新型多用户电子式电能表的研究与设计
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摘要
本课题针对目前居民楼和公寓等用电户集中场所的电能计量现状和存在的主要问题,研究设计了一种多用户电子式电能表。该电表可同时分别检测和记录多用户的有功电能,不仅具有结构紧凑、精度高、功耗低等优点,而且还可以分时段计量各用户的电能以提高电网利用率,达到避峰填谷的目的。基于这种电能表组成的远程自动抄表系统采用低压电力线载波进行底层数据的传输,通过通讯和计算机网络等技术自动读取和处理电能表数据。
     本文首先综述了电能表的发展和自动抄表系统的现状,并介绍了电能测量的基本原理,重点对∑-△A/D转换原理进行了分析。然后,论文对多用户电能表硬件电路的设计进行了阐述,包括电源电路、电能测量电路、存储器、时钟电路、显示器和键盘电路、译码电路以及用于电力线载波通信的发送、接收和耦合电路等。载波通信接口电路中选用了适合我国电网现状的由青岛东软公司开发的SSC16系列扩频收发芯片。在软件上,主要介绍了主程序和多用户电能脉冲的采集、复费率计量、最大需量计量、数据显示和键盘扫描等子程序,并绘制了其工作流程图。重点介绍了多用户表的自动抄表通信程序和通讯协议的内容。最后,文中论述了系统的测量误差和误差补偿方法,并对系统的抗干扰性的进行了分析与设计。
     该课题的研究为电能计量和数据管理提供了一种新的技术手段。这种基于新技术而研制的具有电力线载波抄表功能的多用户复费率电能表,将以其较高的性价比而值得推广使用。
In accordance with the present situation of the main electricity measurement problems existing in the field where many power user are living together, such as residential area or student's apartment, a kind of multi-user electronic energy meter has been designed in this article. This electronic energy meter can detect the active amount of electricity of many users. Besides its wide measuring range, high precision, and low power, it can measure different electricity for each user in different time section which will improve the running efficiency of the electric net by adjusting the unbalance station of power consumption. Based on this meter, the automatic meter reading system adopts the low voltage power line to carry data.
    At first, this paper summarizes the developing history and the present state of energy meter and automatic meter reading system, and introduces the basic theory of energy measurement. As an important part, the principle of 2 - A analog-to-digital conversion has been analyzed. Then, the circuits of this energy meter's hardware are illustrated in this paper, such as DC power supply, energy measurement circuit, extended memory circuit, real-time clock, extended display and keyboard circuit, and decoder circuit, etc. The receiving, transmitting and coupling circuits for power line carrier communication interface are designed by using the spread spectrum communication 1C of SSC16 series which are developed for China's electric net. On the software, the realization of the main program and the subprograms such as energy pulse acquisition, multi-rate measurement, max-power demand measurement, data dynamic display, and keyboard scanning, are introduced with some flow charts. As an emphasis, the automatic metering program and the main content of communication protocol. Finally, system's measurement error and error compensation method are analyzed, and some measures of anti-interference are taken to improve system's reliability.
    Generally, the study on this topic will improve the electric energy measurement and management to a high level, and it is worthy of generalization.
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