资源外包的形成与演进机理研究
摘要
在知识经济时代，技术变革的加快、产品生命周期的缩短以及市场竞争的加剧使得大多数企业的生存环境发生了剧烈的变化，如何通过有效的变革适应急剧变化的环境是企业生存和发展的关键。在20世纪80年代，企业组织的变革主要体现在企业内部组织的扁平化、企业运作柔性化和内部关系网络化等方面。虽然这些变革措施对企业的发展产生了深远的影响，但事实证明仅仅依靠企业内部组织变革并不足以应对企业面临的挑战，否则，我们难以解释20世纪90年代以来在全球范围内兴起的企业资源外包、企业之间缔结战略联盟和虚拟企业大量出现的事实。由此看来，已经有越来越多的企业在重构企业内部组织体系的同时，也把视角转向企业外部，寻求通过与其他企业的合作，以获取更多的外部资源，增强自己在知识经济时代的竞争能力。在此背景下，理论界和实业界对资源外包等企业间的合作形式表现出越来越浓厚的兴趣。
如上所述，20世纪90年代以来，企业资源外包业务在许多行业地迅速发展起来，在日渐成熟的市场和日益激烈的竞争中，越来越多的企业将自己不擅长的业务外包给专业化的厂商完成，利用外部资源弥补自己能力的不足。美国企业协会主席John Marotti(1996)指出：几乎没有哪家公司能承受得起精于一切，他们需要决定他们的核心竞争力是什么，专心搞自己擅长的方面，同时确保自己的专长在市场上具有竞争力。
本文立足于上述背景，在生产组织模式变迁的视角下，以资源外包的形成和演进机理作为研究对象，比较系统地分析了资源外包的形成和演进机理。在理论上，本文以交易成本经济学的核心概念——交易费用为主线，将影响交易费用的主要因素分解为交易方式、交易技术和特定的社会经济状况，探讨了不同生产组织模式下企业间外包活动的深层次动因。
贯穿全文的观点是，企业间的外包合作是企业间的一种交易活动，而按照交易成本经济学的解释，交易活动的类型和方式受到交易费用的影响。本文的研究结论是，在资源外包的形成和演进过程中，交易费用的变动起到了决定性的作用。具体而言，由交易方式、交易技术或特定的社会经济状况变动引致的交易费用的节约是资源外包形成和演进的基本动力。
With the quick technological change, the shorten product life cycle and the furiouscompetition of market, the exist environments of most business enterprises have takenplace violently at the knowledge-based economy ages. The key of enterprisesexistence and development is firms how to adapt to violent change of environmentthrough efficient reforms.
In 1980s', the changes of the enterprise internal organization manifest that enterpriseinternal organization is flat, enterprise operation is flexible and enterpriseinter-relationship is web-based. Although these changes have deeply effected thedevelopment of enterprises, it is fact that enterprises cannot deal with the challenge ifthey only depend on the reform of organization. Otherwise, we are hard to explain agreat deal of emergence of enterprises outsourcing, strategic alliance and virtualenterprise in the global scope in 1990s'. thus, on one hand, more and more enterprisesreconstruct their inter-organization. On the other hand, in order to obtain moreexternal resources which can strengthen their competition ability, they pursue tocooperation with other enterprises. On this background, the field of theories andindustries pay more attention to the way of outsourcing.
As state above, since 1990s', outsourcing develops quickly in many industries.Because of the gradually mature market and increasingly vigorous competitions, moreand more enterprises outsource their no-good -at business to specialized firms. Theycan make use of external resources to make up their shortage. John Marotti (1996),chairman of American enterprise association, argue that no company is good ateverything, they need to decide what the core of their competition ability is. The paperfocused on the analyse of formation and evolution mechanism of outsourcing indetails, in view of the model change in product organization.
The paper focused on the analyse of formation and evolution mechanism ofoutsourcing in details, in view of the model change in product organization. Thispaper act transaction cost as main line, which is divided as main factors of transactionexpenses of transaction way and transaction technique and particular social economicconditions, analyze the deep factors of different product organized mode.
The center view of this paper is that outsourcing between firms is the businessenterprise of a kind of transaction the activity. Research conclusion of the paper is thatthe fluctuation of transaction expenses act as the key during the formation andevolution of resources outsourcing in the process. That is, the economy of thetransaction expenses which is produced by the fluctuation of transaction way andtransaction technique and particular social economic conditions is basic motion offormation and evolution of the resources outsourcing.
如上所述，20世纪90年代以来，企业资源外包业务在许多行业地迅速发展起来，在日渐成熟的市场和日益激烈的竞争中，越来越多的企业将自己不擅长的业务外包给专业化的厂商完成，利用外部资源弥补自己能力的不足。美国企业协会主席John Marotti(1996)指出：几乎没有哪家公司能承受得起精于一切，他们需要决定他们的核心竞争力是什么，专心搞自己擅长的方面，同时确保自己的专长在市场上具有竞争力。
本文立足于上述背景，在生产组织模式变迁的视角下，以资源外包的形成和演进机理作为研究对象，比较系统地分析了资源外包的形成和演进机理。在理论上，本文以交易成本经济学的核心概念——交易费用为主线，将影响交易费用的主要因素分解为交易方式、交易技术和特定的社会经济状况，探讨了不同生产组织模式下企业间外包活动的深层次动因。
贯穿全文的观点是，企业间的外包合作是企业间的一种交易活动，而按照交易成本经济学的解释，交易活动的类型和方式受到交易费用的影响。本文的研究结论是，在资源外包的形成和演进过程中，交易费用的变动起到了决定性的作用。具体而言，由交易方式、交易技术或特定的社会经济状况变动引致的交易费用的节约是资源外包形成和演进的基本动力。
With the quick technological change, the shorten product life cycle and the furiouscompetition of market, the exist environments of most business enterprises have takenplace violently at the knowledge-based economy ages. The key of enterprisesexistence and development is firms how to adapt to violent change of environmentthrough efficient reforms.
In 1980s', the changes of the enterprise internal organization manifest that enterpriseinternal organization is flat, enterprise operation is flexible and enterpriseinter-relationship is web-based. Although these changes have deeply effected thedevelopment of enterprises, it is fact that enterprises cannot deal with the challenge ifthey only depend on the reform of organization. Otherwise, we are hard to explain agreat deal of emergence of enterprises outsourcing, strategic alliance and virtualenterprise in the global scope in 1990s'. thus, on one hand, more and more enterprisesreconstruct their inter-organization. On the other hand, in order to obtain moreexternal resources which can strengthen their competition ability, they pursue tocooperation with other enterprises. On this background, the field of theories andindustries pay more attention to the way of outsourcing.
As state above, since 1990s', outsourcing develops quickly in many industries.Because of the gradually mature market and increasingly vigorous competitions, moreand more enterprises outsource their no-good -at business to specialized firms. Theycan make use of external resources to make up their shortage. John Marotti (1996),chairman of American enterprise association, argue that no company is good ateverything, they need to decide what the core of their competition ability is. The paperfocused on the analyse of formation and evolution mechanism of outsourcing indetails, in view of the model change in product organization.
The paper focused on the analyse of formation and evolution mechanism ofoutsourcing in details, in view of the model change in product organization. Thispaper act transaction cost as main line, which is divided as main factors of transactionexpenses of transaction way and transaction technique and particular social economicconditions, analyze the deep factors of different product organized mode.
The center view of this paper is that outsourcing between firms is the businessenterprise of a kind of transaction the activity. Research conclusion of the paper is thatthe fluctuation of transaction expenses act as the key during the formation andevolution of resources outsourcing in the process. That is, the economy of thetransaction expenses which is produced by the fluctuation of transaction way andtransaction technique and particular social economic conditions is basic motion offormation and evolution of the resources outsourcing.
引文
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8参见刘东等：《企业网络论》，中国人民大学出版社2003年版，第73-78页。
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14白雪洁：《日本产业组织研究》，天津人民出版社2001年，第277页。
15关于精益生产模式下制造商与供应商之间长期契约关系的探讨，限于篇幅和本文研究的主题，不作深入探讨。
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17 林季红：《日本分包制的经济学分析》，《世界经济》2002年第7期。
18同上。
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24．尼古莱．J．福斯等，企业万能：面向企业能力理论[M]，东北财经大学出版社1998版。
25．沈志渔等，经济全球化与中国产业组织调整[M]，经济管理出版社2006年版。
26．盛洪，分工与交易——一个一般理论及其对中国非专业化问题的应用分析[M]，上海三联书店、上海人民出版社2006版。
27．盛洪，现代制度经济学(上卷)[M]，北京大学出版社2003年版。
28．盛洪，现代制度经济学(下卷)[M]，北京大学出版社2003年版。
29．盛晓敏，先进制造技术[M]，机械工业出版社2000年版。
30．斯图尔特．克雷纳，管理百年[M]，海南出版社2002年版。
31．苏东水，产业经济学[M]，高等教育出版社2000年版。
32．王询，论企业与市场间的不同形态[J]，经济研究1998，(7)：34-40。
33．王耀球、施先亮，供应链管理[M1，机械工业出版社2005年版。
34．魏铁华、花广如，虚拟制造[J]，水利电力机械2000，(4)：35-39。
35．沃尔特．亚当斯等，美国产业结构(第十版)[M]，中国人民大学出版社2002年版。
36．肖田元等，虚拟制造内涵及其应用研究[J]，系统仿真学报2001，(1)：118-123。
37．谢富胜，分工、技术与生产组织变迁[M]，经济管理出版社2005年版。
38．亚当．斯密，国民财富的性质和原因的研究[M]，华夏出版社2005年版。
39．杨瑞龙、冯健，企业间网络的效率边界：经济组织逻辑的重新审视[J]，中国工业经济2003，(11)：5-13。
40．余光胜，一种全新的企业理论——企业知识理论[J1，外国经济与管理2000，(3)：11-13。
41．郁义鸿，知识管理与组织创新[M]，复旦大学出版社2001年版。
42．曾楚宏、林丹明，国内外关于企业组织变革的研究综述[J]，经济纵横2003，(5)：44-47。
43．曾楚宏、林丹明，信息技术应用与企业边界的变动[J]，中国工业经济2004，(10)：69-75。
44．战强、艾兴，虚拟制造技术及其应用的现状与发展展望[J]，山东大学学报(工学版)2002，(3)：211-217。
45．张幼文、黄仁伟，制度竞争与中国国际分工地位[M]，上海远东出版社2003年版。
46．张宇夫、张洪石，虚拟制造概念的提出及其背景[J]，未来与发展2000，(12)：29-30。
47．周慧中，微观经济学[M]，上海人民出版社2000年版。
2 克拉潘:《现代英国经济史》中卷,商务印书馆1986年版,中译本,第155页。
3 同上书,第256页。
4 参见刘刚：《后福特制研究：生产组织方式创新与企业竞争优势》，人民出版社2004年版，第12-13页。
5 同上书，第14页。
6 沃尔特·亚当斯，詹姆斯·W·布罗克：《美国产业结构》(第十版)，中国人民大学出版社2003年版，第58页。
7 同上书，第86-87页。
8参见刘东等：《企业网络论》，中国人民大学出版社2003年版，第73-78页。
9同上书，第76页。
10白雪洁：《日本产业组织研究》，天津人民出版社2001年，第277页。
11林季红：《日本分包制的经济学分析》，《世界经济》2002年第7期。
12王永忠：《日本企业系列与国际化战略》，《国际贸易问题》2006年第3期。
13同上。
14白雪洁：《日本产业组织研究》，天津人民出版社2001年，第277页。
15关于精益生产模式下制造商与供应商之间长期契约关系的探讨，限于篇幅和本文研究的主题，不作深入探讨。
16关于隐含性合同的定义，参见Asanuma，B．(1989)："Manufactureer-supplier Relationships in Japan and the Concept of Relation Special Skill．"Journal of the Japanese and International Economics,3，pp．1-30．
17 林季红：《日本分包制的经济学分析》，《世界经济》2002年第7期。
18同上。
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2．F．布罗代尔，15至18世纪的物质文明、经济和资本主义[M]，北京三联书店1993年版。
3．阿尔弗雷德．D．钱德勒，规模与范围——工业资本主义的原动力[M]，华夏出版社2006版。．
4．阿尔弗雷德．D．钱德勒，看得见的手[M]，商务印书馆1987版。
5．阿尔弗雷德．D．钱德勒，战略与结构[M]，云南人民出版社2002版。
6．安德鲁．卡卡巴德斯、娜达．卡卡巴德斯，灵捷外包[M]，经济管理出版社2003年版。
7．奥利弗．E．威廉姆森，治理机制[M]，中国社会科学出版社2001版。
8．奥利弗．威廉姆森，资本主义经济制度[M]商务印书馆2002年版。
9．本杰明．克莱因、罗伯特．克劳福德、阿尔曼．阿尔奇安，纵向一体化、可占用性租金与竞争性缔约过程[A]，载陈郁，企业制度与市场组织[M]，上海三联书店1996版。
10．戴维．贝赞可等，公司战略经济学[M]，北京大学出版社2003年版。
11．但斌，大规模定制——打造21世纪企业核心竞争力[M]，科学出版社2004年版。
12．贾根良，网络组织：超越市场与企业两分法[J]，经济社会体制比较1998，(4)：13-19。
13．李海舰、原磊，论无边界企业[J]，中国工业经济2005，(4)：94-102。
14．李志能、尹晨，从知识的角度回顾企业能力理论[J]，经济管理2001，(4)：44-49。
15．理查德．R．纳尔逊，悉尼．G．温特，经济变迁德演化理论[M]，商务印书馆1997版。
16．刘东，企业边界的多种变化及其原因[J]，中国工业经济2005，(3)：92-99。
17．刘凤芹、谢适汀，论企业的边界与规模：近期文献的一个评述[J]，社会科学战线2005(2)：262-271。
18．刘刚，后福特制研究[M]，人民出版社2004年版。
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23．迈克尔．迪屈奇，交易成本经济学[M]，经济科学出版社1999年版。
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25．沈志渔等，经济全球化与中国产业组织调整[M]，经济管理出版社2006年版。
26．盛洪，分工与交易——一个一般理论及其对中国非专业化问题的应用分析[M]，上海三联书店、上海人民出版社2006版。
27．盛洪，现代制度经济学(上卷)[M]，北京大学出版社2003年版。
28．盛洪，现代制度经济学(下卷)[M]，北京大学出版社2003年版。
29．盛晓敏，先进制造技术[M]，机械工业出版社2000年版。
30．斯图尔特．克雷纳，管理百年[M]，海南出版社2002年版。
31．苏东水，产业经济学[M]，高等教育出版社2000年版。
32．王询，论企业与市场间的不同形态[J]，经济研究1998，(7)：34-40。
33．王耀球、施先亮，供应链管理[M1，机械工业出版社2005年版。
34．魏铁华、花广如，虚拟制造[J]，水利电力机械2000，(4)：35-39。
35．沃尔特．亚当斯等，美国产业结构(第十版)[M]，中国人民大学出版社2002年版。
36．肖田元等，虚拟制造内涵及其应用研究[J]，系统仿真学报2001，(1)：118-123。
37．谢富胜，分工、技术与生产组织变迁[M]，经济管理出版社2005年版。
38．亚当．斯密，国民财富的性质和原因的研究[M]，华夏出版社2005年版。
39．杨瑞龙、冯健，企业间网络的效率边界：经济组织逻辑的重新审视[J]，中国工业经济2003，(11)：5-13。
40．余光胜，一种全新的企业理论——企业知识理论[J1，外国经济与管理2000，(3)：11-13。
41．郁义鸿，知识管理与组织创新[M]，复旦大学出版社2001年版。
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43．曾楚宏、林丹明，信息技术应用与企业边界的变动[J]，中国工业经济2004，(10)：69-75。
44．战强、艾兴，虚拟制造技术及其应用的现状与发展展望[J]，山东大学学报(工学版)2002，(3)：211-217。
45．张幼文、黄仁伟，制度竞争与中国国际分工地位[M]，上海远东出版社2003年版。
46．张宇夫、张洪石，虚拟制造概念的提出及其背景[J]，未来与发展2000，(12)：29-30。
47．周慧中，微观经济学[M]，上海人民出版社2000年版。