国内外跨文化交际研究现状调查
|
摘要
跨文化交际于20世纪50年代在美国兴起。本世纪80年代改革开放后,跨文化交际由国内外语教学者引入我国。随着21世纪国际交流越来越频繁,越来越多的国内外学者对这一研究越来越重视。本文针对国内外跨文化研究现状进行了分析研究。通过比较国内外研究结果,研究者对于未来的研究提出了自己的观点。
本文采取文献综述的方法,对2006年至2009年在国内外期刊发表的跨文化交际的文章作了分析研究。国内的数据来自于10份国内知名的外语与外语教学期刊的136篇文章,国外的数据来自于IJIR中的180篇文章。国内外跨文化交际现状的研究主要是从研究方法和研究内容两个方面来分析,并将国内外的研究情况进行对比。
研究结果表明,在研究内容方面,国内学者对跨文化翻译和跨文化语用学方面很感兴趣,而国外学者对于跨文化适应和培训十分重视。从研究方法,我们可以发现,国外主要是实证研究,而国内主要是非实证研究,而实证研究中,国外主要是定量研究,而国内主要是定量和定性的混合研究。
综上所述,国内外研究有很大的区别,我国的研究在研究内容方面应该加强在跨文化适应和培训上的研究,研究方法上应重视实证研究。而国外研究在采取定量研究的同时,应注重定量与定性相结合,以增强研究的信度和效度。
Intercultural communication rose in the United States in the 1950s. With the development of Chinese reform and opening up, in 1980s, intercultural communication was introduced into China by some domestic foreign language teaching scholars. In the 21st century, international communication is frequent, hence more scholars pay more attention to this area. In this thesis, the researcher intends to figure out the current trend of intercultural communication study at home and abroad. By comparing the study results at home and abroad, the researcher put forward her own views about future research in this area.
This study adopts the method of literature review, analyzing the intercultural communication articles published in the domestic and international journals from 2006 to 2009. Domestic data are 136 articles from 10 well-known foreign languages and foreign languages teaching journals, the abroad data are 180 articles from the American authoritative intercultural communication journal International Journal of Intercultural Relations (IJIR). This study about the current trend of domestic and international intercultural communication researches is mainly analyzed from the two aspects of the research methods and research contents, resulting in a comparative study between the domestic and international intercultural studies.
The research results show that, in research contents, domestic scholars are interested in the aspects of intercultural translation and pragmatics, while foreign scholars are interested in and focus on the aspects of intercultural adaptation and training. From the aspect of research methods, we can find that it is mainly non-empirical study in China, while it is empirical research abroad. Regarding the empirical research, it is mainly quantitative studies abroad, while it is mainly the mixing of qualitative and quantitative research in China.
To sum up, there are distinct differences between domestic and foreign researches. In the aspect of research contents, the research on intercultural adaptation and training should be strengthened in China. While in the aspect of research methods, empirical research methods need to be emphasized. The researchers abroad may add more proportion to the mixing of quantitative and qualitative research while taking quantitative research as their main research method, to enhance the reliability and validity of the research.
本文采取文献综述的方法,对2006年至2009年在国内外期刊发表的跨文化交际的文章作了分析研究。国内的数据来自于10份国内知名的外语与外语教学期刊的136篇文章,国外的数据来自于IJIR中的180篇文章。国内外跨文化交际现状的研究主要是从研究方法和研究内容两个方面来分析,并将国内外的研究情况进行对比。
研究结果表明,在研究内容方面,国内学者对跨文化翻译和跨文化语用学方面很感兴趣,而国外学者对于跨文化适应和培训十分重视。从研究方法,我们可以发现,国外主要是实证研究,而国内主要是非实证研究,而实证研究中,国外主要是定量研究,而国内主要是定量和定性的混合研究。
综上所述,国内外研究有很大的区别,我国的研究在研究内容方面应该加强在跨文化适应和培训上的研究,研究方法上应重视实证研究。而国外研究在采取定量研究的同时,应注重定量与定性相结合,以增强研究的信度和效度。
Intercultural communication rose in the United States in the 1950s. With the development of Chinese reform and opening up, in 1980s, intercultural communication was introduced into China by some domestic foreign language teaching scholars. In the 21st century, international communication is frequent, hence more scholars pay more attention to this area. In this thesis, the researcher intends to figure out the current trend of intercultural communication study at home and abroad. By comparing the study results at home and abroad, the researcher put forward her own views about future research in this area.
This study adopts the method of literature review, analyzing the intercultural communication articles published in the domestic and international journals from 2006 to 2009. Domestic data are 136 articles from 10 well-known foreign languages and foreign languages teaching journals, the abroad data are 180 articles from the American authoritative intercultural communication journal International Journal of Intercultural Relations (IJIR). This study about the current trend of domestic and international intercultural communication researches is mainly analyzed from the two aspects of the research methods and research contents, resulting in a comparative study between the domestic and international intercultural studies.
The research results show that, in research contents, domestic scholars are interested in the aspects of intercultural translation and pragmatics, while foreign scholars are interested in and focus on the aspects of intercultural adaptation and training. From the aspect of research methods, we can find that it is mainly non-empirical study in China, while it is empirical research abroad. Regarding the empirical research, it is mainly quantitative studies abroad, while it is mainly the mixing of qualitative and quantitative research in China.
To sum up, there are distinct differences between domestic and foreign researches. In the aspect of research contents, the research on intercultural adaptation and training should be strengthened in China. While in the aspect of research methods, empirical research methods need to be emphasized. The researchers abroad may add more proportion to the mixing of quantitative and qualitative research while taking quantitative research as their main research method, to enhance the reliability and validity of the research.
引文
[1] Biber, D. & Conrad, S. 2001. Quantitative corpus-based research: much more than bean counting[J]. TESOL Quarterly 35(2), 331-336.
[2] Bosman,F. & Richardson,R.& Soeters,J.2007. Multicultural tensions in the military? Evidence from the Netherlands armed [J]. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 31 (3), 339–361.
[3] Byram, M. 1991. Investigating Cultural Studies in Foreign Language Teaching: a Book for Teachers [M]. Clevedon, Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters.
[4] Byram, M. 2000. Teaching and Assessing Intercultural Communicative Competence [M]. Clevedon, Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters.
[5] Carley H. D. 2006. Dynamics of Intercultural Communication [M].Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press
[6] Chen Jie & Fu Ling, 2007, On the difference between Russian and Chinese language and culture [J]. Foreign languages and Their Teaching, No.8,44-46 (陈洁,傅玲,2007,俄汉语言文化差异对比研究[J],《外语与外语教学》第8期)
[7] Chen Shen, (1999). The Teaching of Culture in Foreign Language Education [M]. Beijing: Beijing Foreign Language and Culture University Press.
[8] Dan LinLin,2008, A tentative study on qualitative research and quantitative research 2008[J], Consume Guide·Technology Forum, 77-79 (单琳琳,2008,浅析定性研究与定量研究[J],《消费导刊,科技论坛》)
[9] Hall, E. T. 1959, The Silent Language[M]. New York: Doubleday.
[10] Fitzgerald, T. 2004. Powerful voices and powerful stories: reflections on the challenges and dynamics of intercultural research [J]. Journal of Intercultural Studies 25(3), 233-243.
[11] Gao Yihong, Li Lichun and Lujun. 2001. Trends in research methods in applied linguistics: China and the West [J]. English for Specific Purposes 20(1), 1-14.
[12] Gao Yongchen,1998, On the intercultural communication research theods[J].Journal of Suzhou University, No.6. (高永晨, 1998,试论跨文化交际学的研究方法[J]。《苏州大学学报》第4期。)
[13] Guan Shijie,1995,Intercultural communication: The knowledge to improve foreign communication ability [M]. Beijing: Bejing university Press.关世杰,1995,《跨文化交流学:提高涉外交流能力的学问》[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1995.
[14] Gudykunst,W.B. and Y.Y Kim.1992. Reading on Communicating with Strangers: An Approach to Intercultural Communication[M]. New York: MeGraw-Hill.
[15] Gudykunst, William B, 2003.Cross-cultural and Intercultural Communication [M]. California: Sage Publications.
[16] He Daokuan, 1983, Introduce a new subject- cross-cultural communication [J], Foreign language teaching, No. 2. (何道宽,1983,介绍一门新兴学科——跨文化的交际[J],《外国语文教学》第2期。)
[17] Hu Wenzhong, 1990, Selected Reading on Intercultural Communication[M]. Changsha:Hunan Education Press. (胡文仲,1990,跨文化交际学选读[M.]长沙:湖南教育出版社.)
[18] Hu Wenzhong, 1992, Cultural education and culture studies[J], Foreign language teaching and research No. 1 (胡文仲, 1992,文化教学与文化研究[J],《外语教学与研究》第1期。)
[19] Hu Wenzhong, 1994, Culture and Communication [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. (胡文仲, 1994,《文化与交际》[M]。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。)
[20] Hu Wenzhong & Gao Yihong, 1997, Foreign Language Teaching and Culture [M]. ChangSha: Hunan Education Press. (胡文仲,高一虹,1997,《外语教学与文化》[M]。长沙:湖南教育出版社。)
[21] Hu Wenzhong, 1999, Outline of Intercultural Communication [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. (胡文仲,1999,《跨文化交际学概论》[M]。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。)
[22] Hu Wenzhong. 2005. On empirical research of intercultural communication [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research 37 (5), 323-327. (胡文仲,论跨文化交际的实证研究[J]。《外语教学与研究》2005年第37卷第5期。)
[23] Hu Wenzhong,2006, Trends and Characteristics: A review on intercultural communication[J], Foreign language, 3(3),4-5. (胡文仲,2006,趋势与特点:跨文化交际研究评述[J],《中国外语》第3期)
[24] Hu Yanhong, 2006, An Exploratory Study on Intercultural Communication Research Contents and Methods [J], Huazhong University of Science and Technology (胡艳红,2006,跨文化交际研究内容及方法探究[J],华中科技大学)
[25] Jandt,2004.Developing Intercultural Communicative Skills [M] Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press.
[26] Jia Yuxin, 1992, American intercultural communication studies[J], Journal of Foreign language, No.3. (贾玉新,1992,美国跨文化交际研究[J],《外语学刊》第3期。)
[27] Jia Yuxin,1997, Intercultural communication[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press (贾玉新.1997.《跨文化交际学》上海:上海外语教育出版社)
[28] Jiang Qiuxia, Liu Quanguo,& Li Zhiqiang,2006, A survery on basic foreign language education on northwest minority area[J] Foreign Language Teaching and Research ,38 ( 2) ,130-135. (姜秋霞,刘全国,李志强,2006,西北民族地区外语基础教育现状调查[J],《外语教学与研究》第2期)
[29] Kitao,K..1985. A Brief History of the Study of International Communication in the US.Document from The Education Resources Information Center.
[30] Kuo, B.C.H. & Roysircar, G. 2006.An exploratory study of cross-cultural adaptation of adolescent Taiwanese unaccompanied sojourners in Canada [J]. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 30 (2), 159–183.
[31] Li Jiongying. 2002. Comments on two decades of intercultural communication research in China [J]. Journal of PLA University of Foreign Languages in China, 25 (6), 86-90. (李炯英,中国跨文化交际研究20年述评[J]。《解放军外国语学院学报》2002年第25卷第6期。)
[32] Lin Dajin, 1996, Intercultural communication studies [M]. Fuzhou: Fujian People’s Press. (林大津,1996,《跨文化交际研究》[M]。福州:福建人民出版社。)
[33] Liu,S. 2006. An examination of the effects of print media exposure and contact on subjective social reality and acculturation attitudes [J]. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 30 (3), 365–382.
[34] Long Lirong & Li Ye. 2000. Relationship between theoretical and empirical research in psychology[J]. Journal of Central China Normal University (humanities and social sciences) 39(5), 128-132. (龙立荣,李晔,2000,论心理学中思辨研究与实证研究的关系[J]。《华中师范大学学报》(人文社会科学版)第5期。
[35] Lustig,M. W.&Koester, J. 2003. Intercultural competence: interpersonal communication across cultures [M]. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
[36] Newmark, Peter. 2001, Approaches to Translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
[37] Porter, R. E. 1990. An overview of intercultural communication [A]. In Hu Wenzhong. Selected Readings in Intercultural Communication [C]. Changsha: Hunan Education Press. 2-31.
[38] Punch, K. F. 1998. Introduction to Social research: Quantitative & Qualitative approaches [M]. London: SAGE.
[39] Samovar, Larry & Porter, Richard. 1994, Intercultural Communication: A Reader [M]. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
[40] Samovar, Larry & Porter, Richard. Communication Between Cultures[M]. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1999.
[41] Samovar, L. A. Porter, R. E. and Stefani, L. A. 2000. Communication Between Cultures [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
[42] Seror, J. 2005. Computers and qualitative data analysis: paper, pens and highlighters vs. screen, mouse and keyboard[J]. TESOL Quarterly 39(2), 321-327.
[43] Smith, A.G.,1996,Communication and Culture: Readings in the Codes of Human Interaction[M].New York:Holt,Rinehart,&Winston.
[44] Wang Lin hai, 2006, On international intercultural communication research methods[J], Journal of University of International Relations, No. 6, 55-59 (王林海,2006,谈国际跨文化交际研究方法[J],《国际关系学院学报》第6期)
[45] Wang Yinghua,2009,The problems and suggestions on domestic intercultural communication[J], Journal of Chongqing University of Science and Technology(Social Sciences Edition) No.8,161-162 (王英华,2009,我国跨文化交际学研究存在的问题与建议[J],《重庆科技学院学报》第8期。)
[46] Wang Zongyan, 1994, Communication between different cultures [J], Linguistics abroad, No. 4. (王宗炎,1994,不同文化之间的交际[J],《国外语言学》第4期。)
[47] Wen Qiufang. 2001. Applied Linguistics: Research Methods and Thesis Writing [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. (文秋芳,2001,《应用语言学研究方法与论文写作》[M]。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。)
[48] Wu Hongmei, 2009, The combination and comparison of quantitative and qualitative study [J], Journal of Chengdu Aeronautic Vocational and Technical College, 25(3), 70-72 (伍红梅,2009,定量研究与定性研究的比较及结合[J] ,《成都航空职业技术学院学报》第3期)
[49] Yao Chunyu, 2008, A tentative study on the intercultural communication studies[J], Journal of LanZhou,No.6,148-150 (姚春雨,2008,浅谈跨文化交际研究[J],《兰州学刊》第11期)
[50] Zhang Hongling, 2007, Intercultural foreign language teaching[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. (张红玲,2007,跨文化外语教学[M]。上海外语教育出版社。)
[51] Zhang ,Q. 2006.Immediacy and out-of-class communication: A cross-cultural comparison [J]. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 30 (1), 33–50.
[2] Bosman,F. & Richardson,R.& Soeters,J.2007. Multicultural tensions in the military? Evidence from the Netherlands armed [J]. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 31 (3), 339–361.
[3] Byram, M. 1991. Investigating Cultural Studies in Foreign Language Teaching: a Book for Teachers [M]. Clevedon, Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters.
[4] Byram, M. 2000. Teaching and Assessing Intercultural Communicative Competence [M]. Clevedon, Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters.
[5] Carley H. D. 2006. Dynamics of Intercultural Communication [M].Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press
[6] Chen Jie & Fu Ling, 2007, On the difference between Russian and Chinese language and culture [J]. Foreign languages and Their Teaching, No.8,44-46 (陈洁,傅玲,2007,俄汉语言文化差异对比研究[J],《外语与外语教学》第8期)
[7] Chen Shen, (1999). The Teaching of Culture in Foreign Language Education [M]. Beijing: Beijing Foreign Language and Culture University Press.
[8] Dan LinLin,2008, A tentative study on qualitative research and quantitative research 2008[J], Consume Guide·Technology Forum, 77-79 (单琳琳,2008,浅析定性研究与定量研究[J],《消费导刊,科技论坛》)
[9] Hall, E. T. 1959, The Silent Language[M]. New York: Doubleday.
[10] Fitzgerald, T. 2004. Powerful voices and powerful stories: reflections on the challenges and dynamics of intercultural research [J]. Journal of Intercultural Studies 25(3), 233-243.
[11] Gao Yihong, Li Lichun and Lujun. 2001. Trends in research methods in applied linguistics: China and the West [J]. English for Specific Purposes 20(1), 1-14.
[12] Gao Yongchen,1998, On the intercultural communication research theods[J].Journal of Suzhou University, No.6. (高永晨, 1998,试论跨文化交际学的研究方法[J]。《苏州大学学报》第4期。)
[13] Guan Shijie,1995,Intercultural communication: The knowledge to improve foreign communication ability [M]. Beijing: Bejing university Press.关世杰,1995,《跨文化交流学:提高涉外交流能力的学问》[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1995.
[14] Gudykunst,W.B. and Y.Y Kim.1992. Reading on Communicating with Strangers: An Approach to Intercultural Communication[M]. New York: MeGraw-Hill.
[15] Gudykunst, William B, 2003.Cross-cultural and Intercultural Communication [M]. California: Sage Publications.
[16] He Daokuan, 1983, Introduce a new subject- cross-cultural communication [J], Foreign language teaching, No. 2. (何道宽,1983,介绍一门新兴学科——跨文化的交际[J],《外国语文教学》第2期。)
[17] Hu Wenzhong, 1990, Selected Reading on Intercultural Communication[M]. Changsha:Hunan Education Press. (胡文仲,1990,跨文化交际学选读[M.]长沙:湖南教育出版社.)
[18] Hu Wenzhong, 1992, Cultural education and culture studies[J], Foreign language teaching and research No. 1 (胡文仲, 1992,文化教学与文化研究[J],《外语教学与研究》第1期。)
[19] Hu Wenzhong, 1994, Culture and Communication [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. (胡文仲, 1994,《文化与交际》[M]。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。)
[20] Hu Wenzhong & Gao Yihong, 1997, Foreign Language Teaching and Culture [M]. ChangSha: Hunan Education Press. (胡文仲,高一虹,1997,《外语教学与文化》[M]。长沙:湖南教育出版社。)
[21] Hu Wenzhong, 1999, Outline of Intercultural Communication [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. (胡文仲,1999,《跨文化交际学概论》[M]。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。)
[22] Hu Wenzhong. 2005. On empirical research of intercultural communication [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research 37 (5), 323-327. (胡文仲,论跨文化交际的实证研究[J]。《外语教学与研究》2005年第37卷第5期。)
[23] Hu Wenzhong,2006, Trends and Characteristics: A review on intercultural communication[J], Foreign language, 3(3),4-5. (胡文仲,2006,趋势与特点:跨文化交际研究评述[J],《中国外语》第3期)
[24] Hu Yanhong, 2006, An Exploratory Study on Intercultural Communication Research Contents and Methods [J], Huazhong University of Science and Technology (胡艳红,2006,跨文化交际研究内容及方法探究[J],华中科技大学)
[25] Jandt,2004.Developing Intercultural Communicative Skills [M] Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press.
[26] Jia Yuxin, 1992, American intercultural communication studies[J], Journal of Foreign language, No.3. (贾玉新,1992,美国跨文化交际研究[J],《外语学刊》第3期。)
[27] Jia Yuxin,1997, Intercultural communication[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press (贾玉新.1997.《跨文化交际学》上海:上海外语教育出版社)
[28] Jiang Qiuxia, Liu Quanguo,& Li Zhiqiang,2006, A survery on basic foreign language education on northwest minority area[J] Foreign Language Teaching and Research ,38 ( 2) ,130-135. (姜秋霞,刘全国,李志强,2006,西北民族地区外语基础教育现状调查[J],《外语教学与研究》第2期)
[29] Kitao,K..1985. A Brief History of the Study of International Communication in the US.Document from The Education Resources Information Center.
[30] Kuo, B.C.H. & Roysircar, G. 2006.An exploratory study of cross-cultural adaptation of adolescent Taiwanese unaccompanied sojourners in Canada [J]. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 30 (2), 159–183.
[31] Li Jiongying. 2002. Comments on two decades of intercultural communication research in China [J]. Journal of PLA University of Foreign Languages in China, 25 (6), 86-90. (李炯英,中国跨文化交际研究20年述评[J]。《解放军外国语学院学报》2002年第25卷第6期。)
[32] Lin Dajin, 1996, Intercultural communication studies [M]. Fuzhou: Fujian People’s Press. (林大津,1996,《跨文化交际研究》[M]。福州:福建人民出版社。)
[33] Liu,S. 2006. An examination of the effects of print media exposure and contact on subjective social reality and acculturation attitudes [J]. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 30 (3), 365–382.
[34] Long Lirong & Li Ye. 2000. Relationship between theoretical and empirical research in psychology[J]. Journal of Central China Normal University (humanities and social sciences) 39(5), 128-132. (龙立荣,李晔,2000,论心理学中思辨研究与实证研究的关系[J]。《华中师范大学学报》(人文社会科学版)第5期。
[35] Lustig,M. W.&Koester, J. 2003. Intercultural competence: interpersonal communication across cultures [M]. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
[36] Newmark, Peter. 2001, Approaches to Translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
[37] Porter, R. E. 1990. An overview of intercultural communication [A]. In Hu Wenzhong. Selected Readings in Intercultural Communication [C]. Changsha: Hunan Education Press. 2-31.
[38] Punch, K. F. 1998. Introduction to Social research: Quantitative & Qualitative approaches [M]. London: SAGE.
[39] Samovar, Larry & Porter, Richard. 1994, Intercultural Communication: A Reader [M]. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
[40] Samovar, Larry & Porter, Richard. Communication Between Cultures[M]. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1999.
[41] Samovar, L. A. Porter, R. E. and Stefani, L. A. 2000. Communication Between Cultures [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
[42] Seror, J. 2005. Computers and qualitative data analysis: paper, pens and highlighters vs. screen, mouse and keyboard[J]. TESOL Quarterly 39(2), 321-327.
[43] Smith, A.G.,1996,Communication and Culture: Readings in the Codes of Human Interaction[M].New York:Holt,Rinehart,&Winston.
[44] Wang Lin hai, 2006, On international intercultural communication research methods[J], Journal of University of International Relations, No. 6, 55-59 (王林海,2006,谈国际跨文化交际研究方法[J],《国际关系学院学报》第6期)
[45] Wang Yinghua,2009,The problems and suggestions on domestic intercultural communication[J], Journal of Chongqing University of Science and Technology(Social Sciences Edition) No.8,161-162 (王英华,2009,我国跨文化交际学研究存在的问题与建议[J],《重庆科技学院学报》第8期。)
[46] Wang Zongyan, 1994, Communication between different cultures [J], Linguistics abroad, No. 4. (王宗炎,1994,不同文化之间的交际[J],《国外语言学》第4期。)
[47] Wen Qiufang. 2001. Applied Linguistics: Research Methods and Thesis Writing [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. (文秋芳,2001,《应用语言学研究方法与论文写作》[M]。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。)
[48] Wu Hongmei, 2009, The combination and comparison of quantitative and qualitative study [J], Journal of Chengdu Aeronautic Vocational and Technical College, 25(3), 70-72 (伍红梅,2009,定量研究与定性研究的比较及结合[J] ,《成都航空职业技术学院学报》第3期)
[49] Yao Chunyu, 2008, A tentative study on the intercultural communication studies[J], Journal of LanZhou,No.6,148-150 (姚春雨,2008,浅谈跨文化交际研究[J],《兰州学刊》第11期)
[50] Zhang Hongling, 2007, Intercultural foreign language teaching[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. (张红玲,2007,跨文化外语教学[M]。上海外语教育出版社。)
[51] Zhang ,Q. 2006.Immediacy and out-of-class communication: A cross-cultural comparison [J]. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 30 (1), 33–50.