arc volcanic rock-related VHMS deposits and adakite-related Cu(Au) deposits in the Qinling and Qilian orogenic belts.
Metallogenesis in the North Qinling during Meso-Neoproterozoic to Early Paleozoic are closely associated with the build-up and break-up of the supercontinent Rodinia and expansion, subduction, and collision processes of the Paleo-Qinling Ocean. Different types of deposits produced in different setting such as the middle ocean ridge, fore-arc basin, arc, back arc basin, etc. are responses to diffenent geological events in this period. Ore deposits formed during Meso-Neoproterozoic to Early Paleozoic are important parts of the present ridge-trench-arc-basin submarine volcanic-sedimental lithogenic and metallogenic system in the NQOB.
引文
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