风电系统故障分析——并网型风力发电机接入点故障分析
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摘要
风力发电是更加洁净的新能源，在国家相关优惠政策的扶植和推动下，我国风力发电得到了快速发展。但不容忽视的是随着风电装机容量的不断扩大，风电网的配套设备也相应变的越来越复杂，突出的问题是为保证安全运行的继电保护设备如何选型和配置急待解决。但是由于风能的随机性和不控性，使得风电所占系统容量份额增加的同时，向系统提供的短路电流也越来越大。同时风电又不具备故障时电压和频率自动调节能力，因此就不能完全沿用同步机配套的继电保护设备中某些参数进行整定，需加以改进。针对这些问题，本文从以下几个方面进行理论探讨：
(1)风电系统中，针对简单故障和复杂故障分别建立风电网等值电路图。
(2)对风电系统稳定运行状态进行潮流计算，作为风电系统复杂故障前的初始状态值。
(3)风电网各种类型简单故障的分析方法及计算机辅助分析。
(4)风电网各种类型复杂故障的分析方法及计算机辅助分析。
(5)故障时风电电磁暂态分析初探。
(6)风电场短路电流对电网继电保护影响的初步分析。
针对此研究方向，本人对新疆布尔津风电场、塞里木风电场及一个虚拟风电场做为实例进行验证。以上研究结果表明：风力发电机提供的短路电流在短路电流中占相当大的比例，因此不能将风力发电机作为简单负荷处理，也不能视为同步机处理，即使作为异步机处理，当采用容量不同时，短路电流大小也有变化，因此，也就直接影响继电保护的整定计算。本文给出了思路和方法，为继续深入研究提供了基础和指导，同时也为风电场规划和安全运行提供了理论计算依据。
Windy energy is a new clearner energy. The methods that converting windy energy into electricity energy is being developed very rapidly recently in our country with many superior policies of our country. But a series of problem rises with the increasing of wind-generator capacity, the equipments match with the wind-electricity system are becoming more and complex. The serious problem is how to elect the type and disposition of the protection equipnent, for example, relay. Because the windy energy is promiscuouse and can' t be controlled, the short circuit of system poured by wind - electricity increases with the proportion of wind-electricity in electricity system increasing. On the other hand,wind electricity hasn' t the ability of auto adjustment to voltage and frenquence. So the Simultaneity generator' s parameter of relay can' t be used partly. To these question, this article will give some theory analysis:
1)The wind-electricity net circuity of malfunction, including simplicity and complexity.
2)Tidway calculation of wind - electricity system in stabilization condition, being taken as the beginning amount of complexity fault.
3)The analysis methods and Computer Auxiliary Analysis of all kinds of siaple type fault in wind-electricity net.
4)The analysis methods and Computer Auxiliary Analysis of all kinds of complex type fault in wind-electricity net.
5)The imitative exploration of wind electricity electromagnetic temporality when fault happens.
6)The imitative exploration and analysis that wind-electricity field short circuit is how to influence the relay equipment of electricity net.
To the exploration, the author studies Sailimu and Buerjin wind-electricity field. The study shows the short circuit proportion supplied by wind -electricity is very high, so the wind-generator can' t be treated as a simple equipment that assumes energy, nor a simultaneous generator, if as an unsimultaneous generator, the short circuit will be different when the capacity changes, as a sequence, the relay will be influence too. This article bring with methods and thoughts that may be a basis of further exploration, at the same time, it supplies the theory to the wind-electricity system runs and wind-electricity precinct design.
(1)风电系统中，针对简单故障和复杂故障分别建立风电网等值电路图。
(2)对风电系统稳定运行状态进行潮流计算，作为风电系统复杂故障前的初始状态值。
(3)风电网各种类型简单故障的分析方法及计算机辅助分析。
(4)风电网各种类型复杂故障的分析方法及计算机辅助分析。
(5)故障时风电电磁暂态分析初探。
(6)风电场短路电流对电网继电保护影响的初步分析。
针对此研究方向，本人对新疆布尔津风电场、塞里木风电场及一个虚拟风电场做为实例进行验证。以上研究结果表明：风力发电机提供的短路电流在短路电流中占相当大的比例，因此不能将风力发电机作为简单负荷处理，也不能视为同步机处理，即使作为异步机处理，当采用容量不同时，短路电流大小也有变化，因此，也就直接影响继电保护的整定计算。本文给出了思路和方法，为继续深入研究提供了基础和指导，同时也为风电场规划和安全运行提供了理论计算依据。
Windy energy is a new clearner energy. The methods that converting windy energy into electricity energy is being developed very rapidly recently in our country with many superior policies of our country. But a series of problem rises with the increasing of wind-generator capacity, the equipments match with the wind-electricity system are becoming more and complex. The serious problem is how to elect the type and disposition of the protection equipnent, for example, relay. Because the windy energy is promiscuouse and can' t be controlled, the short circuit of system poured by wind - electricity increases with the proportion of wind-electricity in electricity system increasing. On the other hand,wind electricity hasn' t the ability of auto adjustment to voltage and frenquence. So the Simultaneity generator' s parameter of relay can' t be used partly. To these question, this article will give some theory analysis:
1)The wind-electricity net circuity of malfunction, including simplicity and complexity.
2)Tidway calculation of wind - electricity system in stabilization condition, being taken as the beginning amount of complexity fault.
3)The analysis methods and Computer Auxiliary Analysis of all kinds of siaple type fault in wind-electricity net.
4)The analysis methods and Computer Auxiliary Analysis of all kinds of complex type fault in wind-electricity net.
5)The imitative exploration of wind electricity electromagnetic temporality when fault happens.
6)The imitative exploration and analysis that wind-electricity field short circuit is how to influence the relay equipment of electricity net.
To the exploration, the author studies Sailimu and Buerjin wind-electricity field. The study shows the short circuit proportion supplied by wind -electricity is very high, so the wind-generator can' t be treated as a simple equipment that assumes energy, nor a simultaneous generator, if as an unsimultaneous generator, the short circuit will be different when the capacity changes, as a sequence, the relay will be influence too. This article bring with methods and thoughts that may be a basis of further exploration, at the same time, it supplies the theory to the wind-electricity system runs and wind-electricity precinct design.
引文
[1] 世界风能市场现状．美国风能会议资料，2001．
[2] 世界银行国家经贸委专家组．中国可再生能源发电研究报告，2001．
[3] Dai Hui Zhu, Che Shu Yong. Grid Connect Wind Power In China: Development Problems And Solutions, International Conference On Energy Efficience Improvements: Coal And Renewable Energy, Beijing, Dec 1996。
[4] B. Rich Operation Wind Power Capability Worldwind. Wind Power Monthly, 1998. 4.
[5] 于午铭，左倜．构建水电——风电互补系统实现新疆阿勒泰地区全年的均衡供电．风力发电，2000．1．
[6] 陈集梅．利用风能资源与具有水库调节能力的水电站并网互补运行的初步体验．风力发电，1999．3．
[7] Jens—Peter Molly. Wind Energy—Wind Turbine Basis And Theory. Germany, 1985.
[8] Desire Le Gourieres. Wind Power Plant Theory And Design. British Pergaman, 1982.
[9] Walker J. F., Nicholas J.. Wind Energy Technology, UK: John Wiley & Sons INC, 1997.
[10] 潘再平，王琴妹．风力发电中要注意的两个问题．新能源，1999．
[11] 戴彦德．我国可持续发展中的能源问题．节能，2003，总第247期：3～5．
[12] 王承熙，苏明．风力——柴油发电厂运行性能的仿真研究．第四次风力发电学术研讨会，1989．
[13] 顾圣平，索丽生．风力发电厂与抽水蓄能电站联合供电的系统规划模型．风力发电，1997．1．
[14] 新疆气象科学研究所编．新疆风能资源概况和开发利用的设想．风力发电，1988．1．
[15] 施鹏飞．中国风力发电场的潜在市场．美国风能协会风电会议文集，1996．
[16] 周北驹．发展新能源和可再生能源对可持续发展战略具有重大现实意义．新能源，1997．11．
[17] 陈通膜．大力发展风电调整我国能源结构．新能源，1999．12．
[18] 汪恕诚．风力发电大有作为．燎望，1996．9．
[19] 周篁，马胜红．中国风电场建设分析与发展预测．新能源，1998．
[20] 万义莲．新疆风电现状及发展建议．新疆电力，2002，总第74期：50～53．
[21] P．M．安德逊，A．A．佛阿德．电力系统故障分析．(美)．华北电力学院，1980．
[22] 南京工学院编．电力系统．电力工业出版社，1980．266～425．
[23] P．M．安德逊．电力系统故障分析．(美)．电力工业出版社，1980．
[24] Kimbark, E. W. Power System Stability, vol. 3. Synchronous Machines Wiley, New York. 1956.
[25] 纪文．电力系统设计手册．中国电力出版社，2000．
[26] Prabha Kundur. Power System Stability And Control. [加]Mc Grao Hill, 1994.
[27] 倪以信，陈寿孙，张宝霖．动态电力系统的理论和分析．清华大学出版社，2002．5．
[28] 张炜．电力系统分析．水利水电出版社，1999．12．164～257．
[29] 西安交通大学等和编．电力系统计算．水利水电出版社，1985．11．186～250．
[30] Clarke, Edith. Circui Analysis of A-C Power Systems, 2 vols. General Electric Co.. Schenectady, N. Y.. 1950.
[31] Iqbal Husain, Member, IEEE, Arthur Radun, Senior Member, IEEE, and John Nairus, Fault Analysis and Excitation Requirements for Suitched Reluctance Generators, Energy Conversion, 2002, 17 vols.
[32] 周荣光．电力系统故障分析．清华大学出版社，1988．60～140．
[33] 邓建国，张立雄．电源电压不对称时异步电动机瞬态过程的仿真．电机技术，2003，总第90
期：12～14．
[34] 邓自立．程序设计语言FORTRAN77．高等教育出版社，1985．8．
[35] 谭浩强．FORTRAN77程序设计．清华大学出版社，2001．5．
[36] 魏长江．三相感应电动机缺相故障运行的仿真研究．电机技术，2003，总第90期：7～10．
[37] 丛书编委会编著．FORTRAN语言程序设计．中国电力出版社，2002．9．
[38] 西安交通大学等编．短路电流实用计算方法．电力工业出版社，1982．1～23．
[39] 华北电力学院．电力系统故障分析．电力工业出版社，1980．
[40] 诸骏伟．电力系统分析．北京电力出版社，1995．
[41] 何仰赞，温增根，汪馥英，周勤慧．电力系统分析．华中工学院，1987．
[42] Antal Soos and Om P. Malik, An H_2 Optimal Adaptive Power System Stabilizer, Energy Conversion, 2002, 17vols. 143～149.
[43] 夏道止．电力系统分析．中国电力出版社，1995．48～93．
[44] H．W．Pommel．电力系统电磁暂态计算理论．(加拿大)．水利水电出版社，1991．217～234．
[45] P．M．安德逊，A．A．佛阿德．电力系统的控制与稳定．(美)．水利电力出版社，1979．
[46] 诸骏伟．电力系统分析．中国电力出版社，199 8．145～163．
[47] 崔永佩，陈永芳，孟庆炎，熊炳耀．电力系统继电保护与安全自动装置整定计算．电力出版社，1993．第二章。
[48] 天津大学．电力系统继电保护原理．电力工业出版社，1980．6～39．
[49] P.M. Anderson. Analysis of Faulted Power Systems. The Iowa State University Press/Ames. 1973.
[50] Bhag Singh Guru, Huseyin R. Hiziroglu. Electromagnetic Field Theory Fundamentals. [美]机械工业出版社，2002．8．
[51] 电力系统非线性控制，科学出版社，1993
[52] K. S. Huang, Q. H. Wu, D. R. Tumer. Effective Identification of Induction Motor Parameters Based on Fewer Measurements. Energy Conversion, 2002, 17 vols.
[2] 世界银行国家经贸委专家组．中国可再生能源发电研究报告，2001．
[3] Dai Hui Zhu, Che Shu Yong. Grid Connect Wind Power In China: Development Problems And Solutions, International Conference On Energy Efficience Improvements: Coal And Renewable Energy, Beijing, Dec 1996。
[4] B. Rich Operation Wind Power Capability Worldwind. Wind Power Monthly, 1998. 4.
[5] 于午铭，左倜．构建水电——风电互补系统实现新疆阿勒泰地区全年的均衡供电．风力发电，2000．1．
[6] 陈集梅．利用风能资源与具有水库调节能力的水电站并网互补运行的初步体验．风力发电，1999．3．
[7] Jens—Peter Molly. Wind Energy—Wind Turbine Basis And Theory. Germany, 1985.
[8] Desire Le Gourieres. Wind Power Plant Theory And Design. British Pergaman, 1982.
[9] Walker J. F., Nicholas J.. Wind Energy Technology, UK: John Wiley & Sons INC, 1997.
[10] 潘再平，王琴妹．风力发电中要注意的两个问题．新能源，1999．
[11] 戴彦德．我国可持续发展中的能源问题．节能，2003，总第247期：3～5．
[12] 王承熙，苏明．风力——柴油发电厂运行性能的仿真研究．第四次风力发电学术研讨会，1989．
[13] 顾圣平，索丽生．风力发电厂与抽水蓄能电站联合供电的系统规划模型．风力发电，1997．1．
[14] 新疆气象科学研究所编．新疆风能资源概况和开发利用的设想．风力发电，1988．1．
[15] 施鹏飞．中国风力发电场的潜在市场．美国风能协会风电会议文集，1996．
[16] 周北驹．发展新能源和可再生能源对可持续发展战略具有重大现实意义．新能源，1997．11．
[17] 陈通膜．大力发展风电调整我国能源结构．新能源，1999．12．
[18] 汪恕诚．风力发电大有作为．燎望，1996．9．
[19] 周篁，马胜红．中国风电场建设分析与发展预测．新能源，1998．
[20] 万义莲．新疆风电现状及发展建议．新疆电力，2002，总第74期：50～53．
[21] P．M．安德逊，A．A．佛阿德．电力系统故障分析．(美)．华北电力学院，1980．
[22] 南京工学院编．电力系统．电力工业出版社，1980．266～425．
[23] P．M．安德逊．电力系统故障分析．(美)．电力工业出版社，1980．
[24] Kimbark, E. W. Power System Stability, vol. 3. Synchronous Machines Wiley, New York. 1956.
[25] 纪文．电力系统设计手册．中国电力出版社，2000．
[26] Prabha Kundur. Power System Stability And Control. [加]Mc Grao Hill, 1994.
[27] 倪以信，陈寿孙，张宝霖．动态电力系统的理论和分析．清华大学出版社，2002．5．
[28] 张炜．电力系统分析．水利水电出版社，1999．12．164～257．
[29] 西安交通大学等和编．电力系统计算．水利水电出版社，1985．11．186～250．
[30] Clarke, Edith. Circui Analysis of A-C Power Systems, 2 vols. General Electric Co.. Schenectady, N. Y.. 1950.
[31] Iqbal Husain, Member, IEEE, Arthur Radun, Senior Member, IEEE, and John Nairus, Fault Analysis and Excitation Requirements for Suitched Reluctance Generators, Energy Conversion, 2002, 17 vols.
[32] 周荣光．电力系统故障分析．清华大学出版社，1988．60～140．
[33] 邓建国，张立雄．电源电压不对称时异步电动机瞬态过程的仿真．电机技术，2003，总第90
期：12～14．
[34] 邓自立．程序设计语言FORTRAN77．高等教育出版社，1985．8．
[35] 谭浩强．FORTRAN77程序设计．清华大学出版社，2001．5．
[36] 魏长江．三相感应电动机缺相故障运行的仿真研究．电机技术，2003，总第90期：7～10．
[37] 丛书编委会编著．FORTRAN语言程序设计．中国电力出版社，2002．9．
[38] 西安交通大学等编．短路电流实用计算方法．电力工业出版社，1982．1～23．
[39] 华北电力学院．电力系统故障分析．电力工业出版社，1980．
[40] 诸骏伟．电力系统分析．北京电力出版社，1995．
[41] 何仰赞，温增根，汪馥英，周勤慧．电力系统分析．华中工学院，1987．
[42] Antal Soos and Om P. Malik, An H_2 Optimal Adaptive Power System Stabilizer, Energy Conversion, 2002, 17vols. 143～149.
[43] 夏道止．电力系统分析．中国电力出版社，1995．48～93．
[44] H．W．Pommel．电力系统电磁暂态计算理论．(加拿大)．水利水电出版社，1991．217～234．
[45] P．M．安德逊，A．A．佛阿德．电力系统的控制与稳定．(美)．水利电力出版社，1979．
[46] 诸骏伟．电力系统分析．中国电力出版社，199 8．145～163．
[47] 崔永佩，陈永芳，孟庆炎，熊炳耀．电力系统继电保护与安全自动装置整定计算．电力出版社，1993．第二章。
[48] 天津大学．电力系统继电保护原理．电力工业出版社，1980．6～39．
[49] P.M. Anderson. Analysis of Faulted Power Systems. The Iowa State University Press/Ames. 1973.
[50] Bhag Singh Guru, Huseyin R. Hiziroglu. Electromagnetic Field Theory Fundamentals. [美]机械工业出版社，2002．8．
[51] 电力系统非线性控制，科学出版社，1993
[52] K. S. Huang, Q. H. Wu, D. R. Tumer. Effective Identification of Induction Motor Parameters Based on Fewer Measurements. Energy Conversion, 2002, 17 vols.