炎症因子及粘附分子SNP与美国青少年动脉硬化及左心室结构的相关研究
|
摘要
目的：动脉硬化和左心室肥厚是原发性高血压及其心血管并发症的发生发展因素,也是原发性高血压的主要病理表现之一。临床流行病学研究显示炎症因子与动脉硬化的发生密切相关,但炎症因子基因多态性在动脉硬化发生中的作用尚不完全清楚。本研究以美国青少年人群作为研究对象,分析炎症标志物白介素6、白介素6受体、C反应蛋白和粘附分子基因的单核苷酸多态性在美国青少年人群中的分布特点,以及与应激介导的血压升高之间的相关性、与动脉僵硬程度的相关性,试图从遗传学角度分析炎症在动脉硬化发生发展中的作用。
方法：从美国乔治亚州奥古斯塔(Augusta)市招募青少年受试者,进行标准化的问卷调查和体格检查。提取外周血白细胞基因组DNA,应用聚合酶链反应法和Taqman探针法,检测研究对象炎症标志物白介素6、白介素6受体、C反应蛋白和粘附分子的基因单核苷酸多态性位点。受试者完成3次应激实验(5分钟心算、3分钟的游戏竞赛和3分钟的前额冷应激),在实验前和实验后测量血压、动脉硬化程度和左心室几何结构指标。运用SPSS15.0统计学软件分析炎症因子和粘附分子等位基因分布特点及其单核苷酸多态性与血压、动脉僵硬程度和左心室几何结构等指标的相关性。
结果：本研究招募的美国南部健康青少年受试者中,非洲裔美国人的基础收缩压高于欧洲裔美国人(114.0±10.9 vs.110.2±10.0 mmHg, p＜0.0001),部分已达到临界高血压水平(>120mmHg,<140mmHg).非洲裔美国人颈-桡动脉PWV高于欧洲裔美国人(6.7±1.0 vs.6.3±1.1, p<0.0001),非洲裔美国人总外周阻力指数高于欧洲裔美国人(28.6±8.4 vs.26.1±1.6, p＜0.0001).非洲裔美国人左心室室壁厚度各指标均高于欧洲裔美国人,收缩期左心室内径和心指数低于欧洲裔美国人。
在美国南部健康青少年受试者中,男性的基础收缩压高于女性(115.3±10.4 vs.108.9±9.8mmHg, p＜0.0001),部分已达到临界高血压水平(>120mmHg,<140mmHg)。男性应激收缩压增加的幅度高于女性(126.5±12.1 vs.115.8±0.8 mmHg, p<0.0001),应激总外周阻力指数高于女性(31.7士8.4 vs.29.6士7.8,p<0.0001),但应激心脏指数和应激心率却低于女性。男性左心室室壁厚度各指标均高于女性。
在美国南部健康青少年受试者中,C反应蛋白基因多态性G1059C与应激舒张压、△心率、左心室重量指数和室间隔舒张末期厚度存在相关性。C等位基因携带者与G等位基因携带者相比,应激时舒张压低、心率增高的程度低、舒张期室间隔厚度高、左心室质量指数高。C反应蛋白基因-717A>G多态性,A等位基因携带者,基础脉压、颈-足背动脉PWV和颈-桡动脉PWV均低于G等位基因携带者。C反应蛋白基因-286C>T>A多态性与动脉僵硬度、左心室肥大密切相关。白介素6基因G-174C多态性,CC基因型携带者颈-桡动脉PWV低于CG、GG基因型携带者。gp130基因rs3729961多态性,CC基因型携带者与CG、GG基因型携带者相比,总外周阻力高。IL6R基因D358A多态性和rs4072391均与基础脉压相关。IL6R基因单体型CCT(212)携带者基础心脏指数高于CTT(222)单体型携带者,而基础TPX、LVMI、LVPWD、IVSD、IVSS、RWT低于CTT(222)单体型携带者。
在美国南部健康青少年受试者中,P选择素单核苷酸多态性290Asn等位基因的携带者颈-桡动脉PWV和颈-足背动脉PWV均增高。同时,首次发现P选择素单核苷酸多态性rs2244529与颈-足背动脉PWV。细胞间粘附分子-1基因Gly241Arg单核苷酸多态性的Arg241Arg和Gly241Arg基因型携带者的颈-足背动脉PWV低于Gly241Gly基因型的携带者。血管粘附分子-1基因Asp693Asp单核苷酸多态性的CC基因型携带者的颈-足背动脉PWV高于CT和TT基因型携带者。P选择素基因单核苷酸多态性Ser290Asn、细胞间粘附分子-1基因单核苷酸多态性Gly241Arg和血管粘附分子-1基因多态性Asp693Asp具有协同效应,在所有能影响颈-足背动脉PWV的因素中起到3.6%的作用。
结论：在美国南部健康青少年受试者中,非洲裔美国人的血压水平、肌性动脉僵硬程度在青少年阶段已高于欧洲裔美国人,左心室功能低于欧洲裔美国人,提示遗传因素可以影响动脉僵硬程度,并具有种族差异。
在美国南部健康青少年受试者中,男性的血压水平在青少年时期就已经高于女性,左心室功能低于女性,提示雌性激素能减弱动脉僵硬度。
在美国南部健康青少年受试者中,C反应蛋白基因多态性G1059C、-717A>G、-286C>T>A多态性与动脉僵硬度和左心室室壁厚度相关。白介素6基因单核苷酸多态性G-174C、gp130基因单核苷酸多态性rs3729961、IL6R基因单核苷酸多态性D358A和rs4072391与动脉僵硬度相关。
P选择素单核苷酸多态性Ser290Asn和rs2244529、细胞间粘附分子-1单核苷酸多态性Gly241Arg和血管粘附分子-1单核苷酸多态性Asp693Asp是动脉硬化的易感基因。
本研究发现炎症因子和粘附分子基因型能影响动脉硬化的发生发展。分析炎症因子和粘附分子的单核苷酸多态性能帮助确定心血管疾病的危险因素。
Aim:Arterial stiffness and left ventricular hypertrophy are the most important cause of essential hypertension and its cardiovascular diseases complication, also the main pathology phenomena of essential hypertension. It was reported that inflammation status correlate with arterial stiffness, but the role of inflammation in the development of arterial stiffness is still unclear. This study analyze the distributions of inflammation markers'single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in American youth, the correlations between the SNPs with the phenotypes of arterial stiffness and left ventricular structure, to discover the genetic role of inflammation in the onset of arterial stiffness.
Methods:A total of 926 normotensive adolescents including whites and blacks (17.6±3.3 yrs,43.4% blacks) were recruited in Augusta area. Participants were subjected to a stress-protocol including three tasks (a 5 minute mental math, competence interview, a 3 minute video game challenge, and a 3 minute cold pressor test). Blood samples were obtained before and after the tasks, and SNPs of interleukin-6, interleukin-6 receptor alpha, C-reactive protein, E-selectin, P-selectin, vascular cell adhesion protein-1, and intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 were genotyped. The blood pressure and the phenotype of arterial stiffness were measured before and after the tasks, and the left ventricular structure was measured by 2D directed M-mode echocardiograms. The correlations between the genotypes of inflammation markers and phenotypes of arterial stiffness and left ventricular structure were carried out by SPSS15.0.
Result: in this study, the African Americans subjects (AA) have higher baseline systolic blood pressure (BP) than European Americans subjects (EA) (114.0±10.9 vs. 10.2±10.0 mmHg, p<0.0001), and the BP of some AA's reach the criteria of prehypertension (>120mmHg,<140mmHg). AA's carotid-radial PWV (cr-PWV) were higher than EA's (6.7±1.0 vs. 6.3±1.1,p<0.0001), total peripheral resistance index (TPX) of AA's were higher than EA's (28.6±8.4与26.1±7.6,p<0.0001). The indexes of left ventricular (LV) thickness were higher in AA's than in EA's, but the left ventricle internal dimension in systole (LVIDs) and cardiac index (CI) were lower in AA's than in EA's.
Male subjects have higher baseline systolic BP than female (115.3±10.4 vs.108.9±9.8 mmHg,p<0.0001), and the BP of some males reach the criteria of prehypertension (>120mmHg,<140mmHg). Male subjects have higher stress systolic BP (126.5±12.1 vs. 115.8±0.8 mmHg,p<0.0001), and higher stress TPX (31.7±8.4 vs.29.6±7.8,p<0.0001) than female, but stress CI and stress high rate lower than female. Male have higher indexes of left ventricular (LV) thickness than female.
For C-reactive protein (CRP), The C allele carriers of G1059C have lower diastolic BP, lower△HR, and higher interventricular septum thickness in diastole (IVSd), higher left ventricular mass index (LVMI) than G allele carriers. The A allele carriers of-717A>G have lower baseline pulse pressure (PP), lower carotid-foot PWV, lower carotid-radial PWV than G allele carriers.-286C>T>A was correlated with arterial stiffness and LV structure.
For interleukin-6 (IL6), The CC genotype carriers of G-174C have lower carotid-foot PWV than CG/GG carriers.
For gp130, the CC genotype carriers of rs3729961 have higher TPX than CG/GG carriers.
For IL6 receptor alpha, D358A and rs4072391 were correlated with baseline PP. The CCT(212) haplotype carriers have higher baseline CI, but lower baseline TPX, than LVMI, LVPWD, IVSD, IVSS, RWT than CTT(222) haplotype carriers.
For P-selectin, The 290Asn allele carriers of Ser290Asn have higher carotid-foot PWV and carotid-radial PWV than other carriers. The C allele carriers of rs2244529 have lower carotid-foot PWV than TT carriers.
For intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1), The Arg241Arg and Gly241Arg carriers of Gly241Arg have lower carotid-foot PWV than Gly241Gly carriers.
For vascular cell adhesion protein-1 (VCAM-1), The CC genotype carriers of Asp693Asp have higher carotid-foot PWV than CT and TT carriers.
The synergetic effects of Ser290Asn (SELP), Gly241Arg (ICAMl) and Asp693Asp (VCAM1) could explain a greater portion (3.6%) of the foot PWV than any single SNPs.
Conclusion:In American youth, AA subjects have higher BP level and arterial stiffness, and lower LV function, compare to the EA subjects, which could be explained by the genetic effect in difference Ethnic population.
In American youth, male subjects have higher BP level and lower LV function, compare to the female subjects, which could be explained by the genetic effect in gender difference.
In American youth, the G1059C,-717A>G,-286C>T>A SNPs of CRP were correlated with arterial stiffness and LV hypertrophy. The G-174C (IL6), rs3729961(gp130), D358A(IL6R), and rs4072391(IL6R) were correlated with arterial stiffness.
P-selectin (Ser290Asn and rs2244529), ICAM-1 (Gly241Arg) and VCAM-1 (Asp693Asp) were predisposing genes for arterial stiffness.
In conclusion, this study showed that the genetic variations of inflammation markers and adhesion molecules affect the development of arterial stiffness. To explore the SNPs of these molecules may help understand the pathophysiologic process in arterial stiffness.
方法：从美国乔治亚州奥古斯塔(Augusta)市招募青少年受试者,进行标准化的问卷调查和体格检查。提取外周血白细胞基因组DNA,应用聚合酶链反应法和Taqman探针法,检测研究对象炎症标志物白介素6、白介素6受体、C反应蛋白和粘附分子的基因单核苷酸多态性位点。受试者完成3次应激实验(5分钟心算、3分钟的游戏竞赛和3分钟的前额冷应激),在实验前和实验后测量血压、动脉硬化程度和左心室几何结构指标。运用SPSS15.0统计学软件分析炎症因子和粘附分子等位基因分布特点及其单核苷酸多态性与血压、动脉僵硬程度和左心室几何结构等指标的相关性。
结果：本研究招募的美国南部健康青少年受试者中,非洲裔美国人的基础收缩压高于欧洲裔美国人(114.0±10.9 vs.110.2±10.0 mmHg, p＜0.0001),部分已达到临界高血压水平(>120mmHg,<140mmHg).非洲裔美国人颈-桡动脉PWV高于欧洲裔美国人(6.7±1.0 vs.6.3±1.1, p<0.0001),非洲裔美国人总外周阻力指数高于欧洲裔美国人(28.6±8.4 vs.26.1±1.6, p＜0.0001).非洲裔美国人左心室室壁厚度各指标均高于欧洲裔美国人,收缩期左心室内径和心指数低于欧洲裔美国人。
在美国南部健康青少年受试者中,男性的基础收缩压高于女性(115.3±10.4 vs.108.9±9.8mmHg, p＜0.0001),部分已达到临界高血压水平(>120mmHg,<140mmHg)。男性应激收缩压增加的幅度高于女性(126.5±12.1 vs.115.8±0.8 mmHg, p<0.0001),应激总外周阻力指数高于女性(31.7士8.4 vs.29.6士7.8,p<0.0001),但应激心脏指数和应激心率却低于女性。男性左心室室壁厚度各指标均高于女性。
在美国南部健康青少年受试者中,C反应蛋白基因多态性G1059C与应激舒张压、△心率、左心室重量指数和室间隔舒张末期厚度存在相关性。C等位基因携带者与G等位基因携带者相比,应激时舒张压低、心率增高的程度低、舒张期室间隔厚度高、左心室质量指数高。C反应蛋白基因-717A>G多态性,A等位基因携带者,基础脉压、颈-足背动脉PWV和颈-桡动脉PWV均低于G等位基因携带者。C反应蛋白基因-286C>T>A多态性与动脉僵硬度、左心室肥大密切相关。白介素6基因G-174C多态性,CC基因型携带者颈-桡动脉PWV低于CG、GG基因型携带者。gp130基因rs3729961多态性,CC基因型携带者与CG、GG基因型携带者相比,总外周阻力高。IL6R基因D358A多态性和rs4072391均与基础脉压相关。IL6R基因单体型CCT(212)携带者基础心脏指数高于CTT(222)单体型携带者,而基础TPX、LVMI、LVPWD、IVSD、IVSS、RWT低于CTT(222)单体型携带者。
在美国南部健康青少年受试者中,P选择素单核苷酸多态性290Asn等位基因的携带者颈-桡动脉PWV和颈-足背动脉PWV均增高。同时,首次发现P选择素单核苷酸多态性rs2244529与颈-足背动脉PWV。细胞间粘附分子-1基因Gly241Arg单核苷酸多态性的Arg241Arg和Gly241Arg基因型携带者的颈-足背动脉PWV低于Gly241Gly基因型的携带者。血管粘附分子-1基因Asp693Asp单核苷酸多态性的CC基因型携带者的颈-足背动脉PWV高于CT和TT基因型携带者。P选择素基因单核苷酸多态性Ser290Asn、细胞间粘附分子-1基因单核苷酸多态性Gly241Arg和血管粘附分子-1基因多态性Asp693Asp具有协同效应,在所有能影响颈-足背动脉PWV的因素中起到3.6%的作用。
结论：在美国南部健康青少年受试者中,非洲裔美国人的血压水平、肌性动脉僵硬程度在青少年阶段已高于欧洲裔美国人,左心室功能低于欧洲裔美国人,提示遗传因素可以影响动脉僵硬程度,并具有种族差异。
在美国南部健康青少年受试者中,男性的血压水平在青少年时期就已经高于女性,左心室功能低于女性,提示雌性激素能减弱动脉僵硬度。
在美国南部健康青少年受试者中,C反应蛋白基因多态性G1059C、-717A>G、-286C>T>A多态性与动脉僵硬度和左心室室壁厚度相关。白介素6基因单核苷酸多态性G-174C、gp130基因单核苷酸多态性rs3729961、IL6R基因单核苷酸多态性D358A和rs4072391与动脉僵硬度相关。
P选择素单核苷酸多态性Ser290Asn和rs2244529、细胞间粘附分子-1单核苷酸多态性Gly241Arg和血管粘附分子-1单核苷酸多态性Asp693Asp是动脉硬化的易感基因。
本研究发现炎症因子和粘附分子基因型能影响动脉硬化的发生发展。分析炎症因子和粘附分子的单核苷酸多态性能帮助确定心血管疾病的危险因素。
Aim:Arterial stiffness and left ventricular hypertrophy are the most important cause of essential hypertension and its cardiovascular diseases complication, also the main pathology phenomena of essential hypertension. It was reported that inflammation status correlate with arterial stiffness, but the role of inflammation in the development of arterial stiffness is still unclear. This study analyze the distributions of inflammation markers'single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in American youth, the correlations between the SNPs with the phenotypes of arterial stiffness and left ventricular structure, to discover the genetic role of inflammation in the onset of arterial stiffness.
Methods:A total of 926 normotensive adolescents including whites and blacks (17.6±3.3 yrs,43.4% blacks) were recruited in Augusta area. Participants were subjected to a stress-protocol including three tasks (a 5 minute mental math, competence interview, a 3 minute video game challenge, and a 3 minute cold pressor test). Blood samples were obtained before and after the tasks, and SNPs of interleukin-6, interleukin-6 receptor alpha, C-reactive protein, E-selectin, P-selectin, vascular cell adhesion protein-1, and intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 were genotyped. The blood pressure and the phenotype of arterial stiffness were measured before and after the tasks, and the left ventricular structure was measured by 2D directed M-mode echocardiograms. The correlations between the genotypes of inflammation markers and phenotypes of arterial stiffness and left ventricular structure were carried out by SPSS15.0.
Result: in this study, the African Americans subjects (AA) have higher baseline systolic blood pressure (BP) than European Americans subjects (EA) (114.0±10.9 vs. 10.2±10.0 mmHg, p<0.0001), and the BP of some AA's reach the criteria of prehypertension (>120mmHg,<140mmHg). AA's carotid-radial PWV (cr-PWV) were higher than EA's (6.7±1.0 vs. 6.3±1.1,p<0.0001), total peripheral resistance index (TPX) of AA's were higher than EA's (28.6±8.4与26.1±7.6,p<0.0001). The indexes of left ventricular (LV) thickness were higher in AA's than in EA's, but the left ventricle internal dimension in systole (LVIDs) and cardiac index (CI) were lower in AA's than in EA's.
Male subjects have higher baseline systolic BP than female (115.3±10.4 vs.108.9±9.8 mmHg,p<0.0001), and the BP of some males reach the criteria of prehypertension (>120mmHg,<140mmHg). Male subjects have higher stress systolic BP (126.5±12.1 vs. 115.8±0.8 mmHg,p<0.0001), and higher stress TPX (31.7±8.4 vs.29.6±7.8,p<0.0001) than female, but stress CI and stress high rate lower than female. Male have higher indexes of left ventricular (LV) thickness than female.
For C-reactive protein (CRP), The C allele carriers of G1059C have lower diastolic BP, lower△HR, and higher interventricular septum thickness in diastole (IVSd), higher left ventricular mass index (LVMI) than G allele carriers. The A allele carriers of-717A>G have lower baseline pulse pressure (PP), lower carotid-foot PWV, lower carotid-radial PWV than G allele carriers.-286C>T>A was correlated with arterial stiffness and LV structure.
For interleukin-6 (IL6), The CC genotype carriers of G-174C have lower carotid-foot PWV than CG/GG carriers.
For gp130, the CC genotype carriers of rs3729961 have higher TPX than CG/GG carriers.
For IL6 receptor alpha, D358A and rs4072391 were correlated with baseline PP. The CCT(212) haplotype carriers have higher baseline CI, but lower baseline TPX, than LVMI, LVPWD, IVSD, IVSS, RWT than CTT(222) haplotype carriers.
For P-selectin, The 290Asn allele carriers of Ser290Asn have higher carotid-foot PWV and carotid-radial PWV than other carriers. The C allele carriers of rs2244529 have lower carotid-foot PWV than TT carriers.
For intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1), The Arg241Arg and Gly241Arg carriers of Gly241Arg have lower carotid-foot PWV than Gly241Gly carriers.
For vascular cell adhesion protein-1 (VCAM-1), The CC genotype carriers of Asp693Asp have higher carotid-foot PWV than CT and TT carriers.
The synergetic effects of Ser290Asn (SELP), Gly241Arg (ICAMl) and Asp693Asp (VCAM1) could explain a greater portion (3.6%) of the foot PWV than any single SNPs.
Conclusion:In American youth, AA subjects have higher BP level and arterial stiffness, and lower LV function, compare to the EA subjects, which could be explained by the genetic effect in difference Ethnic population.
In American youth, male subjects have higher BP level and lower LV function, compare to the female subjects, which could be explained by the genetic effect in gender difference.
In American youth, the G1059C,-717A>G,-286C>T>A SNPs of CRP were correlated with arterial stiffness and LV hypertrophy. The G-174C (IL6), rs3729961(gp130), D358A(IL6R), and rs4072391(IL6R) were correlated with arterial stiffness.
P-selectin (Ser290Asn and rs2244529), ICAM-1 (Gly241Arg) and VCAM-1 (Asp693Asp) were predisposing genes for arterial stiffness.
In conclusion, this study showed that the genetic variations of inflammation markers and adhesion molecules affect the development of arterial stiffness. To explore the SNPs of these molecules may help understand the pathophysiologic process in arterial stiffness.
引文
1. Tanaka H, Dinenno FA, Monahan KD, et al. Aging, habitual exercise, and dynamic arterial compliance. Circulation. Sep 12 2000;102(11):1270-1275.
2. Gates PE, Tanaka H, Hiatt WR, et al. Dietary sodium restriction rapidly improves large elastic artery compliance in older adults with systolic hypertension. Hypertension. Jul 2004;44(1):35-41.
3. Smilde TJ, van den Berkmortel FW, Wollersheim H, et al. The effect of cholesterol lowering on carotid and femoral artery wall stiffness and thickness in patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Eur J Clin Invest. Jun 2000;30(6):473-480.
4. Dilaveris P, Giannopoulos G, Riga M, et al. Beneficial effects of statins on endothelial dysfunction and vascular stiffness. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. Jul 2007;5(3):227-237.
5. Cutler JA, Sorlie PD, Wolz M, et al. Trends in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control rates in United States adults between 1988-1994 and 1999-2004. Hypertension. Nov 2008;52(5):818-827.
6. Berenson GS, Wattigney WA, Tracy RE, et al. Atherosclerosis of the aorta and coronary arteries and cardiovascular risk factors in persons aged 6 to 30 years and studied at necropsy (The Bogalusa Heart Study). Am J Cardiol. Oct 1 1992;70(9):851-858.
7. Newman WP,3rd, Freedman DS, Voors AW, et al. Relation of serum lipoprotein levels and systolic blood pressure to early atherosclerosis. The Bogalusa Heart Study. N Engl J Med. Jan 16 1986;314(3):138-144.
8. Li S, Chen W, Srinivasan SR, et al. Childhood blood pressure as a predictor of arterial stiffness in young adults:the bogalusa heart study. Hypertension. Mar 2004;43(3):541-546.
9. Oren A, Vos LE, Uiterwaal C, et al. Adolescent blood pressure and blood pressure tracking into young adulthood are related to subclinical atherosclerosis:the Atherosclerosis Risk in Young Adults (ARYA) study. Am J Hypertens. Jul 2003;16(7):549-555.
10. Mitchell GF, DeStefano AL, Larson MG, et al. Heritability and a genome-wide linkage scan for arterial stiffness, wave reflection, and mean arterial pressure:the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. Jul 12 2005; 112(2):194-199.
11. Sherva R, Miller MB, Lynch AI, et al. A whole genome scan for pulse pressure/stroke volume ratio in African Americans:the HyperGEN study. Am J Hypertens. Apr 2007;20(4):398-402.
12. Ge D, Young TW, Wang X, et al. Heritability of arterial stiffness in black and white American youth and young adults. Am J Hypertens. Oct 2007;20(10):1065-1072.
13. Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, Lacolley P. Structural and genetic bases of arterial stiffness. Hypertension. Jun 2005;45(6):1050-1055.
14. Nichols W,& O'Rourke, M. F. McDonalds's Blood Flow in Arteries:Theoretical, Experimental and Clinical Principles. (4th ed.). London, UK:Arnold.1998.
15. Bhuiyan AR, Srinivasan SR, Chen W, et al. Correlates of vascular structure and function measures in asymptomatic young adults:the Bogalusa Heart Study. Atherosclerosis. Nov 2006;189(1):1-7.
16. Mattace-Raso FU, van der Cammen TJ, Hofman A, et al. Arterial stiffness and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke:the Rotterdam Study. Circulation. Feb 7 2006;113(5):657-663.
17. Willum-Hansen T, Staessen JA, Torp-Pedersen C, et al. Prognostic value of aortic pulse wave velocity as index of arterial stiffness in the general population. Circulation. Feb 7 2006;113(5):664-670.
18.. Willerson JT, Ridker PM. Inflammation as a cardiovascular risk factor. Circulation. Jun 1 2004;109(21 Suppl 1):II2-10.
19. Sprague AH, Khalil RA. Inflammatory cytokines in vascular dysfunction and vascular disease. Biochem Pharmacol. Sep 15 2009;78(6):539-552.
20. Libby P, Ridker PM, Hansson GK. Inflammation in atherosclerosis:from pathophysiology to practice. J Am Coll Cardiol. Dec 1 2009;54(23):2129-2138.
21. Toutouzas K, Synetos A, Drakopoulou M, et al. The role of inflammation in atrial fibrillation: a myth or a fact? Am JMed Sci. Dec 2009;338(6):494-499.
22. Kai H, Kudo H, Takayama N, et al. Large blood pressure variability and hypertensive cardiac remodeling--role of cardiac inflammation. Circ J. Dec 2009;73(12):2198-2203.
23. Vardavas CI, Panagiotakos DB. The causal relationship between passive smoking and inflammation on the development of cardiovascular disease:a review of the evidence. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets. Dec 2009;8(5):328-333.
24. Nordestgaard BG, Zacho J. Lipids, atherosclerosis and CVD risk:is CRP an innocent bystander? Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. Oct 2009;19(8):521-524.
25. Kampoli AM, Tousoulis D, Antoniades C, et al. Biomarkers of premature atherosclerosis. Trends Mol Med. Jul 2009;15(7):323-332.
26. Ryan S, Taylor CT, McNicholas WT. Systemic inflammation: a key factor in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular complications in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome? Thorax. Jul 2009;64(7):631-636.
27. Rajsheker S, Manka D, Blomkalns AL, et al. Crosstalk between perivascular adipose tissue and blood vessels. Curr Opin Pharmacol. Apr 2010;10(2):191-196.
28. Fain JN. Release of interleukins and other inflammatory cytokines by human adipose tissue is enhanced in obesity and primarily due to the nonfat cells. Vitam Horm. 2006;74:443-477.
29. Ridker PM. Testing the inflammatory hypothesis of atherothrombosis:scientific rationale for the cardiovascular inflammation reduction trial (CIRT). J Thromb Haemost. Jul 2009;7 Suppl 1:332-339.
30. Weber T. Low-grade systemic inflammation, arterial structure and function, and hypertension. Am JHypertens. Apr 2010;23(4):346.
31. Androulakis ES, Tousoulis D, Papageorgiou N, et al. Essential hypertension:is there a role for inflammatory mechanisms? Cardiol Rev. Sep-Oct 2009;17(5):216-221.
32. Tsioufis C, Dimitriadis K, Andrikou E, et al. ADMA, C-Reactive Protein, and Albuminuria in Untreated Essential Hypertension:A Cross-sectional Study. Am J Kidney Dis. Feb 25 2010.
33. Ozdogan M, Bozcuk H, Coban E. Low-grade inflammation in white-coat hypertension. Med Sci Monit. Dec 2007;13(12):CR570-573.
34. Schnabel R, Larson MG, Dupuis J, et al. Relations of inflammatory biomarkers and common genetic variants with arterial stiffness and wave reflection. Hypertension. Jun 2008;51(6):1651-1657.
35. Syrenicz A, Garanty-Bogacka B, Syrenicz M, et al. Relation of low-grade inflammation and endothelial activation to blood pressure in obese children and adolescents. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. Aug 2006;27(4):459-464.
36. Benicky J, Sanchez-Lemus E, Pavel J, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of angiotensin receptor blockers in the brain and the periphery. Cell Mol Neurobiol. Sep 2009;29(6-7):781-792.
37. Del Fiorentino A, Cianchetti S, Celi A, et al. The effect of angiotensin receptor blockers on C-reactive protein and other circulating inflammatory indices in man. Vase Health Risk Manag.2009;5(1):233-242.
38. Viel EC, Lemarie CA, Benkirane K, et. al. Immune regulation and vascular inflammation in genetic hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. Mar 2010;298(3):H938-944.
39. Hao XQ, Zhang HG, Li SH, et al. Prenatal Exposure to Inflammation Induced by Zymosan Results in Activation of Intrarenal Renin-Angiotensin System in Adult Offspring Rats. Inflammation. Mar 13 2010.
40. Rodriguez-Iturbe B. Renal infiltration of immunocompetent cells: cause and effect of sodium-sensitive hypertension. Clin Exp Nephrol. Apr 2010;14(2):105-111.
41. Tinsley JH, South S, Chiasson VL, et al. Interleukin-10 reduces inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and blood pressure in hypertensive pregnant rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. Mar 2010;298(3):R713-719.
42. Holmlund A, Hulthe J, Millgard J, et al. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 is related to endothelial vasodilatory function in healthy individuals. Atherosclerosis. Dec 2002;165(2):271-276.
43. Demerath E, Towne B, Blangero J, et al. The relationship of soluble ICAM-1, VCAM-1, P-selectin and E-selectin to cardiovascular disease risk factors in healthy men and women. Ann Hum Biol. Nov-Dec 2001;28(6):664-678.
44. Knudsen ST, Jeppesen P, Frederiksen CA, et al. Endothelial dysfunction, ambulatory pulse pressure and albuminuria are associated in Type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabet Med. Aug 2007;24(8):911-915.
45. Budak E, Madazli R, Aksu MF, et al. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and leukocyte activation in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. Nov 1998;63(2):115-121.
46. Ferri C, Desideri G, Baldoncini R, et al. Early activation of vascular endothelium in nonobese, nondiabetic essential hypertensive patients with multiple metabolic abnormalities. Diabetes. Apr 1998;47(4):660-667.
47. Sanada H, Midorikawa S, Yatabe J, et al. Elevation of serum soluble E-and P-selectin in patients with hypertension is reversed by benidipine, a long-acting calcium channel blocker. Hypertens Res. Nov 2005;28(11):871-878.
48. De Caterina R, Ghiadoni L, Taddei S, et al. Soluble E-selectin in essential hypertension:a correlate of vascular structural changes. Am J Hypertens. Mar 2001;14(3):259-266.
49. Ferri C, Desideri G, Valenti M, et al. Early upregulation of endothelial adhesion molecules in obese hypertensive men. Hypertension. Oct 1999;34(4 Pt 1):568-573.
50. von Kanel R, Preckel D, Kudielka BM, et al. Responsiveness and habituation of soluble ICAM-1 to acute psychosocial stress in men: determinants and effect of stress-hemoconcentration. Physiol Res.2007;56(5):627-639.
51. Cottone S, Mule G, Nardi E, et al. C-reactive protein and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 are stronger predictors of oxidant stress than blood pressure in established hypertension. JHypertens. Feb 2007;25(2):423-428.
52. Garanty-Bogacka B, Syrenicz M, Syrenicz A. et al. Serum markers of inflammation and endothelial activation in children with obesity-related hypertension. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. Jun 2005;26(3):242-246.
53. Boulbou MS, Koukoulis GN, Makri ED, et al. Circulating adhesion molecules levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Int JCardiol. Jan 2005;98(1):39-44.
54. Karter Y, Aydin S, Curgunlu A, et al. Endothelium and angiogenesis in white coat hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. Nov 2004;18(11):809-814.
55. Larrousse M, Bragulat E, Segarra M, et al. Increased levels of atherosclerosis markers in salt-sensitive hypertension. Am JHypertens. Jan 2006;19(1):87-93.
56. Palomo I, Marin P, Alarcon M, et al. Patients with essential hypertension present higher levels of sE-selectin and sVCAM-1 than normotensive volunteers. Clin Exp Hypertens. Nov 2003;25(8):517-523.
57. Chen Y, Osika W, Dangardt F, et al. High levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, insulin resistance and saturated fatty acids are associated with endothelial dysfunction in healthy adolescents. Atherosclerosis. Aug;211(2):638-642.
58. McKinney VZ, Rinker KD, Truskey GA. Normal and shear stresses influence the spatial distribution of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to sudden expansion flow. J Biomech. 2006;39(5):806-817.
59. Wang H, Nawata J, Kakudo N, et al. The upregulation of ICAM-1 and P-selectin requires high blood pressure but not circulating renin-angiotensin system in vivo. J Hypertens. Jul 2004;22(7):1323-1332.
60. Bae EH, Kim IJ, Park JW, et al. Renoprotective effect of rosuvastatin in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant. Apr;25(4):1051-1059.
61. Vita JA, Holbrook M, Palmisano J, et al. Flow-induced arterial remodeling relates to endothelial function in the human forearm. Circulation. Jun 17 2008;117(24):3126-3133.
62. Marteau JB, Sass C, Pfister M, et al. The Leu554Phe polymorphism in the E-selectin gene is associated with blood pressure in overweight people. J Hypertens. Feb 2004;22(2):305-311.
63. Filiopoulos V, Vlassopoulos D. Inflammatory syndrome in chronic kidney disease: pathogenesis and influence on outcomes. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets. Dec 2009;8(5):369-382.
64. Abeywardena MY, Leifert WR, Warnes KE, et al. Cardiovascular biology of interleukin-6. Curr Pharm Des.2009;15(15):1809-1821.
65. Mahmud A, Feely J. Arterial stiffness is related to systemic inflammation in essential hypertension. Hypertension. Nov 2005;46(5):1118-1122.
66. Manabe S, Okura T, Watanabe S, et al. Association between carotid haemodynamics and inflammation in patients with essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. Oct 2005;19(10):787-791.
67. Hulkkonen J, Lehtimaki T, Mononen N, et al. Polymorphism in the IL6 promoter region is associated with the risk factors and markers of subclinical atherosclerosis in men:The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Atherosclerosis. Apr 2009;203(2):454-458.
68. Sie MP, Mattace-Raso FU, Uitterlinden AG, et al. The interleukin-6-174 G/C promoter polymorphism and arterial stiffness; the Rotterdam Study. Vase Health Risk Manag. 2008;4(4):863-869.
69. Brull DJ, Montgomery HE, Sanders J, et al. Interleukin-6 gene-174g>c and-572g>c promoter polymorphisms are strong predictors of plasma interleukin-6 levels after coronary artery bypass surgery. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol. Sep 2001;21(9):1458-1463.
70. Fishman D, Faulds G, Jeffery R, et al. The effect of novel polymorphisms in the interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene on IL-6 transcription and plasma IL-6 levels, and an association with systemic-onset juvenile chronic arthritis. J Clin Invest. Oct 1 1998;102(7):1369-1376.
71. Terry CF, Loukaci V, Green FR. Cooperative influence of genetic polymorphisms on interleukin 6 transcriptional regulation. J Biol Chem. Jun 16 2000;275(24):18138-18144.
72. Wessel J, Moratorio G, Rao F, et al. C-reactive protein, an'intermediate phenotype'for inflammation:human twin studies reveal heritability, association with blood pressure and the metabolic syndrome, and the influence of common polymorphism at catecholaminergic/beta-adrenergic pathway loci. J Hypertens. Feb 2007;25(2):329-343.
73. Zhang R, Zhang YY, Huang XR, et al. C-reactive protein promotes cardiac fibrosis and inflammation in angiotensin II-induced hypertensive cardiac disease. Hypertension. Apr 2010;55(4):953-960.
74. Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Plantinga Y, et al. C-reactive protein and hypertension:is there a causal relationship? Curr Pharm Des.2007;13(16):1693-1698.
75. Phinney JS. The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure:A new scale for use with adolescents and young adults from diverse groups. Journal of Adolescent Research. 1992;7:156-176.
76. Schiller NB, Shah PM, Crawford M, et al. Recommendations for quantitation of the left ventricle by two-dimensional echocardiography. American Society of Echocardiography Committee on Standards, Subcommittee on Quantitation of Two-Dimensional Echocardiograms. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. Sep-Oct 1989;2(5):358-367.
77. Arnett DK, Skelton TN, Liebson PR, et al. Comparison of m-mode echocardiographic left ventricular mass measured using digital and strip chart readings:the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2003;1:8.
78. Cuspidi C, Meani S, Negri F, et al. Indexation of left ventricular mass to body surface area and height to allometric power of 2.7:is the difference limited to obese hypertensives? J Hum Hypertens. Nov 2009;23(11):728-734.
79. Dong Y, Zhu H, Wang X, et al. Obesity reveals an association between blood pressure and the G-protein beta3-subunit gene:a study of female dizygotic twins. Pharmacogenetics. Jul 2004;14(7):419-427.
80. Zaykin DV, Westfall PH, Young SS, et al. Testing association of statistically inferred haplotypes with discrete and continuous traits in samples of unrelated individuals. Hum Hered.2002;53(2):79-91.
81. Zhu H, Wang X, Dong Y, et al. Influence of the eNOS gene on development of blood pressure and left ventricular mass:longitudinal findings in multiethnic youth. Pharmacogenet Genomics. Sep 2005;15(9):669-675.
82. Mitchell GF, Guo CY, Benjamin EJ, et al. Cross-sectional correlates of increased aortic stiffness in the community:the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. May 22 2007;115(20):2628-2636.
83. Cecelja M, Chowienczyk P. Dissociation of aortic pulse wave velocity with risk factors for cardiovascular disease other than hypertension: a systematic review. Hypertension. Dec 2009;54(6):1328-1336.
84. Hall WD, Ferrario CM, Moore MA, et al. Hypertension-related morbidity and mortality in the southeastern United States. Am JMed Sci. Apr 1997;313(4):195-209.
85. Lauer RM, Clarke WR. Childhood risk factors for high adult blood pressure:the Muscatine Study. Pediatrics. Oct 1989;84(4):633-641.
86. Menkes MS, Matthews KA, Krantz DS, et al. Cardiovascular reactivity to the cold pressor test as a predictor of hypertension. Hypertension. Nov 1989;14(5):524-530.
87. Wood DL, Sheps SG, Elveback LR, et al. Cold pressor test as a predictor of hypertension. Hypertension. May-Jun 1984;6(3):301-306.
88. Allen MT, Matthews KA, Sherman FS. Cardiovascular reactivity to stress and left ventricular mass in youth. Hypertension. Oct 1997;30(4):782-787.
89. Trieber FA, McCaffrey F, Pflieger K, et al. Determinants of left ventricular mass in normotensive children. Am J Hypertens. Jun 1993;6(6Pt1):505-513.
90. McEniery CM, Yasmin, Maki-Petaja KM, et al. The impact of cardiovascular risk factors on aortic stiffness and wave reflections depends on age:the Anglo-Cardiff Collaborative Trial (ACCT Ⅲ). Hypertension. Oct;56(4):591-597.
91. Ni Y, Wang H, Hu D, et al. The relationship between pulse wave velocity and pulse pressure in Chinese patients with essential hypertension. Hypertens Res. Nov 2003;26(11):871-874.
92. Asmar R, Rudnichi A, Blacher J, et al. Pulse pressure and aortic pulse wave are markers of cardiovascular risk in hypertensive populations. Am J Hypertens. Feb 2001;14(2):91-97.
93. Kim EJ, Park CG, Park JS, et al. Relationship between blood pressure parameters and pulse wave velocity in normotensive and hypertensive subjects:invasive study. J Hum Hypertens. Feb 2007;21(2):141-148.
94. Asmar R, Benetos A, Topouchian J, et al. Assessment of arterial distensibility by automatic pulse wave velocity measurement. Validation and clinical application studies. Hypertension. Sep 1995;26(3):485-490.
95. Din-Dzietham R, Couper D, Evans Q et al. Arterial stiffness is greater in African Americans than in whites:evidence from the Forsyth County, North Carolina, ARIC cohort. Am J Hypertens. Apr 2004;17(4):304-313.
96. 邢绣荣华谭刘闻.高血压病患者颈-股动脉和颈-桡动脉脉搏波速度改变及其影响因素.中华心血管病杂志2005；33(12).
97. Grossman E, Oren S, Messerli FH. Left ventricular mass and cardiac function in patients with essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. Jun 1994;8(6):417-421.
98. Pannier B, Asmar R, Laurent S, et al. [Index of arterial and venous compliance and echocardiographic parameters in essential permanent arterial hypertension]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. Jun 1987;80(6):879-882.
99. Bouthier JD, De Luca N, Safar ME, et al. Cardiac hypertrophy and arterial distensibility in essential hypertension. Am Heart J. Jun 1985;109(6):1345-1352.
100. Maslennikova OM, Romanchuk SV, Rachkova SA, et al. [Effects of hypotensive treatment on structural-functional properties of the vascular wall in hypertensive patients]. Ter Arkh.2008;80(9):33-36.
101. Hanevold C, Waller J, Daniels S, et al. The effects of obesity, gender, and ethnic group on left ventricular hypertrophy and geometry in hypertensive children: a collaborative study of the International Pediatric Hypertension Association. Pediatrics. Feb 2004;113(2):328-333.
102. Daniels SR, Meyer RA, Liang YC, et al. Echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass index in normal children, adolescents and young adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. Sep 1988;12(3):703-708.
103. Zhu H, Yan W, Ge D, et al. Cardiovascular characteristics in American youth with prehypertension. Am JHypertens. Oct 2007;20(10):1051-1057.
104. Li R, Richey PA, DiSessa TG, et al. Blood aldosterone-to-renin ratio, ambulatory blood pressure, and left ventricular mass in children. J Pediatr. Aug 2009;155(2):170-175.
105. Hinderliter AL, Light KC, Willis PWt. Racial differences in left ventricular structure in healthy young adults. Am J Cardiol. May 1 1992;69(14):1196-1199.
106. Fujita T, Noda H, Ito Y, et al. Increased sympathoadrenomedullary activity and left ventricular hypertrophy in young patients with borderline hypertension. J Mol Cell Cardiol. Dec 1989;21 Suppl 5:31-38.
107. Andersen UB, Steensgaard-Hansen F, Rokkedal J, et al. Left ventricular structure and diastolic function in subjects with two hypertensive parents. Blood Press. 2001;10(4):193-198.
108. Lauer MS, Anderson KM, Levy D. Separate and joint influences of obesity and mild hypertension on left ventricular mass and geometry:the Framingham Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. Jan 1992;19(1):130-134.
109. Todd AS, Macginley RJ, Schollum JB, et al. Dietary salt loading impairs arterial vascular reactivity. Am J Clin Nutr. Mar;91(3):557-564.
110. Polonia J, Maldonado J, Ramos R, et al. Estimation of salt intake by urinary sodium excretion in a Portuguese adult population and its relationship to arterial stiffness. Rev Port Cardiol. Sep 2006;25(9):801-817.
111. Lopez-Ruiz A, Sartori-Valinotti J, Yanes LL, et al. Sex differences in control of blood pressure:role of oxidative stress in hypertension in females. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. Aug 2008;295(2):H466-474.
112. Kowalik M. Psychosomatic aspects of arterial hypertension in women. Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska Med.2004;59(1):245-249.
113. Costanzo S, Di Castelnuovo A, Zito F, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in healthy unrelated male-female pairs of European regions: the dietary habit profile in European communities with different risk of myocardial infarction--the impact of migration as a model of gene-environment interaction project. J Hypertens. Dec 2008;26(12):2303-2311.
114. Pollard TM, Pearce KL, Rousham EK, et al. Do blood pressure and heart rate responses to perceived stress vary according to endogenous estrogen level in women? Am J Phys Anthropol. Jan 2007; 132(1):151-157.
115. Hernandez Schulman I, Raij L. Salt sensitivity and hypertension after menopause:role of nitric oxide and angiotensin Ⅱ. Am J Nephrol.2006;26(2):170-180.
116. Maffei S, Mercuri A, Prontera C, et al. Vasoactive biomarkers and oxidative stress in healthy recently postmenopausal women treated with hormone replacement therapy. Climacteric. Dec 2006;9(6):452-458.
117. Matthews KA, Owens JF, Salomon K, et al. Influence of hormone therapy on the cardiovascular responses to stress of postmenopausal women. Biol Psychol. Apr 2005;69(1):39-56.
118. Uji M, Yoshida K, Shintani-Ishida K, et al. Sex difference in norepinephrine surge in response to psychological stress through nitric oxide in rats. Life Sci. Feb 6 2007;80(9):860-866.
119. Sartori-Valinotti JC, Iliescu R, Yanes LL, et al. Sex differences in the pressor response to angiotensin Ⅱ when the endogenous renin-angiotensin system is blocked. Hypertension. Apr 2008;51(4):1170-1176.
120. Xue B, Zhao Y, Johnson AK, et al. Central estrogen inhibition of angiotensin Ⅱ-induced hypertension in male mice and the role of reactive oxygen species. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. Sep 2008;295(3):H1025-H1032.
121. Ueyama T, Ishikura F, Matsuda A, et al. Chronic estrogen supplementation following ovariectomy improves the emotional stress-induced cardiovascular responses by indirect action on the nervous system and by direct action on the heart. Circ J. Apr 2007;71(4):565-573.
122. Arias-Loza PA, Hu K, Dienesch C, et al. Both estrogen receptor subtypes, alpha and beta, attenuate cardiovascular remodeling in aldosterone salt-treated rats. Hypertension. Aug 2007;50(2):432-438.
123. Gingerich S, Krukoff TL. Estrogen in the paraventricular nucleus attenuates L-glutamate-induced increases in mean arterial pressure through estrogen receptor beta and NO. Hypertension. Dec 2006;48(6):1130-1136.
124. Soinio M, Marniemi J, Laakso M, et al. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes:a 7-year follow-up study. Diabetes Care. Feb 2006;29(2):329-333.
125. Jones J, Chen LS, Baudhuin L, et al. Relationships between C-reactive protein concentration and genotype in healthy volunteers. Clin Chem Lab Med 2009;47(1):20-25.
126. Wang Q, Hunt SC, Xu Q, et al. Association study of CRP gene polymorphisms with serum CRP level and cardiovascular risk in the NHLBI Family Heart Study. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. Dec 2006;291 (6):H2752-2757.
127. Suk Danik J, Chasman DI, Cannon CP, et al. Influence of genetic variation in the C-reactive protein gene on the inflammatory response during and after acute coronary ischemia. Ann Hum Genet. Nov 2006;70(Pt 6):705-716.
128. MacGregor AJ, Gallimore JR, Spector TD, et al. Genetic effects on baseline values of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid a protein:a comparison of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Clin Chem. Jan 2004;50(1):130-134.
129. Vickers MA, Green FR, Terry C, et al. Genotype at a promoter polymorphism of the interleukin-6 gene is associated with baseline levels of plasma C-reactive protein. Cardiovasc Res. Mar 2002;53(4):1029-1034.
130. Pankow JS, Folsom AR, Cushman M, et al. Familial and genetic determinants of systemic markers of inflammation: the NHLBI family heart study. Atherosclerosis. Feb 15 2001;154(3):681-689.
131. Danesh J, Whincup P, Walker M, et al. Low grade inflammation and coronary heart disease:prospective study and updated meta-analyses. Bmj. Jul 22 2000;321(7255):199-204.
132. Bhakdi S, Torzewski M, Klouche M, et al. Complement and atherogenesis:binding of CRP to degraded, nonoxidized LDL enhances complement activation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. Oct 1999;19(10):2348-2354.
133. Pasceri V, Willerson JT, Yeh ET. Direct proinflammatory effect of C-reactive protein on human endothelial cells. Circulation. Oct 31 2000;102(18):2165-2168.
134. Torzewski M, Rist C, Mortensen RF, et al. C-reactive protein in the arterial intima: role of C-reactive protein receptor-dependent monocyte recruitment in atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. Sep 2000;20(9):2094-2099.
135. Zwaka TP, Hombach V, Torzewski J. C-reactive protein-mediated low density lipoprotein uptake by macrophages:implications for atherosclerosis. Circulation. Mar 62001;103(9):1194-1197.
136. Devaraj S, Xu DY, Jialal I. C-reactive protein increases plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression and activity in human aortic endothelial cells:implications for the metabolic syndrome and atherothrombosis. Circulation. Jan 28 2003;107(3):398-404.
137. Fichtlscherer S, Rosenberger G, Walter DH, et al. Elevated C-reactive protein levels and impaired endothelial vasoreactivity in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. Aug 29 2000;102(9):1000-1006.
138. Balistreri CR, Vasto S, Listi F, et al. Association between +1059G/C CRP polymorphism and acute myocardial infarction in a cohort of patients from Sicily:a pilot study. Ann N YAcad Sci. May 2006;1067:276-281.
139. Morita A, Nakayama T, Soma M. Association study between C-reactive protein genes and ischemic stroke in Japanese subjects. Am J Hypertens. Jun 2006;19(6):593-600.
140. Morita A, Nakayama T, Doba N, et al. Polymorphism of the C-reactive protein (CRP) gene is related to serum CRP Level and arterial pulse wave velocity in healthy elderly Japanese. Hypertens Res. May 2006;29(5):323-331
141. Lin JW, Dai DF, Chou YH, et al. Exploring the effects of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-1 beta single nucleotide polymorphisms on CRP concentration in patients with established coronary artery disease. Classification tree approach. Int Heart J. Jul 2007;48(4):463-475.
142. Dai DF, Chiang FT, Lin JL, et al. Human C-reactive protein (CRP) gene 1059G>C polymorphism is associated with plasma CRP concentration in patients receiving coronary angiography. J Formos Med Assoc. May 2007;106(5):347-354.
143. Thalmaier D, Dambacher J, Seiderer J, et al. The+1059G/C polymorphism in the C-reactive protein (CRP) gene is associated with involvement of the terminal ileum and decreased serum CRP levels in patients with Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. Oct 1 2006;24(7):1105-1115.
144. Eklund C, Lehtimaki T, Hurme M. Epistatic effect of C-reactive protein (CRP) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)+1059 and interleukin-1B SNP+3954 on CRP concentration in healthy male blood donors. Int J Immunogenet. Aug 2005;32(4):229-232.
145. Wang Q, Ding H, Tang JR, et al. C-reactive protein polymorphisms and genetic susceptibility to ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke in the Chinese Han population. Acta Pharmacol Sin. Mar 2009;30(3):291-298.
146. Resnick LM, Catanzaro D, Sealey JE, et al. Acute vascular effects of the angiotensin Ⅱ receptor antagonist olmesartan in normal subjects:relation to the renin-aldosterone system. Am J Hypertens. Mar 2004;17(3):203-208.
147. Chen J, Zhao J, Huang J, et al.-717A>G polymorphism of human C-reactive protein gene associated with coronary heart disease in ethnic Han Chinese:the Beijing atherosclerosis study. JMol Med. Jan 2005;83(1):72-78.
148. Wang L, Lu X, Li Y, et al. Functional analysis of the C-reactive protein (CRP) gene-717A>G polymorphism associated with coronary heart disease. BMC Med Genet. 2009;10:73.
149. Miller DT, Zee RY, Suk Danik J, et al. Association of common CRP gene variants with CRP levels and cardiovascular events. Ann Hum Genet. Nov 2005;69(Pt 6):623-638.
150. Saleh N, Kovacs A, Tornvall P. Relevance of genetic polymorphisms in inflammatory response to percutaneous coronary intervention. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2009;69(7):736-740.
151. Kathiresan S, Larson MG, Vasan RS, et al. Contribution of clinical correlates and 13 C-reactive protein gene polymorphisms to interindividual variability in serum C-reactive protein level. Circulation. Mar 21 2006;113(11):1415-1423.
152. 朱秀艳丁曲夏王田.高血压左室构型与左室中层力学的关系。高血压杂志年2000；8(4).
153. Eklund C, Kivimaki M, Islam MS, et al. C-reactive protein genetics is associated with carotid artery compliance in men in The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Atherosclerosis. Feb 2008;196(2):841-848.
154. Crawford DC, Sanders CL, Qin X, et al. Genetic variation is associated with C-reactive protein levels in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Circulation. Dec 5 2006;114(23):2458-2465.
155. Walston JD, Fallin MD, Cushman M, et al. IL-6 gene variation is associated with IL-6 and C-reactive protein levels but not cardiovascular outcomes in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Hum Genet. Dec 2007;122(5):485-494.
156. Balding J, Livingstone WJ, Pittock SJ, et al. The IL-6 G-174C polymorphism may be associated with ischaemic stroke in patients without a history of hypertension. Ir J Med Sci. Oct-Dec 2004;173(4):200-203.
157. Kelberman D, Hawe E, Luong LA, et al. Effect of Interleukin-6 promoter polymorphisms in survivors of myocardial infarction and matched controls in the North and South of Europe. The HIFMECH Study. Thromb Haemost. Nov 2004;92(5):1122-1128.
158. Brull DJ, Leeson CP, Montgomery HE, et al. The effect of the Interleukin-6-174G>C promoter gene polymorphism on endothelial function in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Invest. Mar 2002;32(3):153-157.
159. Losito A, Kalidas K, Santoni S, et al. Association of interleukin-6-174G/C promoter polymorphism with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy in dialysis patients. Kidney Int. Aug 2003;64(2):616-622.
160. Riikola A, Sipila K, Kahonen M, et al. Interleukin-6 promoter polymorphism and cardiovascular risk factors:the Health 2000 Survey. Atherosclerosis. Dec 2009;207(2):466-470.
161. Manginas A, Tsiavou A, Chaidaroglou A, et al. Inflammatory cytokine gene variants in coronary artery disease patients in Greece. Coron Artery Dis. Dec 2008;19(8):575-582.
162. Unal S, Gumruk F, Aytac S, et al. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels and IL-6, TNF-polymorphisms in children with thrombosis. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. Jan 2008;30(1):26-31.
163. Boulanger MJ, Garcia KC. Shared cytokine signaling receptors:structural insights from the gp130 system. Adv Protein Chem.2004;68:107-146.
164. Hirota H, Chen J, Betz UA, et al. Loss of a gp130 cardiac muscle cell survival pathway is a critical event in the onset of heart failure during biomechanical stress. Cell. Apr 16 1999;97(2):189-198.
165. Kallen KJ. The role of transsignalling via the agonistic soluble IL-6 receptor in human diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta. Nov 112002;1592(3):323-343.
166. Uozumi H, Hiroi Y, Zou Y, et al. gp130 plays a critical role in pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy. J Biol Chem. Jun 22 2001;276(25):23115-23119.
167. Salguero G, Schuett H, Jagielska J, et al. Hepatocyte gpl30 deficiency reduces vascular remodeling after carotid artery ligation. Hypertension. Nov 2009;54(5):1035-1042.
168. Benrick A, Jirholt P, Wernstedt I, et al. A non-conservative polymorphism in the IL-6 signal transducer (IL6ST)/gp130 is associated with myocardial infarction in a hypertensive population. Regul Pept. Feb 7 2008;146(1-3):189-196.
169. Reich D, Patterson N, Ramesh V, et al. Admixture mapping of an allele affecting interleukin 6 soluble receptor and interleukin 6 levels. Am J Hum Genet. Apr 2007;80(4):716-726.
170. Galicia JC, Tai H, Komatsu Y, et al. Polymorphisms in the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) gene: strong evidence that serum levels of soluble IL-6R are genetically influenced. Genes Immun. Sep 2004;5(6):513-516.
171. Schnabel RB, Lunetta KL, Larson MG, et al. The relation of genetic and environmental factors to systemic inflammatory biomarker concentrations. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. Jun 2009;2(3):229-237.
172. Qi L, Rifai N, Hu FB. Interleukin-6 receptor gene variations, plasma interleukin-6 levels, and type 2 diabetes in U.S. Women. Diabetes. Dec 2007;56(12):3075-3081.
173. Qi L, Rifai N, Hu FB. Interleukin-6 receptor gene, plasma C-reactive protein, and diabetes risk in women. Diabetes. Jan 2009;58(1):275-278.
174. Song Y, Miyaki K, Araki J, et al. The interaction between the interleukin 6 receptor gene genotype and dietary energy intake on abdominal obesity in Japanese men. Metabolism. Jul 2007;56(7):925-930.
175. Zhang S, Zhang P, Huang QY. [Association of the D358 A polymorphism of IL6R gene with type 2 diabetes in Hubei Han Chinese]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi. Aug 2009;26(4):452-456.
176. Morris RW, Kaplan NL. On the advantage of haplotype analysis in the presence of multiple disease susceptibility alleles. Genet Epidemiol. Oct 2002;23(3):221-233.
177. Blankenberg S, Barbaux S, Tiret L. Adhesion molecules and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. Oct 2003;170(2):191-203.
178. Chang YP, Liu X, Kim JD, et al. Multiple genes for essential-hypertension susceptibility on chromosome 1q. Am J Hum Genet. Feb 2007;80(2):253-264.
179. Licata G, Di Chiara T, Licata A, et al. Relationship between circulating E-selectin, DD genotype of angiotensin-converting-enzyme, and cardiovascular damage in central obese subjects. Metabolism. Aug 2003;52(8):999-1004.
180. Auer J, Weber T, Berent R, et al. Genetic polymorphisms in cytokine and adhesion molecule genes in coronary artery disease. Am J Pharmacogenomics. 2003;3(5):317-328.
181. Chen HL, Hua Q, Liu RK, et al. [Effect of E-selectin A561C (S128R) polymorphism on blood pressure]. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi. Jul 2005;33(7):603-607.
182. Wang Z, Liu Y, Liu J, et al. E-selectin gene polymorphisms are associated with essential hypertension:a case-control pilot study in a Chinese population. BMC Med Genet.11:127.
183. Sass C, Pallaud C, Zannad F, et al. Relationship between E-selectin L/F554 polymorphism and blood pressure in the Stanislas cohort. Hum Genet. Jul 2000;107(1):58-61.
184. Lee DS, Larson MG, Lunetta KL, et al. Clinical and genetic correlates of soluble P-selectin in the community. J Thromb Haemost. Jan 2008;6(1):20-31.
185. Reiner AP, Carlson CS, Thyagarajan B, et al. Soluble P-selectin, SELP polymorphisms, and atherosclerotic risk in European-American and African-African young adults:the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. Aug 2008;28(8):1549-1555.
186. Collins RG, Velji R, Guevara NV, et al. P-Selectin or intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 deficiency substantially protects against atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J Exp Med. Jan 3 2000;191(1):189-194.
187. Tregouet DA, Barbaux S, Escolano S, et al. Specific haplotypes of the P-selectin gene are associated with myocardial infarction. Hum Mol Genet. Aug 15 2002;11(17):2015-2023.
188. Volcik KA, Ballantyne CM, Coresh J, et al. Specific P-selectin and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 genotypes/haplotypes are associated with risk of incident CHD and ischemic stroke:the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Atherosclerosis. Nov 2007;195(1):e76-82.
189. Bourdillon MC, Poston RN, Covacho C, et al. ICAM-1 deficiency reduces atherosclerotic lesions in double-knockout mice (ApoE(-/-)/ICAM-l(-/-)) fed a fat or a chow diet. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. Dec 2000;20(12):2630-2635.
190. Dansky HM, Barlow CB, Lominska C, et al. Adhesion of monocytes to arterial endothelium and initiation of atherosclerosis are critically dependent on vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 gene dosage. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. Oct 2001;21(10):1662-1667.
191. Miller MA, Kerry SM, Cook DG, et al. Cellular adhesion molecules and blood pressure:interaction with sex in a multi-ethnic population. J Hypertens. Apr 2004;22(4):705-711.
192. Wenzel K, Stahn R, Speer A, et al. Functional characterization of atherosclerosis-associated Ser128Arg and Leu554Phe E-selectin mutations. Biol Chem. Jun 1999;380(6):661-667.
1. Nakhai-Pour HR, Grobbee DE, Bots ML, et al. C-reactive protein and aortic stiffness and wave reflection in middle-aged and elderly men from the community. J Hum Hypertens. Dec 2007;21(12):949-955.
2. Cecelja M, Chowienczyk P. Dissociation of aortic pulse wave velocity with risk factors for cardiovascular disease other than hypertension:a systematic review. Hypertension. Dec 2009;54(6):1328-1336.
3. Hayashi K, Maeda S, Iemitsu M, et al. Sex differences in the relationship between estrogen receptor alpha gene polymorphisms and arterial stiffness in older humans. Am J Hypertens.Jun 2007;20(6):650-656.
4. Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, Asmar R, et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients. Hypertension. May 2001;37(5):1236-1241.
5. Meaume S, Benetos A, Henry OF, et al. Aortic pulse wave velocity predicts cardiovascular mortality in subjects>70 years of age. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. Dec 2001;21(12):2046-2050.
6. Vlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, Stefanadis C. Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness:a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. Mar 30;55(13):1318-1327.
7. Lim HE, Park CG, Shin SH, et al. Aortic pulse wave velocity as an independent marker of coronary artery disease. Blood Press.2004;13(6):369-375.
8. O'Rourke MF, Nichols WW. Aortic diameter, aortic stiffness, and wave reflection increase with age and isolated systolic hypertension. Hypertension. Apr 2005;45(4):652-658.
9. Lantelme P, Mestre C,Lievre M, et al.Heart rate:an important confounder of pulse wave velocity assessment. Hypertension. Jun 2002;39(6):1083-1087.
10. Hashimoto J,Chonan K, Aoki Y, et al.Pulse wave velocity and the second derivative of the finger photoplethysmogram in treated hypertensive patients:their relationship and associating factors. J Hypertens. Dec 2002;20(12):2415-2422.
11. Siche JP, de Gaudemaris R, Mallion JM. [Reproducibility and development of pulse wave velocity at rest and during exertion]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. Jun 1988;81 Spec No:275-280.
12. Ciolac EG, Bocchi EA, Bortolotto LA, et al. Haemodynamic, metabolic and neuro-humoral abnormalities in young normotensive women at high familial risk for hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. Mar 18.
13. Ge D, Young TW, Wang X, et al. Heritability of arterial stiffness in black and white American youth and young adults. Am J Hypertens. Oct 2007;20(10):1065-1072.
14. Mitchell GF, DeStefano AL, Larson MG, et al. Heritability and a genome-wide linkage scan for arterial stiffness, wave reflection, and mean arterial pressure:the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. Jul 12 2005;112(2):194-199.
15. Verzi MP, McCulley DJ, De Val S, et al. The right ventricle, outflow tract, and ventricular septum comprise a restricted expression domain within the secondary/anterior heart field. Dev Biol. Nov 1 2005;287(1):134-145.
16. Zhang Q, Skepper JN, Yang F, et al. Nesprins:a novel family of spectrin-repeat-containing proteins that localize to the nuclear membrane in multiple tissues. J Cell Sci. Dec 2001;114(Pt 24):4485-4498.
17. Maki JM, Sormunen R, Lippo S, et al. Lysyl oxidase is essential for normal development and function of the respiratory system and for the integrity of elastic and collagen fibers in various tissues. Am J Pathol. Oct 2005;167(4):927-936.
18. Maki JM, Rasanen J, Tikkanen H, et al.Inactivation of the lysyl oxidase gene Lox leads to aortic aneurysms, cardiovascular dysfunction, and perinatal death in mice. Circulation. Nov 5 2002;106(19):2503-2509.
19. Adiguzel E, Hou G, Mulholland D, et al. Migration and growth are attenuated in vascular smooth muscle cells with type Ⅷ collagen-null alleles. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. Jan 2006;26(1):56-61.
20. DeStefano AL, Larson MG, Mitchell GF, et al. Genome-wide scan for pulse pressure in the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study. Hypertension. Aug 2004;44(2):152-155.
21. Tarasov KV, Sanna S, Scuteri A, et al. COL4A1 is associated with arterial stiffness by genome-wide association scan. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. Apr 2009;2(2):151-158.
22. Atwood LD, Samollow PB, Hixson JE, et al. Genome-wide linkage analysis of pulse pressure in Mexican Americans. Hypertension. Feb 2001;37(2 Part 2):425-428.
23. Camp NJ, Hopkins PN, Hasstedt SJ, et al. Genome-wide multipoint parametric linkage analysis of pulse pressure in large, extended utah pedigrees. Hypertension. Sep 2003;42(3):322-328.
24. Park S, Kim JB, Shim CY, et al. The influence of serum aldosterone and the aldosterone-renin ratio on pulse wave velocity in hypertensive patients. J Hyper tens. Jun 2007;25(6):1279-1283.
25. Patrianakos AP, Parthenakis FI, Nyktari E, et al. Central aortic stiffness in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy:relationship with neurohumoral activation. J Card Fail. Oct 2009; 15(8):665-672.
26. Bozec E, Lacolley P, Bergaya S, et al. Arterial stiffness and angiotensinogen gene in hypertensive patients and mutant mice. J Hypertens. Jul 2004;22(7):1299-1307.
27. Benetos A, Gautier S, Ricard S, et al. Influence of angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor gene polymorphisms on aortic stiffness in normotensive and hypertensive patients. Circulation. Aug 15 1996;94(4):698-703.
28. Pontremoli R, Ravera M, Viazzi F, et al. Genetic polymorphism of the renin-angiotensin system and organ damage in essential hypertension. Kidney Int. Feb 2000;57(2):561-569.
29. Dima I, Vlachopoulos C. Alexopoulos N, et al. Association of arterial stiffness with the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism in healthy individuals. Am J Hypertens. Dec 2008;21(12):1354-1358.
30. Mattace-Raso FU, van der Cammen TJ, Sayed-Tabatabaei FA, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and common carotid stiffness. The Rotterdam study. Atherosclerosis. May 2004; 174(1):121-126.
31. Balkestein EJ, Staessen JA, Wang JG, et al. Carotid and femoral artery stiffness in relation to three candidate genes in a white population. Hypertension. Nov 2001;38(5):1190-1197.
32. Benetos A, Topouchian J, Ricard S, et al. Influence of angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor polymorphism on aortic stiffness in never-treated hypertensive patients. Hypertension. Jul 1995;26(1):44-47.
33. Rehman A, Rasool AH, Naing L, et al. Influence of the Angiotensin Ⅱ type I receptor gene 1166A> C polymorphism on BP and aortic pulse wave velocity among Malays. Ann Hum Genet. Jan 2007;71(Pt 1):86-95.
34. Lajemi M, Labat C, Gautier S, et al. Angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor-153A/G and 1166A/C gene polymorphisms and increase in aortic stiffness with age in hypertensive subjects. J Hypertens. Mar 2001;19(3):407-413.
35. Benetos A, Cambien F, Gautier S, et al. Influence of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphism on the effects of perindopril and nitrendipine on arterial stiffness in hypertensive individuals. Hypertension. Dec 1996;28(6):1081-1084.
36. Gardier S, Vincent M, Lantelme P, et al. Al 166C polymorphism of angiotensin II type 1 receptor, blood pressure and arterial stiffness in hypertension. J Hypertens. Nov 2004;22(11):2135-2142.
37. Pojoga L, Gautier S, Blanc H, et al. Genetic determination of plasma aldosterone levels in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens. Jul 1998;11(7):856-860.
38. Blacher J, Kakou A, Lacombe JM, et al. Preferential association of aldosterone synthase gene polymorphism with central blood pressure and wave reflections in hypertensive individuals. J Hum Hypertens. Apr;24(4):291-299.
39. Wojciechowska W, Staessen JA, Stolarz K, et al. Association of peripheral and central arterial wave reflections with the CYP11B2-344C allele and sodium excretion. J Hypertens. Dec 2004;22(12):2311-2319.
40. Rusak EJ, Bellido CA, Iavicoli OR, et al. Assessment of endothelial function by means of flow-mediated changes using pulse wave velocity. JClin Hypertens (Greenwich). Jul 1;12(7):495-501.
41. McEniery CM, Wallace S, Mackenzie IS, et al. Endothelial function is associated with pulse pressure, pulse wave velocity, and augmentation index in healthy humans. Hypertension. Oct 2006;48(4):602-608.
42. Weber T, Maas R, Auer J, et al. Arterial wave reflections and determinants of endothelial function a hypothesis based on peripheral mode of action. Am J Hypertens. Mar 2007;20(3):256-262.
43. Lajemi M, Gautier S, Poirier O, et al. Endothelin gene variants and aortic and cardiac structure in never-treated hypertensives. Am J Hypertens. Aug 2001; 14(8 Pt 1):755-760.
44. Yasuda H, Kamide K, Takiuchi S, et al. Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in endothelin family genes with the progression of atherosclerosis in patients with essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. Nov 2007;21(11):883-892.
45. Mitchell GF, Guo CY, Kathiresan S, et al. Vascular stiffness and genetic variation at the endothelial nitric oxide synthase locus:the Framingham Heart study. Hypertension. Jun 2007;49(6):1285-1290.
46. Chen W, Srinivasan SR, Bond MG, et al. Nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphism (G894T) influences arterial stiffness in adults:The Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Hypertens. Jul 2004;17(7):553-559.
47. Zineh I, Beitelshees AL, Haller MJ. NOS3 polymorphisms are associated with arterial stiffness in children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. Mar 2007;30(3):689-693.
48. Skalska A, Gasowski J, Cwynar M, et al. The relationship between pulse wave velocity and indexes of collagen synthesis in hypertensive patients, according to the level of systolic blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens. Sep 2005;19(9):731-735.
49. 管永泽郭.高血压病Ⅲ型前胶原与一氧化氮血管紧张素Ⅱ相关性的研究：医药论坛杂志2004；25(11).
50. Iwai N, Kajimoto K, Kokubo Y, et al. Extensive genetic analysis of 10 candidate genes for hypertension in Japanese. Hypertension. Nov 2006;48(5):901-907.
51. Ye S. Influence of matrix metalloproteinase genotype on cardiovascular disease susceptibility and outcome. Cardiovasc Res. Feb 15 2006;69(3):636-645.
52. Yasmin, McEniery CM, O'Shaughnessy KM, et al. Variation in the human matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene is associated with arterial stiffness in healthy individuals. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. Aug 2006;26(8):1799-1805.
53. Medley TL, Cole TJ, Dart AM, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 genotype influences large artery stiffness through effects on aortic gene and protein expression. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. Aug 2004;24(8):1479-1484.
54. Zhou S, Feely J, Spiers JP, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 polymorphism contributes to blood pressure and arterial stiffness in essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. Nov 2007;21(11):861-867.
55. Tan J, Hua Q, Xing X, et al. Impact of the metalloproteinase-9/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 system on large arterial stiffness in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertens Res. Oct 2007;30(10):959-963.
56. Medley TL, Kingwell BA, Gatzka CD, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-3 genotype contributes to age-related aortic stiffening through modulation of gene and protein expression. Circ Res. Jun 13 2003;92(11):1254-1261.
57. Pietri P, Vyssoulis G, Vlachopoulos C, et al. Relationship between low-grade inflammation and arterial stiffness in patients with essential hypertension. J Hypertens. Nov 2006;24(11):2231-2238.
58. Yasmin, McEniery CM, Wallace S, et al. C-reactive protein is associated with arterial stiffness in apparently healthy individuals. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. May 2004;24(5):969-974.
59. Kullo IJ, Seward JB, Bailey KR, et al. C-reactive protein is related to arterial wave reflection and stiffness in asymptomatic subjects from the community. Am J Hypertens.Aug 2005;18(8):1123-1129.
60. Assadi F. C-reactive protein and incident left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension. Pediatr Cardiol. Jul-Aug 2007;28(4):280-285.
61. Wong LY, Leung RY, Ong KL, et al. Plasma levels of fibrinogen and C-reactive protein are related to interleukin-6 gene-572C>G polymorphism in subjects with and without hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. Nov 2007;21(11):875-882.
62. Eklund C, Kivimaki M, Islam MS, et al. C-reactive protein genetics is associated with carotid artery compliance in men in The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Atherosclerosis. Feb 2008;196(2):841-848.
63. Tsioufis C, Dimitriadis K, Selima M, et al. Low-grade inflammation and hypoadiponectinaemia have an additive detrimental effect on aortic stiffness in essential hypertensive patients. Eur Heart J. May 2007;28(9):1162-1169.
64. Nagano M, Nakamura M, Sato K, et al. Association between serum C-reactive protein levels and pulse wave velocity:a population-based cross-sectional study in a general population. Atherosclerosis. May 2005;180(1):189-195.
65. Kim JS, Kang TS, Kim JB, et al. Significant association of C-reactive protein with arterial stiffness in treated non-diabetic hypertensive patients. Atherosclerosis. Jun 2007; 192(2):401-406.
66. Arenillas JF, Massot A, Alvarez-Sabin J, et al. C-reactive protein gene C1444T polymorphism and risk of recurrent ischemic events in patients with symptomatic intracranial atherostenoses. Cerebrovasc Dis.2009;28(1):95-102.
67. Ben Assayag E, Shenhar-Tsarfaty S, Bova I, et al. Association of the-757T>C polymorphism in the CRP gene with circulating C-reactive protein levels and carotid atherosclerosis. Thromb Res. Sep 2009;124(4):458-462.
68. Pai JK, Mukamal KJ, Rexrode KM, et al. C-reactive protein (CRP) gene polymorphisms, CRP levels, and risk of incident coronary heart disease in two nested case-control studies. PLoS One.2008;3(1):e1395.
69. Paik JK, Kim OY, Koh SJ, et al. Additive effect of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP) single nucleotide polymorphism on serum CRP concentration and other cardiovascular risk factors. Clin Chim Acta. May 12007;380(1-2):68-74.
70. Wang Q, Hunt SC, Xu Q, et al. Association study of CRP gene polymorphisms with serum CRP level and cardiovascular risk in the NHLBI Family Heart Study. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, Dec 2006;291(6):H2752-2757.
71. Pessi T, Eklund C, Huhtala H, et al. CRP and FCGR2A genes have an epistatic effect on carotid artery intima-media thickness:the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Int J Immunogenet. Feb 2009;36(1):39-45.
72. Schnabel R, Larson MG, Dupuis J, et al. Relations of inflammatory biomarkers and common genetic variants with arterial stiffness and wave reflection. Hypertension. Jun 2008;51(6):1651-1657.
73. Koyama H, Maeno T, Fukumoto S, et al. Platelet P-selectin expression is associated with atherosclerotic wall thickness in carotid artery in humans. Circulation. Aug 5 2003;108(5):524-529.
74. Swierblewska E, Hering D, Kara T, et al. An independent relationship between muscle sympathetic nerve activity and pulse wave velocity in normal humans. J Hypertens. May;28(5):979-984.
75. Chen W, Srinivasan SR, Boerwinkle E, et al. Beta-adrenergic receptor genes are associated with arterial stiffness in black and white adults:the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Hypertens. Dec 2007;20(12):1251-1257.
76. Yuan M, Ohishi M, Ito N, et al. Genetic influences of beta-adrenoceptor polymorphisms on arterial functional changes and cardiac remodeling in hypertensive patients. Hypertens Res. Nov 2006;29(11):875-881.
77. Nurnberger J, Opazo Saez A, Mitchell A, et al. The T-allele of the C825T polymorphism is associated with higher arterial stiffness in young healthy males. J Hum Hypertens. Apr 2004;18(4):267-271.
2. Gates PE, Tanaka H, Hiatt WR, et al. Dietary sodium restriction rapidly improves large elastic artery compliance in older adults with systolic hypertension. Hypertension. Jul 2004;44(1):35-41.
3. Smilde TJ, van den Berkmortel FW, Wollersheim H, et al. The effect of cholesterol lowering on carotid and femoral artery wall stiffness and thickness in patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Eur J Clin Invest. Jun 2000;30(6):473-480.
4. Dilaveris P, Giannopoulos G, Riga M, et al. Beneficial effects of statins on endothelial dysfunction and vascular stiffness. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. Jul 2007;5(3):227-237.
5. Cutler JA, Sorlie PD, Wolz M, et al. Trends in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control rates in United States adults between 1988-1994 and 1999-2004. Hypertension. Nov 2008;52(5):818-827.
6. Berenson GS, Wattigney WA, Tracy RE, et al. Atherosclerosis of the aorta and coronary arteries and cardiovascular risk factors in persons aged 6 to 30 years and studied at necropsy (The Bogalusa Heart Study). Am J Cardiol. Oct 1 1992;70(9):851-858.
7. Newman WP,3rd, Freedman DS, Voors AW, et al. Relation of serum lipoprotein levels and systolic blood pressure to early atherosclerosis. The Bogalusa Heart Study. N Engl J Med. Jan 16 1986;314(3):138-144.
8. Li S, Chen W, Srinivasan SR, et al. Childhood blood pressure as a predictor of arterial stiffness in young adults:the bogalusa heart study. Hypertension. Mar 2004;43(3):541-546.
9. Oren A, Vos LE, Uiterwaal C, et al. Adolescent blood pressure and blood pressure tracking into young adulthood are related to subclinical atherosclerosis:the Atherosclerosis Risk in Young Adults (ARYA) study. Am J Hypertens. Jul 2003;16(7):549-555.
10. Mitchell GF, DeStefano AL, Larson MG, et al. Heritability and a genome-wide linkage scan for arterial stiffness, wave reflection, and mean arterial pressure:the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. Jul 12 2005; 112(2):194-199.
11. Sherva R, Miller MB, Lynch AI, et al. A whole genome scan for pulse pressure/stroke volume ratio in African Americans:the HyperGEN study. Am J Hypertens. Apr 2007;20(4):398-402.
12. Ge D, Young TW, Wang X, et al. Heritability of arterial stiffness in black and white American youth and young adults. Am J Hypertens. Oct 2007;20(10):1065-1072.
13. Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, Lacolley P. Structural and genetic bases of arterial stiffness. Hypertension. Jun 2005;45(6):1050-1055.
14. Nichols W,& O'Rourke, M. F. McDonalds's Blood Flow in Arteries:Theoretical, Experimental and Clinical Principles. (4th ed.). London, UK:Arnold.1998.
15. Bhuiyan AR, Srinivasan SR, Chen W, et al. Correlates of vascular structure and function measures in asymptomatic young adults:the Bogalusa Heart Study. Atherosclerosis. Nov 2006;189(1):1-7.
16. Mattace-Raso FU, van der Cammen TJ, Hofman A, et al. Arterial stiffness and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke:the Rotterdam Study. Circulation. Feb 7 2006;113(5):657-663.
17. Willum-Hansen T, Staessen JA, Torp-Pedersen C, et al. Prognostic value of aortic pulse wave velocity as index of arterial stiffness in the general population. Circulation. Feb 7 2006;113(5):664-670.
18.. Willerson JT, Ridker PM. Inflammation as a cardiovascular risk factor. Circulation. Jun 1 2004;109(21 Suppl 1):II2-10.
19. Sprague AH, Khalil RA. Inflammatory cytokines in vascular dysfunction and vascular disease. Biochem Pharmacol. Sep 15 2009;78(6):539-552.
20. Libby P, Ridker PM, Hansson GK. Inflammation in atherosclerosis:from pathophysiology to practice. J Am Coll Cardiol. Dec 1 2009;54(23):2129-2138.
21. Toutouzas K, Synetos A, Drakopoulou M, et al. The role of inflammation in atrial fibrillation: a myth or a fact? Am JMed Sci. Dec 2009;338(6):494-499.
22. Kai H, Kudo H, Takayama N, et al. Large blood pressure variability and hypertensive cardiac remodeling--role of cardiac inflammation. Circ J. Dec 2009;73(12):2198-2203.
23. Vardavas CI, Panagiotakos DB. The causal relationship between passive smoking and inflammation on the development of cardiovascular disease:a review of the evidence. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets. Dec 2009;8(5):328-333.
24. Nordestgaard BG, Zacho J. Lipids, atherosclerosis and CVD risk:is CRP an innocent bystander? Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. Oct 2009;19(8):521-524.
25. Kampoli AM, Tousoulis D, Antoniades C, et al. Biomarkers of premature atherosclerosis. Trends Mol Med. Jul 2009;15(7):323-332.
26. Ryan S, Taylor CT, McNicholas WT. Systemic inflammation: a key factor in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular complications in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome? Thorax. Jul 2009;64(7):631-636.
27. Rajsheker S, Manka D, Blomkalns AL, et al. Crosstalk between perivascular adipose tissue and blood vessels. Curr Opin Pharmacol. Apr 2010;10(2):191-196.
28. Fain JN. Release of interleukins and other inflammatory cytokines by human adipose tissue is enhanced in obesity and primarily due to the nonfat cells. Vitam Horm. 2006;74:443-477.
29. Ridker PM. Testing the inflammatory hypothesis of atherothrombosis:scientific rationale for the cardiovascular inflammation reduction trial (CIRT). J Thromb Haemost. Jul 2009;7 Suppl 1:332-339.
30. Weber T. Low-grade systemic inflammation, arterial structure and function, and hypertension. Am JHypertens. Apr 2010;23(4):346.
31. Androulakis ES, Tousoulis D, Papageorgiou N, et al. Essential hypertension:is there a role for inflammatory mechanisms? Cardiol Rev. Sep-Oct 2009;17(5):216-221.
32. Tsioufis C, Dimitriadis K, Andrikou E, et al. ADMA, C-Reactive Protein, and Albuminuria in Untreated Essential Hypertension:A Cross-sectional Study. Am J Kidney Dis. Feb 25 2010.
33. Ozdogan M, Bozcuk H, Coban E. Low-grade inflammation in white-coat hypertension. Med Sci Monit. Dec 2007;13(12):CR570-573.
34. Schnabel R, Larson MG, Dupuis J, et al. Relations of inflammatory biomarkers and common genetic variants with arterial stiffness and wave reflection. Hypertension. Jun 2008;51(6):1651-1657.
35. Syrenicz A, Garanty-Bogacka B, Syrenicz M, et al. Relation of low-grade inflammation and endothelial activation to blood pressure in obese children and adolescents. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. Aug 2006;27(4):459-464.
36. Benicky J, Sanchez-Lemus E, Pavel J, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of angiotensin receptor blockers in the brain and the periphery. Cell Mol Neurobiol. Sep 2009;29(6-7):781-792.
37. Del Fiorentino A, Cianchetti S, Celi A, et al. The effect of angiotensin receptor blockers on C-reactive protein and other circulating inflammatory indices in man. Vase Health Risk Manag.2009;5(1):233-242.
38. Viel EC, Lemarie CA, Benkirane K, et. al. Immune regulation and vascular inflammation in genetic hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. Mar 2010;298(3):H938-944.
39. Hao XQ, Zhang HG, Li SH, et al. Prenatal Exposure to Inflammation Induced by Zymosan Results in Activation of Intrarenal Renin-Angiotensin System in Adult Offspring Rats. Inflammation. Mar 13 2010.
40. Rodriguez-Iturbe B. Renal infiltration of immunocompetent cells: cause and effect of sodium-sensitive hypertension. Clin Exp Nephrol. Apr 2010;14(2):105-111.
41. Tinsley JH, South S, Chiasson VL, et al. Interleukin-10 reduces inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and blood pressure in hypertensive pregnant rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. Mar 2010;298(3):R713-719.
42. Holmlund A, Hulthe J, Millgard J, et al. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 is related to endothelial vasodilatory function in healthy individuals. Atherosclerosis. Dec 2002;165(2):271-276.
43. Demerath E, Towne B, Blangero J, et al. The relationship of soluble ICAM-1, VCAM-1, P-selectin and E-selectin to cardiovascular disease risk factors in healthy men and women. Ann Hum Biol. Nov-Dec 2001;28(6):664-678.
44. Knudsen ST, Jeppesen P, Frederiksen CA, et al. Endothelial dysfunction, ambulatory pulse pressure and albuminuria are associated in Type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabet Med. Aug 2007;24(8):911-915.
45. Budak E, Madazli R, Aksu MF, et al. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and leukocyte activation in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. Nov 1998;63(2):115-121.
46. Ferri C, Desideri G, Baldoncini R, et al. Early activation of vascular endothelium in nonobese, nondiabetic essential hypertensive patients with multiple metabolic abnormalities. Diabetes. Apr 1998;47(4):660-667.
47. Sanada H, Midorikawa S, Yatabe J, et al. Elevation of serum soluble E-and P-selectin in patients with hypertension is reversed by benidipine, a long-acting calcium channel blocker. Hypertens Res. Nov 2005;28(11):871-878.
48. De Caterina R, Ghiadoni L, Taddei S, et al. Soluble E-selectin in essential hypertension:a correlate of vascular structural changes. Am J Hypertens. Mar 2001;14(3):259-266.
49. Ferri C, Desideri G, Valenti M, et al. Early upregulation of endothelial adhesion molecules in obese hypertensive men. Hypertension. Oct 1999;34(4 Pt 1):568-573.
50. von Kanel R, Preckel D, Kudielka BM, et al. Responsiveness and habituation of soluble ICAM-1 to acute psychosocial stress in men: determinants and effect of stress-hemoconcentration. Physiol Res.2007;56(5):627-639.
51. Cottone S, Mule G, Nardi E, et al. C-reactive protein and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 are stronger predictors of oxidant stress than blood pressure in established hypertension. JHypertens. Feb 2007;25(2):423-428.
52. Garanty-Bogacka B, Syrenicz M, Syrenicz A. et al. Serum markers of inflammation and endothelial activation in children with obesity-related hypertension. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. Jun 2005;26(3):242-246.
53. Boulbou MS, Koukoulis GN, Makri ED, et al. Circulating adhesion molecules levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Int JCardiol. Jan 2005;98(1):39-44.
54. Karter Y, Aydin S, Curgunlu A, et al. Endothelium and angiogenesis in white coat hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. Nov 2004;18(11):809-814.
55. Larrousse M, Bragulat E, Segarra M, et al. Increased levels of atherosclerosis markers in salt-sensitive hypertension. Am JHypertens. Jan 2006;19(1):87-93.
56. Palomo I, Marin P, Alarcon M, et al. Patients with essential hypertension present higher levels of sE-selectin and sVCAM-1 than normotensive volunteers. Clin Exp Hypertens. Nov 2003;25(8):517-523.
57. Chen Y, Osika W, Dangardt F, et al. High levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, insulin resistance and saturated fatty acids are associated with endothelial dysfunction in healthy adolescents. Atherosclerosis. Aug;211(2):638-642.
58. McKinney VZ, Rinker KD, Truskey GA. Normal and shear stresses influence the spatial distribution of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to sudden expansion flow. J Biomech. 2006;39(5):806-817.
59. Wang H, Nawata J, Kakudo N, et al. The upregulation of ICAM-1 and P-selectin requires high blood pressure but not circulating renin-angiotensin system in vivo. J Hypertens. Jul 2004;22(7):1323-1332.
60. Bae EH, Kim IJ, Park JW, et al. Renoprotective effect of rosuvastatin in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant. Apr;25(4):1051-1059.
61. Vita JA, Holbrook M, Palmisano J, et al. Flow-induced arterial remodeling relates to endothelial function in the human forearm. Circulation. Jun 17 2008;117(24):3126-3133.
62. Marteau JB, Sass C, Pfister M, et al. The Leu554Phe polymorphism in the E-selectin gene is associated with blood pressure in overweight people. J Hypertens. Feb 2004;22(2):305-311.
63. Filiopoulos V, Vlassopoulos D. Inflammatory syndrome in chronic kidney disease: pathogenesis and influence on outcomes. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets. Dec 2009;8(5):369-382.
64. Abeywardena MY, Leifert WR, Warnes KE, et al. Cardiovascular biology of interleukin-6. Curr Pharm Des.2009;15(15):1809-1821.
65. Mahmud A, Feely J. Arterial stiffness is related to systemic inflammation in essential hypertension. Hypertension. Nov 2005;46(5):1118-1122.
66. Manabe S, Okura T, Watanabe S, et al. Association between carotid haemodynamics and inflammation in patients with essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. Oct 2005;19(10):787-791.
67. Hulkkonen J, Lehtimaki T, Mononen N, et al. Polymorphism in the IL6 promoter region is associated with the risk factors and markers of subclinical atherosclerosis in men:The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Atherosclerosis. Apr 2009;203(2):454-458.
68. Sie MP, Mattace-Raso FU, Uitterlinden AG, et al. The interleukin-6-174 G/C promoter polymorphism and arterial stiffness; the Rotterdam Study. Vase Health Risk Manag. 2008;4(4):863-869.
69. Brull DJ, Montgomery HE, Sanders J, et al. Interleukin-6 gene-174g>c and-572g>c promoter polymorphisms are strong predictors of plasma interleukin-6 levels after coronary artery bypass surgery. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol. Sep 2001;21(9):1458-1463.
70. Fishman D, Faulds G, Jeffery R, et al. The effect of novel polymorphisms in the interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene on IL-6 transcription and plasma IL-6 levels, and an association with systemic-onset juvenile chronic arthritis. J Clin Invest. Oct 1 1998;102(7):1369-1376.
71. Terry CF, Loukaci V, Green FR. Cooperative influence of genetic polymorphisms on interleukin 6 transcriptional regulation. J Biol Chem. Jun 16 2000;275(24):18138-18144.
72. Wessel J, Moratorio G, Rao F, et al. C-reactive protein, an'intermediate phenotype'for inflammation:human twin studies reveal heritability, association with blood pressure and the metabolic syndrome, and the influence of common polymorphism at catecholaminergic/beta-adrenergic pathway loci. J Hypertens. Feb 2007;25(2):329-343.
73. Zhang R, Zhang YY, Huang XR, et al. C-reactive protein promotes cardiac fibrosis and inflammation in angiotensin II-induced hypertensive cardiac disease. Hypertension. Apr 2010;55(4):953-960.
74. Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Plantinga Y, et al. C-reactive protein and hypertension:is there a causal relationship? Curr Pharm Des.2007;13(16):1693-1698.
75. Phinney JS. The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure:A new scale for use with adolescents and young adults from diverse groups. Journal of Adolescent Research. 1992;7:156-176.
76. Schiller NB, Shah PM, Crawford M, et al. Recommendations for quantitation of the left ventricle by two-dimensional echocardiography. American Society of Echocardiography Committee on Standards, Subcommittee on Quantitation of Two-Dimensional Echocardiograms. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. Sep-Oct 1989;2(5):358-367.
77. Arnett DK, Skelton TN, Liebson PR, et al. Comparison of m-mode echocardiographic left ventricular mass measured using digital and strip chart readings:the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2003;1:8.
78. Cuspidi C, Meani S, Negri F, et al. Indexation of left ventricular mass to body surface area and height to allometric power of 2.7:is the difference limited to obese hypertensives? J Hum Hypertens. Nov 2009;23(11):728-734.
79. Dong Y, Zhu H, Wang X, et al. Obesity reveals an association between blood pressure and the G-protein beta3-subunit gene:a study of female dizygotic twins. Pharmacogenetics. Jul 2004;14(7):419-427.
80. Zaykin DV, Westfall PH, Young SS, et al. Testing association of statistically inferred haplotypes with discrete and continuous traits in samples of unrelated individuals. Hum Hered.2002;53(2):79-91.
81. Zhu H, Wang X, Dong Y, et al. Influence of the eNOS gene on development of blood pressure and left ventricular mass:longitudinal findings in multiethnic youth. Pharmacogenet Genomics. Sep 2005;15(9):669-675.
82. Mitchell GF, Guo CY, Benjamin EJ, et al. Cross-sectional correlates of increased aortic stiffness in the community:the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. May 22 2007;115(20):2628-2636.
83. Cecelja M, Chowienczyk P. Dissociation of aortic pulse wave velocity with risk factors for cardiovascular disease other than hypertension: a systematic review. Hypertension. Dec 2009;54(6):1328-1336.
84. Hall WD, Ferrario CM, Moore MA, et al. Hypertension-related morbidity and mortality in the southeastern United States. Am JMed Sci. Apr 1997;313(4):195-209.
85. Lauer RM, Clarke WR. Childhood risk factors for high adult blood pressure:the Muscatine Study. Pediatrics. Oct 1989;84(4):633-641.
86. Menkes MS, Matthews KA, Krantz DS, et al. Cardiovascular reactivity to the cold pressor test as a predictor of hypertension. Hypertension. Nov 1989;14(5):524-530.
87. Wood DL, Sheps SG, Elveback LR, et al. Cold pressor test as a predictor of hypertension. Hypertension. May-Jun 1984;6(3):301-306.
88. Allen MT, Matthews KA, Sherman FS. Cardiovascular reactivity to stress and left ventricular mass in youth. Hypertension. Oct 1997;30(4):782-787.
89. Trieber FA, McCaffrey F, Pflieger K, et al. Determinants of left ventricular mass in normotensive children. Am J Hypertens. Jun 1993;6(6Pt1):505-513.
90. McEniery CM, Yasmin, Maki-Petaja KM, et al. The impact of cardiovascular risk factors on aortic stiffness and wave reflections depends on age:the Anglo-Cardiff Collaborative Trial (ACCT Ⅲ). Hypertension. Oct;56(4):591-597.
91. Ni Y, Wang H, Hu D, et al. The relationship between pulse wave velocity and pulse pressure in Chinese patients with essential hypertension. Hypertens Res. Nov 2003;26(11):871-874.
92. Asmar R, Rudnichi A, Blacher J, et al. Pulse pressure and aortic pulse wave are markers of cardiovascular risk in hypertensive populations. Am J Hypertens. Feb 2001;14(2):91-97.
93. Kim EJ, Park CG, Park JS, et al. Relationship between blood pressure parameters and pulse wave velocity in normotensive and hypertensive subjects:invasive study. J Hum Hypertens. Feb 2007;21(2):141-148.
94. Asmar R, Benetos A, Topouchian J, et al. Assessment of arterial distensibility by automatic pulse wave velocity measurement. Validation and clinical application studies. Hypertension. Sep 1995;26(3):485-490.
95. Din-Dzietham R, Couper D, Evans Q et al. Arterial stiffness is greater in African Americans than in whites:evidence from the Forsyth County, North Carolina, ARIC cohort. Am J Hypertens. Apr 2004;17(4):304-313.
96. 邢绣荣华谭刘闻.高血压病患者颈-股动脉和颈-桡动脉脉搏波速度改变及其影响因素.中华心血管病杂志2005；33(12).
97. Grossman E, Oren S, Messerli FH. Left ventricular mass and cardiac function in patients with essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. Jun 1994;8(6):417-421.
98. Pannier B, Asmar R, Laurent S, et al. [Index of arterial and venous compliance and echocardiographic parameters in essential permanent arterial hypertension]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. Jun 1987;80(6):879-882.
99. Bouthier JD, De Luca N, Safar ME, et al. Cardiac hypertrophy and arterial distensibility in essential hypertension. Am Heart J. Jun 1985;109(6):1345-1352.
100. Maslennikova OM, Romanchuk SV, Rachkova SA, et al. [Effects of hypotensive treatment on structural-functional properties of the vascular wall in hypertensive patients]. Ter Arkh.2008;80(9):33-36.
101. Hanevold C, Waller J, Daniels S, et al. The effects of obesity, gender, and ethnic group on left ventricular hypertrophy and geometry in hypertensive children: a collaborative study of the International Pediatric Hypertension Association. Pediatrics. Feb 2004;113(2):328-333.
102. Daniels SR, Meyer RA, Liang YC, et al. Echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass index in normal children, adolescents and young adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. Sep 1988;12(3):703-708.
103. Zhu H, Yan W, Ge D, et al. Cardiovascular characteristics in American youth with prehypertension. Am JHypertens. Oct 2007;20(10):1051-1057.
104. Li R, Richey PA, DiSessa TG, et al. Blood aldosterone-to-renin ratio, ambulatory blood pressure, and left ventricular mass in children. J Pediatr. Aug 2009;155(2):170-175.
105. Hinderliter AL, Light KC, Willis PWt. Racial differences in left ventricular structure in healthy young adults. Am J Cardiol. May 1 1992;69(14):1196-1199.
106. Fujita T, Noda H, Ito Y, et al. Increased sympathoadrenomedullary activity and left ventricular hypertrophy in young patients with borderline hypertension. J Mol Cell Cardiol. Dec 1989;21 Suppl 5:31-38.
107. Andersen UB, Steensgaard-Hansen F, Rokkedal J, et al. Left ventricular structure and diastolic function in subjects with two hypertensive parents. Blood Press. 2001;10(4):193-198.
108. Lauer MS, Anderson KM, Levy D. Separate and joint influences of obesity and mild hypertension on left ventricular mass and geometry:the Framingham Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. Jan 1992;19(1):130-134.
109. Todd AS, Macginley RJ, Schollum JB, et al. Dietary salt loading impairs arterial vascular reactivity. Am J Clin Nutr. Mar;91(3):557-564.
110. Polonia J, Maldonado J, Ramos R, et al. Estimation of salt intake by urinary sodium excretion in a Portuguese adult population and its relationship to arterial stiffness. Rev Port Cardiol. Sep 2006;25(9):801-817.
111. Lopez-Ruiz A, Sartori-Valinotti J, Yanes LL, et al. Sex differences in control of blood pressure:role of oxidative stress in hypertension in females. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. Aug 2008;295(2):H466-474.
112. Kowalik M. Psychosomatic aspects of arterial hypertension in women. Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska Med.2004;59(1):245-249.
113. Costanzo S, Di Castelnuovo A, Zito F, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in healthy unrelated male-female pairs of European regions: the dietary habit profile in European communities with different risk of myocardial infarction--the impact of migration as a model of gene-environment interaction project. J Hypertens. Dec 2008;26(12):2303-2311.
114. Pollard TM, Pearce KL, Rousham EK, et al. Do blood pressure and heart rate responses to perceived stress vary according to endogenous estrogen level in women? Am J Phys Anthropol. Jan 2007; 132(1):151-157.
115. Hernandez Schulman I, Raij L. Salt sensitivity and hypertension after menopause:role of nitric oxide and angiotensin Ⅱ. Am J Nephrol.2006;26(2):170-180.
116. Maffei S, Mercuri A, Prontera C, et al. Vasoactive biomarkers and oxidative stress in healthy recently postmenopausal women treated with hormone replacement therapy. Climacteric. Dec 2006;9(6):452-458.
117. Matthews KA, Owens JF, Salomon K, et al. Influence of hormone therapy on the cardiovascular responses to stress of postmenopausal women. Biol Psychol. Apr 2005;69(1):39-56.
118. Uji M, Yoshida K, Shintani-Ishida K, et al. Sex difference in norepinephrine surge in response to psychological stress through nitric oxide in rats. Life Sci. Feb 6 2007;80(9):860-866.
119. Sartori-Valinotti JC, Iliescu R, Yanes LL, et al. Sex differences in the pressor response to angiotensin Ⅱ when the endogenous renin-angiotensin system is blocked. Hypertension. Apr 2008;51(4):1170-1176.
120. Xue B, Zhao Y, Johnson AK, et al. Central estrogen inhibition of angiotensin Ⅱ-induced hypertension in male mice and the role of reactive oxygen species. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. Sep 2008;295(3):H1025-H1032.
121. Ueyama T, Ishikura F, Matsuda A, et al. Chronic estrogen supplementation following ovariectomy improves the emotional stress-induced cardiovascular responses by indirect action on the nervous system and by direct action on the heart. Circ J. Apr 2007;71(4):565-573.
122. Arias-Loza PA, Hu K, Dienesch C, et al. Both estrogen receptor subtypes, alpha and beta, attenuate cardiovascular remodeling in aldosterone salt-treated rats. Hypertension. Aug 2007;50(2):432-438.
123. Gingerich S, Krukoff TL. Estrogen in the paraventricular nucleus attenuates L-glutamate-induced increases in mean arterial pressure through estrogen receptor beta and NO. Hypertension. Dec 2006;48(6):1130-1136.
124. Soinio M, Marniemi J, Laakso M, et al. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes:a 7-year follow-up study. Diabetes Care. Feb 2006;29(2):329-333.
125. Jones J, Chen LS, Baudhuin L, et al. Relationships between C-reactive protein concentration and genotype in healthy volunteers. Clin Chem Lab Med 2009;47(1):20-25.
126. Wang Q, Hunt SC, Xu Q, et al. Association study of CRP gene polymorphisms with serum CRP level and cardiovascular risk in the NHLBI Family Heart Study. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. Dec 2006;291 (6):H2752-2757.
127. Suk Danik J, Chasman DI, Cannon CP, et al. Influence of genetic variation in the C-reactive protein gene on the inflammatory response during and after acute coronary ischemia. Ann Hum Genet. Nov 2006;70(Pt 6):705-716.
128. MacGregor AJ, Gallimore JR, Spector TD, et al. Genetic effects on baseline values of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid a protein:a comparison of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Clin Chem. Jan 2004;50(1):130-134.
129. Vickers MA, Green FR, Terry C, et al. Genotype at a promoter polymorphism of the interleukin-6 gene is associated with baseline levels of plasma C-reactive protein. Cardiovasc Res. Mar 2002;53(4):1029-1034.
130. Pankow JS, Folsom AR, Cushman M, et al. Familial and genetic determinants of systemic markers of inflammation: the NHLBI family heart study. Atherosclerosis. Feb 15 2001;154(3):681-689.
131. Danesh J, Whincup P, Walker M, et al. Low grade inflammation and coronary heart disease:prospective study and updated meta-analyses. Bmj. Jul 22 2000;321(7255):199-204.
132. Bhakdi S, Torzewski M, Klouche M, et al. Complement and atherogenesis:binding of CRP to degraded, nonoxidized LDL enhances complement activation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. Oct 1999;19(10):2348-2354.
133. Pasceri V, Willerson JT, Yeh ET. Direct proinflammatory effect of C-reactive protein on human endothelial cells. Circulation. Oct 31 2000;102(18):2165-2168.
134. Torzewski M, Rist C, Mortensen RF, et al. C-reactive protein in the arterial intima: role of C-reactive protein receptor-dependent monocyte recruitment in atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. Sep 2000;20(9):2094-2099.
135. Zwaka TP, Hombach V, Torzewski J. C-reactive protein-mediated low density lipoprotein uptake by macrophages:implications for atherosclerosis. Circulation. Mar 62001;103(9):1194-1197.
136. Devaraj S, Xu DY, Jialal I. C-reactive protein increases plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression and activity in human aortic endothelial cells:implications for the metabolic syndrome and atherothrombosis. Circulation. Jan 28 2003;107(3):398-404.
137. Fichtlscherer S, Rosenberger G, Walter DH, et al. Elevated C-reactive protein levels and impaired endothelial vasoreactivity in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. Aug 29 2000;102(9):1000-1006.
138. Balistreri CR, Vasto S, Listi F, et al. Association between +1059G/C CRP polymorphism and acute myocardial infarction in a cohort of patients from Sicily:a pilot study. Ann N YAcad Sci. May 2006;1067:276-281.
139. Morita A, Nakayama T, Soma M. Association study between C-reactive protein genes and ischemic stroke in Japanese subjects. Am J Hypertens. Jun 2006;19(6):593-600.
140. Morita A, Nakayama T, Doba N, et al. Polymorphism of the C-reactive protein (CRP) gene is related to serum CRP Level and arterial pulse wave velocity in healthy elderly Japanese. Hypertens Res. May 2006;29(5):323-331
141. Lin JW, Dai DF, Chou YH, et al. Exploring the effects of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-1 beta single nucleotide polymorphisms on CRP concentration in patients with established coronary artery disease. Classification tree approach. Int Heart J. Jul 2007;48(4):463-475.
142. Dai DF, Chiang FT, Lin JL, et al. Human C-reactive protein (CRP) gene 1059G>C polymorphism is associated with plasma CRP concentration in patients receiving coronary angiography. J Formos Med Assoc. May 2007;106(5):347-354.
143. Thalmaier D, Dambacher J, Seiderer J, et al. The+1059G/C polymorphism in the C-reactive protein (CRP) gene is associated with involvement of the terminal ileum and decreased serum CRP levels in patients with Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. Oct 1 2006;24(7):1105-1115.
144. Eklund C, Lehtimaki T, Hurme M. Epistatic effect of C-reactive protein (CRP) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)+1059 and interleukin-1B SNP+3954 on CRP concentration in healthy male blood donors. Int J Immunogenet. Aug 2005;32(4):229-232.
145. Wang Q, Ding H, Tang JR, et al. C-reactive protein polymorphisms and genetic susceptibility to ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke in the Chinese Han population. Acta Pharmacol Sin. Mar 2009;30(3):291-298.
146. Resnick LM, Catanzaro D, Sealey JE, et al. Acute vascular effects of the angiotensin Ⅱ receptor antagonist olmesartan in normal subjects:relation to the renin-aldosterone system. Am J Hypertens. Mar 2004;17(3):203-208.
147. Chen J, Zhao J, Huang J, et al.-717A>G polymorphism of human C-reactive protein gene associated with coronary heart disease in ethnic Han Chinese:the Beijing atherosclerosis study. JMol Med. Jan 2005;83(1):72-78.
148. Wang L, Lu X, Li Y, et al. Functional analysis of the C-reactive protein (CRP) gene-717A>G polymorphism associated with coronary heart disease. BMC Med Genet. 2009;10:73.
149. Miller DT, Zee RY, Suk Danik J, et al. Association of common CRP gene variants with CRP levels and cardiovascular events. Ann Hum Genet. Nov 2005;69(Pt 6):623-638.
150. Saleh N, Kovacs A, Tornvall P. Relevance of genetic polymorphisms in inflammatory response to percutaneous coronary intervention. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2009;69(7):736-740.
151. Kathiresan S, Larson MG, Vasan RS, et al. Contribution of clinical correlates and 13 C-reactive protein gene polymorphisms to interindividual variability in serum C-reactive protein level. Circulation. Mar 21 2006;113(11):1415-1423.
152. 朱秀艳丁曲夏王田.高血压左室构型与左室中层力学的关系。高血压杂志年2000；8(4).
153. Eklund C, Kivimaki M, Islam MS, et al. C-reactive protein genetics is associated with carotid artery compliance in men in The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Atherosclerosis. Feb 2008;196(2):841-848.
154. Crawford DC, Sanders CL, Qin X, et al. Genetic variation is associated with C-reactive protein levels in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Circulation. Dec 5 2006;114(23):2458-2465.
155. Walston JD, Fallin MD, Cushman M, et al. IL-6 gene variation is associated with IL-6 and C-reactive protein levels but not cardiovascular outcomes in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Hum Genet. Dec 2007;122(5):485-494.
156. Balding J, Livingstone WJ, Pittock SJ, et al. The IL-6 G-174C polymorphism may be associated with ischaemic stroke in patients without a history of hypertension. Ir J Med Sci. Oct-Dec 2004;173(4):200-203.
157. Kelberman D, Hawe E, Luong LA, et al. Effect of Interleukin-6 promoter polymorphisms in survivors of myocardial infarction and matched controls in the North and South of Europe. The HIFMECH Study. Thromb Haemost. Nov 2004;92(5):1122-1128.
158. Brull DJ, Leeson CP, Montgomery HE, et al. The effect of the Interleukin-6-174G>C promoter gene polymorphism on endothelial function in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Invest. Mar 2002;32(3):153-157.
159. Losito A, Kalidas K, Santoni S, et al. Association of interleukin-6-174G/C promoter polymorphism with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy in dialysis patients. Kidney Int. Aug 2003;64(2):616-622.
160. Riikola A, Sipila K, Kahonen M, et al. Interleukin-6 promoter polymorphism and cardiovascular risk factors:the Health 2000 Survey. Atherosclerosis. Dec 2009;207(2):466-470.
161. Manginas A, Tsiavou A, Chaidaroglou A, et al. Inflammatory cytokine gene variants in coronary artery disease patients in Greece. Coron Artery Dis. Dec 2008;19(8):575-582.
162. Unal S, Gumruk F, Aytac S, et al. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels and IL-6, TNF-polymorphisms in children with thrombosis. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. Jan 2008;30(1):26-31.
163. Boulanger MJ, Garcia KC. Shared cytokine signaling receptors:structural insights from the gp130 system. Adv Protein Chem.2004;68:107-146.
164. Hirota H, Chen J, Betz UA, et al. Loss of a gp130 cardiac muscle cell survival pathway is a critical event in the onset of heart failure during biomechanical stress. Cell. Apr 16 1999;97(2):189-198.
165. Kallen KJ. The role of transsignalling via the agonistic soluble IL-6 receptor in human diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta. Nov 112002;1592(3):323-343.
166. Uozumi H, Hiroi Y, Zou Y, et al. gp130 plays a critical role in pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy. J Biol Chem. Jun 22 2001;276(25):23115-23119.
167. Salguero G, Schuett H, Jagielska J, et al. Hepatocyte gpl30 deficiency reduces vascular remodeling after carotid artery ligation. Hypertension. Nov 2009;54(5):1035-1042.
168. Benrick A, Jirholt P, Wernstedt I, et al. A non-conservative polymorphism in the IL-6 signal transducer (IL6ST)/gp130 is associated with myocardial infarction in a hypertensive population. Regul Pept. Feb 7 2008;146(1-3):189-196.
169. Reich D, Patterson N, Ramesh V, et al. Admixture mapping of an allele affecting interleukin 6 soluble receptor and interleukin 6 levels. Am J Hum Genet. Apr 2007;80(4):716-726.
170. Galicia JC, Tai H, Komatsu Y, et al. Polymorphisms in the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) gene: strong evidence that serum levels of soluble IL-6R are genetically influenced. Genes Immun. Sep 2004;5(6):513-516.
171. Schnabel RB, Lunetta KL, Larson MG, et al. The relation of genetic and environmental factors to systemic inflammatory biomarker concentrations. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. Jun 2009;2(3):229-237.
172. Qi L, Rifai N, Hu FB. Interleukin-6 receptor gene variations, plasma interleukin-6 levels, and type 2 diabetes in U.S. Women. Diabetes. Dec 2007;56(12):3075-3081.
173. Qi L, Rifai N, Hu FB. Interleukin-6 receptor gene, plasma C-reactive protein, and diabetes risk in women. Diabetes. Jan 2009;58(1):275-278.
174. Song Y, Miyaki K, Araki J, et al. The interaction between the interleukin 6 receptor gene genotype and dietary energy intake on abdominal obesity in Japanese men. Metabolism. Jul 2007;56(7):925-930.
175. Zhang S, Zhang P, Huang QY. [Association of the D358 A polymorphism of IL6R gene with type 2 diabetes in Hubei Han Chinese]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi. Aug 2009;26(4):452-456.
176. Morris RW, Kaplan NL. On the advantage of haplotype analysis in the presence of multiple disease susceptibility alleles. Genet Epidemiol. Oct 2002;23(3):221-233.
177. Blankenberg S, Barbaux S, Tiret L. Adhesion molecules and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. Oct 2003;170(2):191-203.
178. Chang YP, Liu X, Kim JD, et al. Multiple genes for essential-hypertension susceptibility on chromosome 1q. Am J Hum Genet. Feb 2007;80(2):253-264.
179. Licata G, Di Chiara T, Licata A, et al. Relationship between circulating E-selectin, DD genotype of angiotensin-converting-enzyme, and cardiovascular damage in central obese subjects. Metabolism. Aug 2003;52(8):999-1004.
180. Auer J, Weber T, Berent R, et al. Genetic polymorphisms in cytokine and adhesion molecule genes in coronary artery disease. Am J Pharmacogenomics. 2003;3(5):317-328.
181. Chen HL, Hua Q, Liu RK, et al. [Effect of E-selectin A561C (S128R) polymorphism on blood pressure]. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi. Jul 2005;33(7):603-607.
182. Wang Z, Liu Y, Liu J, et al. E-selectin gene polymorphisms are associated with essential hypertension:a case-control pilot study in a Chinese population. BMC Med Genet.11:127.
183. Sass C, Pallaud C, Zannad F, et al. Relationship between E-selectin L/F554 polymorphism and blood pressure in the Stanislas cohort. Hum Genet. Jul 2000;107(1):58-61.
184. Lee DS, Larson MG, Lunetta KL, et al. Clinical and genetic correlates of soluble P-selectin in the community. J Thromb Haemost. Jan 2008;6(1):20-31.
185. Reiner AP, Carlson CS, Thyagarajan B, et al. Soluble P-selectin, SELP polymorphisms, and atherosclerotic risk in European-American and African-African young adults:the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. Aug 2008;28(8):1549-1555.
186. Collins RG, Velji R, Guevara NV, et al. P-Selectin or intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 deficiency substantially protects against atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J Exp Med. Jan 3 2000;191(1):189-194.
187. Tregouet DA, Barbaux S, Escolano S, et al. Specific haplotypes of the P-selectin gene are associated with myocardial infarction. Hum Mol Genet. Aug 15 2002;11(17):2015-2023.
188. Volcik KA, Ballantyne CM, Coresh J, et al. Specific P-selectin and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 genotypes/haplotypes are associated with risk of incident CHD and ischemic stroke:the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Atherosclerosis. Nov 2007;195(1):e76-82.
189. Bourdillon MC, Poston RN, Covacho C, et al. ICAM-1 deficiency reduces atherosclerotic lesions in double-knockout mice (ApoE(-/-)/ICAM-l(-/-)) fed a fat or a chow diet. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. Dec 2000;20(12):2630-2635.
190. Dansky HM, Barlow CB, Lominska C, et al. Adhesion of monocytes to arterial endothelium and initiation of atherosclerosis are critically dependent on vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 gene dosage. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. Oct 2001;21(10):1662-1667.
191. Miller MA, Kerry SM, Cook DG, et al. Cellular adhesion molecules and blood pressure:interaction with sex in a multi-ethnic population. J Hypertens. Apr 2004;22(4):705-711.
192. Wenzel K, Stahn R, Speer A, et al. Functional characterization of atherosclerosis-associated Ser128Arg and Leu554Phe E-selectin mutations. Biol Chem. Jun 1999;380(6):661-667.
1. Nakhai-Pour HR, Grobbee DE, Bots ML, et al. C-reactive protein and aortic stiffness and wave reflection in middle-aged and elderly men from the community. J Hum Hypertens. Dec 2007;21(12):949-955.
2. Cecelja M, Chowienczyk P. Dissociation of aortic pulse wave velocity with risk factors for cardiovascular disease other than hypertension:a systematic review. Hypertension. Dec 2009;54(6):1328-1336.
3. Hayashi K, Maeda S, Iemitsu M, et al. Sex differences in the relationship between estrogen receptor alpha gene polymorphisms and arterial stiffness in older humans. Am J Hypertens.Jun 2007;20(6):650-656.
4. Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, Asmar R, et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients. Hypertension. May 2001;37(5):1236-1241.
5. Meaume S, Benetos A, Henry OF, et al. Aortic pulse wave velocity predicts cardiovascular mortality in subjects>70 years of age. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. Dec 2001;21(12):2046-2050.
6. Vlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, Stefanadis C. Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness:a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. Mar 30;55(13):1318-1327.
7. Lim HE, Park CG, Shin SH, et al. Aortic pulse wave velocity as an independent marker of coronary artery disease. Blood Press.2004;13(6):369-375.
8. O'Rourke MF, Nichols WW. Aortic diameter, aortic stiffness, and wave reflection increase with age and isolated systolic hypertension. Hypertension. Apr 2005;45(4):652-658.
9. Lantelme P, Mestre C,Lievre M, et al.Heart rate:an important confounder of pulse wave velocity assessment. Hypertension. Jun 2002;39(6):1083-1087.
10. Hashimoto J,Chonan K, Aoki Y, et al.Pulse wave velocity and the second derivative of the finger photoplethysmogram in treated hypertensive patients:their relationship and associating factors. J Hypertens. Dec 2002;20(12):2415-2422.
11. Siche JP, de Gaudemaris R, Mallion JM. [Reproducibility and development of pulse wave velocity at rest and during exertion]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. Jun 1988;81 Spec No:275-280.
12. Ciolac EG, Bocchi EA, Bortolotto LA, et al. Haemodynamic, metabolic and neuro-humoral abnormalities in young normotensive women at high familial risk for hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. Mar 18.
13. Ge D, Young TW, Wang X, et al. Heritability of arterial stiffness in black and white American youth and young adults. Am J Hypertens. Oct 2007;20(10):1065-1072.
14. Mitchell GF, DeStefano AL, Larson MG, et al. Heritability and a genome-wide linkage scan for arterial stiffness, wave reflection, and mean arterial pressure:the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. Jul 12 2005;112(2):194-199.
15. Verzi MP, McCulley DJ, De Val S, et al. The right ventricle, outflow tract, and ventricular septum comprise a restricted expression domain within the secondary/anterior heart field. Dev Biol. Nov 1 2005;287(1):134-145.
16. Zhang Q, Skepper JN, Yang F, et al. Nesprins:a novel family of spectrin-repeat-containing proteins that localize to the nuclear membrane in multiple tissues. J Cell Sci. Dec 2001;114(Pt 24):4485-4498.
17. Maki JM, Sormunen R, Lippo S, et al. Lysyl oxidase is essential for normal development and function of the respiratory system and for the integrity of elastic and collagen fibers in various tissues. Am J Pathol. Oct 2005;167(4):927-936.
18. Maki JM, Rasanen J, Tikkanen H, et al.Inactivation of the lysyl oxidase gene Lox leads to aortic aneurysms, cardiovascular dysfunction, and perinatal death in mice. Circulation. Nov 5 2002;106(19):2503-2509.
19. Adiguzel E, Hou G, Mulholland D, et al. Migration and growth are attenuated in vascular smooth muscle cells with type Ⅷ collagen-null alleles. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. Jan 2006;26(1):56-61.
20. DeStefano AL, Larson MG, Mitchell GF, et al. Genome-wide scan for pulse pressure in the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study. Hypertension. Aug 2004;44(2):152-155.
21. Tarasov KV, Sanna S, Scuteri A, et al. COL4A1 is associated with arterial stiffness by genome-wide association scan. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. Apr 2009;2(2):151-158.
22. Atwood LD, Samollow PB, Hixson JE, et al. Genome-wide linkage analysis of pulse pressure in Mexican Americans. Hypertension. Feb 2001;37(2 Part 2):425-428.
23. Camp NJ, Hopkins PN, Hasstedt SJ, et al. Genome-wide multipoint parametric linkage analysis of pulse pressure in large, extended utah pedigrees. Hypertension. Sep 2003;42(3):322-328.
24. Park S, Kim JB, Shim CY, et al. The influence of serum aldosterone and the aldosterone-renin ratio on pulse wave velocity in hypertensive patients. J Hyper tens. Jun 2007;25(6):1279-1283.
25. Patrianakos AP, Parthenakis FI, Nyktari E, et al. Central aortic stiffness in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy:relationship with neurohumoral activation. J Card Fail. Oct 2009; 15(8):665-672.
26. Bozec E, Lacolley P, Bergaya S, et al. Arterial stiffness and angiotensinogen gene in hypertensive patients and mutant mice. J Hypertens. Jul 2004;22(7):1299-1307.
27. Benetos A, Gautier S, Ricard S, et al. Influence of angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor gene polymorphisms on aortic stiffness in normotensive and hypertensive patients. Circulation. Aug 15 1996;94(4):698-703.
28. Pontremoli R, Ravera M, Viazzi F, et al. Genetic polymorphism of the renin-angiotensin system and organ damage in essential hypertension. Kidney Int. Feb 2000;57(2):561-569.
29. Dima I, Vlachopoulos C. Alexopoulos N, et al. Association of arterial stiffness with the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism in healthy individuals. Am J Hypertens. Dec 2008;21(12):1354-1358.
30. Mattace-Raso FU, van der Cammen TJ, Sayed-Tabatabaei FA, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and common carotid stiffness. The Rotterdam study. Atherosclerosis. May 2004; 174(1):121-126.
31. Balkestein EJ, Staessen JA, Wang JG, et al. Carotid and femoral artery stiffness in relation to three candidate genes in a white population. Hypertension. Nov 2001;38(5):1190-1197.
32. Benetos A, Topouchian J, Ricard S, et al. Influence of angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor polymorphism on aortic stiffness in never-treated hypertensive patients. Hypertension. Jul 1995;26(1):44-47.
33. Rehman A, Rasool AH, Naing L, et al. Influence of the Angiotensin Ⅱ type I receptor gene 1166A> C polymorphism on BP and aortic pulse wave velocity among Malays. Ann Hum Genet. Jan 2007;71(Pt 1):86-95.
34. Lajemi M, Labat C, Gautier S, et al. Angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor-153A/G and 1166A/C gene polymorphisms and increase in aortic stiffness with age in hypertensive subjects. J Hypertens. Mar 2001;19(3):407-413.
35. Benetos A, Cambien F, Gautier S, et al. Influence of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphism on the effects of perindopril and nitrendipine on arterial stiffness in hypertensive individuals. Hypertension. Dec 1996;28(6):1081-1084.
36. Gardier S, Vincent M, Lantelme P, et al. Al 166C polymorphism of angiotensin II type 1 receptor, blood pressure and arterial stiffness in hypertension. J Hypertens. Nov 2004;22(11):2135-2142.
37. Pojoga L, Gautier S, Blanc H, et al. Genetic determination of plasma aldosterone levels in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens. Jul 1998;11(7):856-860.
38. Blacher J, Kakou A, Lacombe JM, et al. Preferential association of aldosterone synthase gene polymorphism with central blood pressure and wave reflections in hypertensive individuals. J Hum Hypertens. Apr;24(4):291-299.
39. Wojciechowska W, Staessen JA, Stolarz K, et al. Association of peripheral and central arterial wave reflections with the CYP11B2-344C allele and sodium excretion. J Hypertens. Dec 2004;22(12):2311-2319.
40. Rusak EJ, Bellido CA, Iavicoli OR, et al. Assessment of endothelial function by means of flow-mediated changes using pulse wave velocity. JClin Hypertens (Greenwich). Jul 1;12(7):495-501.
41. McEniery CM, Wallace S, Mackenzie IS, et al. Endothelial function is associated with pulse pressure, pulse wave velocity, and augmentation index in healthy humans. Hypertension. Oct 2006;48(4):602-608.
42. Weber T, Maas R, Auer J, et al. Arterial wave reflections and determinants of endothelial function a hypothesis based on peripheral mode of action. Am J Hypertens. Mar 2007;20(3):256-262.
43. Lajemi M, Gautier S, Poirier O, et al. Endothelin gene variants and aortic and cardiac structure in never-treated hypertensives. Am J Hypertens. Aug 2001; 14(8 Pt 1):755-760.
44. Yasuda H, Kamide K, Takiuchi S, et al. Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in endothelin family genes with the progression of atherosclerosis in patients with essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. Nov 2007;21(11):883-892.
45. Mitchell GF, Guo CY, Kathiresan S, et al. Vascular stiffness and genetic variation at the endothelial nitric oxide synthase locus:the Framingham Heart study. Hypertension. Jun 2007;49(6):1285-1290.
46. Chen W, Srinivasan SR, Bond MG, et al. Nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphism (G894T) influences arterial stiffness in adults:The Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Hypertens. Jul 2004;17(7):553-559.
47. Zineh I, Beitelshees AL, Haller MJ. NOS3 polymorphisms are associated with arterial stiffness in children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. Mar 2007;30(3):689-693.
48. Skalska A, Gasowski J, Cwynar M, et al. The relationship between pulse wave velocity and indexes of collagen synthesis in hypertensive patients, according to the level of systolic blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens. Sep 2005;19(9):731-735.
49. 管永泽郭.高血压病Ⅲ型前胶原与一氧化氮血管紧张素Ⅱ相关性的研究：医药论坛杂志2004；25(11).
50. Iwai N, Kajimoto K, Kokubo Y, et al. Extensive genetic analysis of 10 candidate genes for hypertension in Japanese. Hypertension. Nov 2006;48(5):901-907.
51. Ye S. Influence of matrix metalloproteinase genotype on cardiovascular disease susceptibility and outcome. Cardiovasc Res. Feb 15 2006;69(3):636-645.
52. Yasmin, McEniery CM, O'Shaughnessy KM, et al. Variation in the human matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene is associated with arterial stiffness in healthy individuals. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. Aug 2006;26(8):1799-1805.
53. Medley TL, Cole TJ, Dart AM, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 genotype influences large artery stiffness through effects on aortic gene and protein expression. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. Aug 2004;24(8):1479-1484.
54. Zhou S, Feely J, Spiers JP, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 polymorphism contributes to blood pressure and arterial stiffness in essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. Nov 2007;21(11):861-867.
55. Tan J, Hua Q, Xing X, et al. Impact of the metalloproteinase-9/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 system on large arterial stiffness in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertens Res. Oct 2007;30(10):959-963.
56. Medley TL, Kingwell BA, Gatzka CD, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-3 genotype contributes to age-related aortic stiffening through modulation of gene and protein expression. Circ Res. Jun 13 2003;92(11):1254-1261.
57. Pietri P, Vyssoulis G, Vlachopoulos C, et al. Relationship between low-grade inflammation and arterial stiffness in patients with essential hypertension. J Hypertens. Nov 2006;24(11):2231-2238.
58. Yasmin, McEniery CM, Wallace S, et al. C-reactive protein is associated with arterial stiffness in apparently healthy individuals. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. May 2004;24(5):969-974.
59. Kullo IJ, Seward JB, Bailey KR, et al. C-reactive protein is related to arterial wave reflection and stiffness in asymptomatic subjects from the community. Am J Hypertens.Aug 2005;18(8):1123-1129.
60. Assadi F. C-reactive protein and incident left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension. Pediatr Cardiol. Jul-Aug 2007;28(4):280-285.
61. Wong LY, Leung RY, Ong KL, et al. Plasma levels of fibrinogen and C-reactive protein are related to interleukin-6 gene-572C>G polymorphism in subjects with and without hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. Nov 2007;21(11):875-882.
62. Eklund C, Kivimaki M, Islam MS, et al. C-reactive protein genetics is associated with carotid artery compliance in men in The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Atherosclerosis. Feb 2008;196(2):841-848.
63. Tsioufis C, Dimitriadis K, Selima M, et al. Low-grade inflammation and hypoadiponectinaemia have an additive detrimental effect on aortic stiffness in essential hypertensive patients. Eur Heart J. May 2007;28(9):1162-1169.
64. Nagano M, Nakamura M, Sato K, et al. Association between serum C-reactive protein levels and pulse wave velocity:a population-based cross-sectional study in a general population. Atherosclerosis. May 2005;180(1):189-195.
65. Kim JS, Kang TS, Kim JB, et al. Significant association of C-reactive protein with arterial stiffness in treated non-diabetic hypertensive patients. Atherosclerosis. Jun 2007; 192(2):401-406.
66. Arenillas JF, Massot A, Alvarez-Sabin J, et al. C-reactive protein gene C1444T polymorphism and risk of recurrent ischemic events in patients with symptomatic intracranial atherostenoses. Cerebrovasc Dis.2009;28(1):95-102.
67. Ben Assayag E, Shenhar-Tsarfaty S, Bova I, et al. Association of the-757T>C polymorphism in the CRP gene with circulating C-reactive protein levels and carotid atherosclerosis. Thromb Res. Sep 2009;124(4):458-462.
68. Pai JK, Mukamal KJ, Rexrode KM, et al. C-reactive protein (CRP) gene polymorphisms, CRP levels, and risk of incident coronary heart disease in two nested case-control studies. PLoS One.2008;3(1):e1395.
69. Paik JK, Kim OY, Koh SJ, et al. Additive effect of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP) single nucleotide polymorphism on serum CRP concentration and other cardiovascular risk factors. Clin Chim Acta. May 12007;380(1-2):68-74.
70. Wang Q, Hunt SC, Xu Q, et al. Association study of CRP gene polymorphisms with serum CRP level and cardiovascular risk in the NHLBI Family Heart Study. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, Dec 2006;291(6):H2752-2757.
71. Pessi T, Eklund C, Huhtala H, et al. CRP and FCGR2A genes have an epistatic effect on carotid artery intima-media thickness:the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Int J Immunogenet. Feb 2009;36(1):39-45.
72. Schnabel R, Larson MG, Dupuis J, et al. Relations of inflammatory biomarkers and common genetic variants with arterial stiffness and wave reflection. Hypertension. Jun 2008;51(6):1651-1657.
73. Koyama H, Maeno T, Fukumoto S, et al. Platelet P-selectin expression is associated with atherosclerotic wall thickness in carotid artery in humans. Circulation. Aug 5 2003;108(5):524-529.
74. Swierblewska E, Hering D, Kara T, et al. An independent relationship between muscle sympathetic nerve activity and pulse wave velocity in normal humans. J Hypertens. May;28(5):979-984.
75. Chen W, Srinivasan SR, Boerwinkle E, et al. Beta-adrenergic receptor genes are associated with arterial stiffness in black and white adults:the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Hypertens. Dec 2007;20(12):1251-1257.
76. Yuan M, Ohishi M, Ito N, et al. Genetic influences of beta-adrenoceptor polymorphisms on arterial functional changes and cardiac remodeling in hypertensive patients. Hypertens Res. Nov 2006;29(11):875-881.
77. Nurnberger J, Opazo Saez A, Mitchell A, et al. The T-allele of the C825T polymorphism is associated with higher arterial stiffness in young healthy males. J Hum Hypertens. Apr 2004;18(4):267-271.