企业利益相关者与技术创新绩效关系研究
|
摘要
在全球化、网络化的时代背景下,利益相关者思想越来越受企业人士的推崇。企业管理正从“利益相关者影响”迈向“利益相关者参与”。在技术创新实践中,封闭式的创新方式已被彻底打破,企业要想保持持续竞争优势就必须与不同的创新主体进行合作,通过优势互补、风险共担、利益共享,最终提高技术创新绩效。因此,从利益相关者视角审视技术创新绩效并进行实证研究具有重要意义,这也是本文的重要创新点所在。
本文在利益相关者理论、技术创新利益相关者以及与技术创新绩效关系研究相关文献的基础上,首先从权力和利益两个维度将企业利益相关者分为高度平衡型利益相关者、中间型利益相关者和低度平衡型利益相关者三类,并分析其权力和利益要求;在此基础上量化剖析三类利益相关者对企业技术创新绩效的影响。本研究采用问卷调查法进行数据收集,共发出问卷470份,回收有效问卷119份,有效回收率为25.3%。在数据处理过程中,本文主要运用了因子分析、多元回归分析方法对提出的假设进行了实证检验。最后又以国内知名通信设备制造企业—X公司的实践来验证前文定量研究结果和本文提出的研究框架。通过理论分析和定量研究,本文主要得到如下结论:
(1)总的来看,三类利益相关者与技术创新绩效呈正相关关系,基本得到实证验证。
(2)从个别利益相关者看,其权力和利益大小对市场绩效和技术绩效总体上都产生正向影响的是:用户、高管、供应商、分销商、政府和债权人。
(3)股东在技术创新中的权力大小对市场绩效影响非常微弱,合作者权力因素和市场绩效之间存在负向关系:员工在技术创新中的利益对技术绩效产生负向的作用,竞争者在技术创新中的利益大小对技术绩效没有产生显著作用,而对市场绩效产生负向作用。
此外,本文根据研究的结论,结合企业的实际,提出了有助于提高企业技术创新绩效并实现企业价值最大化的建议,并对未来的研究进行了展望。
In the context of globalization and networking, stakeholder theory is more and more respected by businessmen. Enterprise management is moving from "stakeholders affected" to "stakeholder participation". In technological innovation practice, closed innovative ways have been completely broken. So in order to maintain a sustained competitive advantage and ultimately improve technological innovation performance, enterprises must be cooperated with other innovative objects through complementing each other, risk-sharing and profit-sharing. Therefore, it has great significance to apply stakeholder theory to the domain of technology innovation performance and use empirical study. This is also an important innovation point in this paper.
On the basis of literature review including stakeholder theory, stakeholders in technology innovation and the relationships between stakeholders and technological innovation performance, the author classify stakeholders according to power and stakes into three kinds which are high degree of balance-stakeholders, intermediate stakeholders and low balance-stakeholders. In addition, the paper analyze stakes and power requirements of them in theory. And then quantitative analysis was used to understand research topics. In this work, the questionnaire was used for collecting data. Totally 470 questionnaires were sent out, while 119 valid ones were got back. The ratio of valid questionnaire is 25.3%. During the procedure of data processing, some methods such as factor analysis and multiple linear regression were used to verify hypotheses in the model. Subsequently, it takes one domestic enterprise which is well-known for communications equipment manufacturing as an example to test results of the former quantitative research and research framework proposed in this paper. Through theoretical exploration and quantitative analysis, some important conclusions are as follows:
Firstly, overall, positive correlation between three types of stakeholders and technological innovation performance has been validated by empirical study.
Secondly, from individual perspective, both power and stakes of customers, senior staff, suppliers, distributors, governments and creditors had a positive impact on technology innovation performance.
Thirdly, the size of power in technology innovation affects technology innovation performance weakly in markets for shareholders, while cooperators are on the opposite; the size of stakes which are got from technology innovation plays a negative role in improving technology performance, while there is no marked affecting relationship for rivals. In addition, it is negative to performance in markets.
Besides, in accordance with research results and concrete circumstance of enterprises, the article provides advices for improving technology innovation performance and maximizing the value of enterprises, and expects the future research.
本文在利益相关者理论、技术创新利益相关者以及与技术创新绩效关系研究相关文献的基础上,首先从权力和利益两个维度将企业利益相关者分为高度平衡型利益相关者、中间型利益相关者和低度平衡型利益相关者三类,并分析其权力和利益要求;在此基础上量化剖析三类利益相关者对企业技术创新绩效的影响。本研究采用问卷调查法进行数据收集,共发出问卷470份,回收有效问卷119份,有效回收率为25.3%。在数据处理过程中,本文主要运用了因子分析、多元回归分析方法对提出的假设进行了实证检验。最后又以国内知名通信设备制造企业—X公司的实践来验证前文定量研究结果和本文提出的研究框架。通过理论分析和定量研究,本文主要得到如下结论:
(1)总的来看,三类利益相关者与技术创新绩效呈正相关关系,基本得到实证验证。
(2)从个别利益相关者看,其权力和利益大小对市场绩效和技术绩效总体上都产生正向影响的是:用户、高管、供应商、分销商、政府和债权人。
(3)股东在技术创新中的权力大小对市场绩效影响非常微弱,合作者权力因素和市场绩效之间存在负向关系:员工在技术创新中的利益对技术绩效产生负向的作用,竞争者在技术创新中的利益大小对技术绩效没有产生显著作用,而对市场绩效产生负向作用。
此外,本文根据研究的结论,结合企业的实际,提出了有助于提高企业技术创新绩效并实现企业价值最大化的建议,并对未来的研究进行了展望。
In the context of globalization and networking, stakeholder theory is more and more respected by businessmen. Enterprise management is moving from "stakeholders affected" to "stakeholder participation". In technological innovation practice, closed innovative ways have been completely broken. So in order to maintain a sustained competitive advantage and ultimately improve technological innovation performance, enterprises must be cooperated with other innovative objects through complementing each other, risk-sharing and profit-sharing. Therefore, it has great significance to apply stakeholder theory to the domain of technology innovation performance and use empirical study. This is also an important innovation point in this paper.
On the basis of literature review including stakeholder theory, stakeholders in technology innovation and the relationships between stakeholders and technological innovation performance, the author classify stakeholders according to power and stakes into three kinds which are high degree of balance-stakeholders, intermediate stakeholders and low balance-stakeholders. In addition, the paper analyze stakes and power requirements of them in theory. And then quantitative analysis was used to understand research topics. In this work, the questionnaire was used for collecting data. Totally 470 questionnaires were sent out, while 119 valid ones were got back. The ratio of valid questionnaire is 25.3%. During the procedure of data processing, some methods such as factor analysis and multiple linear regression were used to verify hypotheses in the model. Subsequently, it takes one domestic enterprise which is well-known for communications equipment manufacturing as an example to test results of the former quantitative research and research framework proposed in this paper. Through theoretical exploration and quantitative analysis, some important conclusions are as follows:
Firstly, overall, positive correlation between three types of stakeholders and technological innovation performance has been validated by empirical study.
Secondly, from individual perspective, both power and stakes of customers, senior staff, suppliers, distributors, governments and creditors had a positive impact on technology innovation performance.
Thirdly, the size of power in technology innovation affects technology innovation performance weakly in markets for shareholders, while cooperators are on the opposite; the size of stakes which are got from technology innovation plays a negative role in improving technology performance, while there is no marked affecting relationship for rivals. In addition, it is negative to performance in markets.
Besides, in accordance with research results and concrete circumstance of enterprises, the article provides advices for improving technology innovation performance and maximizing the value of enterprises, and expects the future research.
引文
1.宝胜.论技术创新主体间的”互动聚核式”合作模式[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2005(8):60-63
2.卜令英.利益相关者的资产专用性分析[J].中国农业会计,2006(6):28-29
3.柴静.浅析企业财务管理目标--沃尔玛公司与相关利益者双赢[J].新疆财经,2004(4):59-61
4.陈劲,陈钰芬.企业技术创新绩效评价指标体系研究.科学学与科学技术管理[J],2006(3):86-91
5.陈劲,龚焱,雍灏.技术创新信息源新探:领先用户研究[J].中国软科学,2001(1):86-88
6.陈劲,余芳珍,陈钰芬.高校原始性技术创新影响因素研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2006(1):67-72
7.陈劲,张方华.《社会资本与技术创新》[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2002
8.陈铁军.中小企业技术创新绩效实证研究[D].浙江工业大学硕士学位论文.2002
9.陈维政,吴继红,任佩瑜.企业社会绩效评价的利益相关者模式[J].中国工业经济,2002(7):57-63
10.董西明,江学军,刘贵基.科技进步对浙江经济增长的贡献率分析[J].价值工程,2006(3):12-14
11.段文,晁罡,刘善仕.利益相关者视角的供应链管理绩效评价体系[J].科学学研究,2006(8):235-240
12.冯春丽,李正伦.《企业价值评估与投资决策》[M].广州:中山大学出版社,2004:52-53
13.弗里曼.战略管理:一利益相关者方法[M].波士顿:皮德曼出版社,1984
14.高浏琛.技术创新利益相关者问题研究.浙江工商大学硕士学位论文[D].2004
15.郭晓川.《合作技术创新--大学与企业合作的理论和实务》[M].经济管理出版社,2001
16.嵇登科.企业网络对企业技术创新绩效的影响研究[D].浙江大学硕士学位沦文,2006
17.贾生华,陈宏辉,田传浩.基于利益相关者理论的企业绩效评价一个分析框架和应用研究[J].科研管理,2003(4):94-101
18.江若尘.企业利益相关者问题的实证研究[J].中国工业经济,2006(10):67-74
19.敬嵩,雷良海.基于利益相关者理论的企业定量管理模式研究[J].企业战略管 理,2006(11):54-58
20.李怀祖.管理研究方法论[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,2004
21.梁杰.浅析从利益相关者角度构建效绩评价指标体系[J].商业研究,2003(5):77-79
22.林健,李焕荣.基于核心能力的企业战略网络-网络经济时代的企业战略管理模式[J].中国软科学,2003(12):68-72
23.刘建桥,何晓勇.关于技术创新产权收益的对策分析[J].科技与管理.2003(6):119-121
24.刘三林,孟凡萍.技术创新与制度和管理创新的一体化[J].研究与发展管理,2000(5):17-20
25.陆庆平.以企业价值最大化为导向的企业绩效评价体系-基于利益相关者理论[J],会计研究.2006(3):56-62
26.马宁,官建成.影响我国工业企业技术创新绩效的关键因素[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2000(3):16-20
27.马庆国.管理统计:数据获取、统计原理、SPSS工具与应用研究[M].北京:北京科学出版社,2002
28.彭修刚.利益相关者视角下的企业绩效评价指标体系研究[D].山东大学硕士学位论文,2005
29.盛亚,单航英,陶锐.基于利益相关者的企业创新管理模式:案例研究[J].科学学研究增刊.2007(6):106-109
30.盛亚.企业创新管理[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2005
31.陶锐.企业技术创新利益相关者分析与分类管理策略:案例研究[D].浙江工商大学硕士论文,2006
32.王富华,卞雅莉.利益相关者管理理论及其在我国的应用[J].经济与管理研究,2004(6):239-241
33.王凌云,刘厚军,张龙.论外部利益相关者对企业战略成功的影响及启示[J].软科学,2003(6):29-32
34.王龙.大学与企业合作技术创新及模式选择[J].甘肃科技,2003(4):5-7
35.王青云,饶扬德.企业技术创新绩效的层次灰色综合评判模型[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2004(5):55-62
36.王重鸣.心理学研究方法[M].北京:北京人民教育出版社,1990
37.吴玲,陈维政.企业对利益相关者实施分类管理的定量模式研究[J].中国工业经济,2003(6):70-76
38.吴玲,任佩瑜,陈维政,贺红梅.管理系统中的熵理论及利益相关者框架下企业 综合绩效的熵值评估法[J].软科学,2004(1):36-43
39.吴晓波等.我国制造业全球化与二次创新战略研究课题报告[R].2003
40.吴业桃.基于狄色系统理论的企业技术创新绩效评价.价值工程[J],2006(4):36-38
41.吴志霞.企业文化与企业绩效的相关性研究--基于利益相关者理论视角分析[D].浙江大学硕士研究生论文,2005
42.韦影.企业社会资本对技术创新绩效的影响:基于吸收能力的视角[D].浙江大学博士论文,2005
43.夏东.企业治理与企业创新--所有权、经营者与企业创新相互关系的研究[M].北京:经济管理出版社.2005
44.徐华.中小企业创新网络:构建动因与策略[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2002(2):44-45
45.许庆瑞,蒋键,郑刚.供应商参与技术创新研究-基于宝钢集团的案例分析[J].中国地质大学学报(社会科学版),2004,4(6):6-9
46.许庆瑞,郑刚,喻子达,沈威.全面创新管理(TIM):企业创新管理的新趋势-基于海尔集团的案例研究[J].科研管理,2003(5):1-7
47.张方华.企业社会资本与技术创新绩效:概念模型与实证分析[J].研究与发展管理,2006(3):47-53
48.张方华.知识型企业的社会资本与技术创新绩效研究[D].博士论文.2004
149.赵德志,赵书科.耷目关者理论及其对战略管理的启示[J].辽宁大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2005(1):138-140
50.赵莉楠.中小企业技术创新绩效测度与评价研究[D].哈尔滨理工大学硕士学位论文.2005
51.周凯,刘辉锋.我国中小企业创新网络发展的问题与对策[J].宏观经济管理,2006(3):50-51
52.朱冬元.宋化民.技术创新概念分析与绩效评价初探[J].软科学,1996(4):55-57
53.Atkinson A;Waterhouse J;Wells R;A stakeholder approaach to strategic performance measurement[J].Sloan Managemet Review;Spring 1999
54.Balachandra,R.& Fair,J.H.Factors for success in R&D Projects and new product innvation:A context framework[J].IEEE Transaction on Engineering Management,1997(44):276-287
55.Carroll A.B;A three-dimensional conceptual model of corporate performance [J].Academy of Management Review,1979
56.Chesbrough H..Open innovation[M].Harvard University Press:Cambridge,MA. 2003
57. Coomas,R.,McMeekin,A. and Pybus,R..Towards the development of benchmarking tools for R&D Management, 1988,28(3)175-186
58. Cooper, R.G. & Kleinschmidt, E.J. New product success in the chemical industry[J]. Industrial Marketing Management, 1993,22(2):85-99
59. Cooper, R.G. & Kleinschmidt, E.J., New product performance: keys to success, profitability & cycle time reduction [J]. Journal of Marketing Management, 1995,24:315-337
60. Cooper, R.G. & Kleinschmidt, E.J., What makes a new product a winner: success factors at the project level [J]. R&D Management, 1987,17(3): 175-189
61. Dyer,J.H., Specialized supplier networks as source of competitive advantage: Evidence from auto industry [J], Strategy Management Journal, 1996, 17:187-201
62. E.Mansfield,Jeong-Yeon Lee, The modern university:contributor to industrial innovation and recipient of industrial R&D support[J]. Research Policy, 1996(25)
63. Freeman, C. Network of innovation: synthesis of research issues [J]. Research Policy. 1991,20(3):499-514
64. Freeman, R. E., Strategic management: A stakeholder approach [M]. Pitman Publishing, 1984
65. Frooman J; Socially irresponsible and illegal behavior and shareholder wealth; Ameta-analysis of event studies [J]. Business & Society, 1997
66. Johnson,G., Scholes,K., Exploring corporate strategy [M]. Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall Europe, 1999
67. K.Laursen and A.Salter. Open for innovation: the role of openness in explaining innovation performance among U.K. manufacturing firms [J].Strategic Management Journal.2006,27(6): 131 -150
68. Klimstra,P.D. and Potts,J.,1988,What we've learned: managing R&D projects[J]. Research Technology management, 31(3):23-39
69. Liddle B. T.. Privatization decision and civil engineering project [J]. Journal of Mangement in Engineering, 1997(5):73-78
70. Madden, G., Savage S.J.Telecommunications productivity, catch-up and innovation [J]. Telecommnications Policy, 1999(2)
71. Maidique, M. and Ziger, B.. A study of success and failure in product innovation: the case of the U.S. electronics industry [J]. IEEE Transaction on Engineering Management, 1984,31(4): 192-203
72.Miller,W.L.,1995,A broader mission of R&D[J].Research Technology Management,38(6):24-36
73.Mitchell R.,Agle B.and Wood D.,Towards a theory of stakeholder identification and salience:Defining the principle of who and what really counts[J].Academy of Management Review,1997,22(4),853-886
74.Rubenstein,A.H.,Chakrabarti,A.K.,Okeefe,R.D.,Souder,W.E.& Young,H.C.Factors influencing innovation success at the project level[J].Research Technology Management,1976,19(3):15-20
75.Sheng Ya,Shan Hangying.Study on the relationships between enterprises'stakeholders and Innovation Performance in Chinese Firms:Some Empirical Findings.International Conference on Management innovation(ICMI 2007).(ISSHP收录)
76.Sheng Ya,Tao Rui.The Influence of Stakeholders on Technology Innovation:A Case Study from China.International Conference on Management of Innovation and Technology.2006(6):295-299.
77.Sheng Ya,Shan Hangying.Innovation Management Modes of Enterprises Based on Stakeholders and Auditing.已被2007首届企业成长与管理创新国际学术会议录用,(ISTP收录)
78.Shrivastava P;The role of corporations in achieving eclogical sustainablility[J]。Academy of Management Review;1995
79.Tipping,J.W.,F.Zeffren,and A.R.Fusfeld,1995,Assessing the value of your technology[J].Research Technology Management,38(5):22-39
80.Von Hippel,the Sources of Innovation[M].Oxford University Press,1988
81.Von Hippel,The Dominent Role of Users in the Scientific Instrument Innovation Process[J].Research Policy,1976(5)
82.Waddock S;Graves S;The corporate social performance-financial performance link[J].Strategic Management Journal;1997
2.卜令英.利益相关者的资产专用性分析[J].中国农业会计,2006(6):28-29
3.柴静.浅析企业财务管理目标--沃尔玛公司与相关利益者双赢[J].新疆财经,2004(4):59-61
4.陈劲,陈钰芬.企业技术创新绩效评价指标体系研究.科学学与科学技术管理[J],2006(3):86-91
5.陈劲,龚焱,雍灏.技术创新信息源新探:领先用户研究[J].中国软科学,2001(1):86-88
6.陈劲,余芳珍,陈钰芬.高校原始性技术创新影响因素研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2006(1):67-72
7.陈劲,张方华.《社会资本与技术创新》[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2002
8.陈铁军.中小企业技术创新绩效实证研究[D].浙江工业大学硕士学位论文.2002
9.陈维政,吴继红,任佩瑜.企业社会绩效评价的利益相关者模式[J].中国工业经济,2002(7):57-63
10.董西明,江学军,刘贵基.科技进步对浙江经济增长的贡献率分析[J].价值工程,2006(3):12-14
11.段文,晁罡,刘善仕.利益相关者视角的供应链管理绩效评价体系[J].科学学研究,2006(8):235-240
12.冯春丽,李正伦.《企业价值评估与投资决策》[M].广州:中山大学出版社,2004:52-53
13.弗里曼.战略管理:一利益相关者方法[M].波士顿:皮德曼出版社,1984
14.高浏琛.技术创新利益相关者问题研究.浙江工商大学硕士学位论文[D].2004
15.郭晓川.《合作技术创新--大学与企业合作的理论和实务》[M].经济管理出版社,2001
16.嵇登科.企业网络对企业技术创新绩效的影响研究[D].浙江大学硕士学位沦文,2006
17.贾生华,陈宏辉,田传浩.基于利益相关者理论的企业绩效评价一个分析框架和应用研究[J].科研管理,2003(4):94-101
18.江若尘.企业利益相关者问题的实证研究[J].中国工业经济,2006(10):67-74
19.敬嵩,雷良海.基于利益相关者理论的企业定量管理模式研究[J].企业战略管 理,2006(11):54-58
20.李怀祖.管理研究方法论[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,2004
21.梁杰.浅析从利益相关者角度构建效绩评价指标体系[J].商业研究,2003(5):77-79
22.林健,李焕荣.基于核心能力的企业战略网络-网络经济时代的企业战略管理模式[J].中国软科学,2003(12):68-72
23.刘建桥,何晓勇.关于技术创新产权收益的对策分析[J].科技与管理.2003(6):119-121
24.刘三林,孟凡萍.技术创新与制度和管理创新的一体化[J].研究与发展管理,2000(5):17-20
25.陆庆平.以企业价值最大化为导向的企业绩效评价体系-基于利益相关者理论[J],会计研究.2006(3):56-62
26.马宁,官建成.影响我国工业企业技术创新绩效的关键因素[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2000(3):16-20
27.马庆国.管理统计:数据获取、统计原理、SPSS工具与应用研究[M].北京:北京科学出版社,2002
28.彭修刚.利益相关者视角下的企业绩效评价指标体系研究[D].山东大学硕士学位论文,2005
29.盛亚,单航英,陶锐.基于利益相关者的企业创新管理模式:案例研究[J].科学学研究增刊.2007(6):106-109
30.盛亚.企业创新管理[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2005
31.陶锐.企业技术创新利益相关者分析与分类管理策略:案例研究[D].浙江工商大学硕士论文,2006
32.王富华,卞雅莉.利益相关者管理理论及其在我国的应用[J].经济与管理研究,2004(6):239-241
33.王凌云,刘厚军,张龙.论外部利益相关者对企业战略成功的影响及启示[J].软科学,2003(6):29-32
34.王龙.大学与企业合作技术创新及模式选择[J].甘肃科技,2003(4):5-7
35.王青云,饶扬德.企业技术创新绩效的层次灰色综合评判模型[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2004(5):55-62
36.王重鸣.心理学研究方法[M].北京:北京人民教育出版社,1990
37.吴玲,陈维政.企业对利益相关者实施分类管理的定量模式研究[J].中国工业经济,2003(6):70-76
38.吴玲,任佩瑜,陈维政,贺红梅.管理系统中的熵理论及利益相关者框架下企业 综合绩效的熵值评估法[J].软科学,2004(1):36-43
39.吴晓波等.我国制造业全球化与二次创新战略研究课题报告[R].2003
40.吴业桃.基于狄色系统理论的企业技术创新绩效评价.价值工程[J],2006(4):36-38
41.吴志霞.企业文化与企业绩效的相关性研究--基于利益相关者理论视角分析[D].浙江大学硕士研究生论文,2005
42.韦影.企业社会资本对技术创新绩效的影响:基于吸收能力的视角[D].浙江大学博士论文,2005
43.夏东.企业治理与企业创新--所有权、经营者与企业创新相互关系的研究[M].北京:经济管理出版社.2005
44.徐华.中小企业创新网络:构建动因与策略[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2002(2):44-45
45.许庆瑞,蒋键,郑刚.供应商参与技术创新研究-基于宝钢集团的案例分析[J].中国地质大学学报(社会科学版),2004,4(6):6-9
46.许庆瑞,郑刚,喻子达,沈威.全面创新管理(TIM):企业创新管理的新趋势-基于海尔集团的案例研究[J].科研管理,2003(5):1-7
47.张方华.企业社会资本与技术创新绩效:概念模型与实证分析[J].研究与发展管理,2006(3):47-53
48.张方华.知识型企业的社会资本与技术创新绩效研究[D].博士论文.2004
149.赵德志,赵书科.耷目关者理论及其对战略管理的启示[J].辽宁大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2005(1):138-140
50.赵莉楠.中小企业技术创新绩效测度与评价研究[D].哈尔滨理工大学硕士学位论文.2005
51.周凯,刘辉锋.我国中小企业创新网络发展的问题与对策[J].宏观经济管理,2006(3):50-51
52.朱冬元.宋化民.技术创新概念分析与绩效评价初探[J].软科学,1996(4):55-57
53.Atkinson A;Waterhouse J;Wells R;A stakeholder approaach to strategic performance measurement[J].Sloan Managemet Review;Spring 1999
54.Balachandra,R.& Fair,J.H.Factors for success in R&D Projects and new product innvation:A context framework[J].IEEE Transaction on Engineering Management,1997(44):276-287
55.Carroll A.B;A three-dimensional conceptual model of corporate performance [J].Academy of Management Review,1979
56.Chesbrough H..Open innovation[M].Harvard University Press:Cambridge,MA. 2003
57. Coomas,R.,McMeekin,A. and Pybus,R..Towards the development of benchmarking tools for R&D Management, 1988,28(3)175-186
58. Cooper, R.G. & Kleinschmidt, E.J. New product success in the chemical industry[J]. Industrial Marketing Management, 1993,22(2):85-99
59. Cooper, R.G. & Kleinschmidt, E.J., New product performance: keys to success, profitability & cycle time reduction [J]. Journal of Marketing Management, 1995,24:315-337
60. Cooper, R.G. & Kleinschmidt, E.J., What makes a new product a winner: success factors at the project level [J]. R&D Management, 1987,17(3): 175-189
61. Dyer,J.H., Specialized supplier networks as source of competitive advantage: Evidence from auto industry [J], Strategy Management Journal, 1996, 17:187-201
62. E.Mansfield,Jeong-Yeon Lee, The modern university:contributor to industrial innovation and recipient of industrial R&D support[J]. Research Policy, 1996(25)
63. Freeman, C. Network of innovation: synthesis of research issues [J]. Research Policy. 1991,20(3):499-514
64. Freeman, R. E., Strategic management: A stakeholder approach [M]. Pitman Publishing, 1984
65. Frooman J; Socially irresponsible and illegal behavior and shareholder wealth; Ameta-analysis of event studies [J]. Business & Society, 1997
66. Johnson,G., Scholes,K., Exploring corporate strategy [M]. Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall Europe, 1999
67. K.Laursen and A.Salter. Open for innovation: the role of openness in explaining innovation performance among U.K. manufacturing firms [J].Strategic Management Journal.2006,27(6): 131 -150
68. Klimstra,P.D. and Potts,J.,1988,What we've learned: managing R&D projects[J]. Research Technology management, 31(3):23-39
69. Liddle B. T.. Privatization decision and civil engineering project [J]. Journal of Mangement in Engineering, 1997(5):73-78
70. Madden, G., Savage S.J.Telecommunications productivity, catch-up and innovation [J]. Telecommnications Policy, 1999(2)
71. Maidique, M. and Ziger, B.. A study of success and failure in product innovation: the case of the U.S. electronics industry [J]. IEEE Transaction on Engineering Management, 1984,31(4): 192-203
72.Miller,W.L.,1995,A broader mission of R&D[J].Research Technology Management,38(6):24-36
73.Mitchell R.,Agle B.and Wood D.,Towards a theory of stakeholder identification and salience:Defining the principle of who and what really counts[J].Academy of Management Review,1997,22(4),853-886
74.Rubenstein,A.H.,Chakrabarti,A.K.,Okeefe,R.D.,Souder,W.E.& Young,H.C.Factors influencing innovation success at the project level[J].Research Technology Management,1976,19(3):15-20
75.Sheng Ya,Shan Hangying.Study on the relationships between enterprises'stakeholders and Innovation Performance in Chinese Firms:Some Empirical Findings.International Conference on Management innovation(ICMI 2007).(ISSHP收录)
76.Sheng Ya,Tao Rui.The Influence of Stakeholders on Technology Innovation:A Case Study from China.International Conference on Management of Innovation and Technology.2006(6):295-299.
77.Sheng Ya,Shan Hangying.Innovation Management Modes of Enterprises Based on Stakeholders and Auditing.已被2007首届企业成长与管理创新国际学术会议录用,(ISTP收录)
78.Shrivastava P;The role of corporations in achieving eclogical sustainablility[J]。Academy of Management Review;1995
79.Tipping,J.W.,F.Zeffren,and A.R.Fusfeld,1995,Assessing the value of your technology[J].Research Technology Management,38(5):22-39
80.Von Hippel,the Sources of Innovation[M].Oxford University Press,1988
81.Von Hippel,The Dominent Role of Users in the Scientific Instrument Innovation Process[J].Research Policy,1976(5)
82.Waddock S;Graves S;The corporate social performance-financial performance link[J].Strategic Management Journal;1997