航空公司客运超售策略研究
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摘要
随着我国经济建设持续稳定的发展,航空客运市场发展越来越快,航空市场的竞争亦日趋激烈。国内航空公司开始引进收益管理系统,采用超售来提高收益。本文主要研究航空公司的客运超售策略,主要内容如下:
一、概述了收益管理的产生过程和发展阶段,阐述了它的应用条件、研究现状和发展趋势,并从国内外的研究成果总结分析了超售的研究进展。
二、剖析了航空公司实施超售的原因、利弊及影响因素,并在此基础上构建了超售的数学模型。针对单航班航线,分别以航班收益最大和超售成本最小为目标函数,建立了基于报童问题和考虑旅客成行率的超售模型;针对多航班航线,考虑DB旅客对后续航班的影响,以航线总超售成本最小为目标函数,分别建立了相同超售量和不同超售量下的数学模型。进一步对所建模型分别提出了切实可行的求解方法,并用实例验证了模型的正确性和算法的有效性。
三、分析了超售航班服务失误的原因、旅客抱怨的种类,阐述了实施服务补救的原则,并在此基础上结合航空公司的实际操作给出了超售航班服务补救的流程。
With the sustaining and stable development of economy in our country, the development of air passenger transportation market is increasingly faster, and the competition in air transportation market is also increasingly fiercer. Domestic airlines start to introduce revenue management system, and increase revenue by overbooking. The main research of this paper is the strategy of airline passenger overbooking, and the main contents are as follows.
First, the generating process and development stage of revenue management is summarized. Its application conditions, research status and development trend is elaborated. The research progress is summed up and analyzed by research output in China and abroad.
Second, the reason for airline implementating overbooking, its pros and cons and influencing factors is analyzed, and overbooking mathematical models are constructed on this basis. As to single flight route, maximizing the flight revenue and minimizing the overbooking cost is set up as an objection function respectively, and overbooking models based on the newsboy problem and considering travelling rate are set up. As to multiple flights route, the effect that DB passengers have on subsequent flights is considered, minimizing the total overbooking cost of the route is set up as an objection function, and mathematical models under the same overbooking quantity and different overbooking quantity are established respectively. The practical solving methods for models established in the paper are futher raised. The correctness of models and the validity of calculation methods are certificated by examples.
Third, reasons for overbooking flights service errors and types of passengers’complain are analyzed. The principle of service recovery is elaborated, and on this basis, combined with the actual operation of airline, the flow of overbooking flights service recovery is given.
一、概述了收益管理的产生过程和发展阶段,阐述了它的应用条件、研究现状和发展趋势,并从国内外的研究成果总结分析了超售的研究进展。
二、剖析了航空公司实施超售的原因、利弊及影响因素,并在此基础上构建了超售的数学模型。针对单航班航线,分别以航班收益最大和超售成本最小为目标函数,建立了基于报童问题和考虑旅客成行率的超售模型;针对多航班航线,考虑DB旅客对后续航班的影响,以航线总超售成本最小为目标函数,分别建立了相同超售量和不同超售量下的数学模型。进一步对所建模型分别提出了切实可行的求解方法,并用实例验证了模型的正确性和算法的有效性。
三、分析了超售航班服务失误的原因、旅客抱怨的种类,阐述了实施服务补救的原则,并在此基础上结合航空公司的实际操作给出了超售航班服务补救的流程。
With the sustaining and stable development of economy in our country, the development of air passenger transportation market is increasingly faster, and the competition in air transportation market is also increasingly fiercer. Domestic airlines start to introduce revenue management system, and increase revenue by overbooking. The main research of this paper is the strategy of airline passenger overbooking, and the main contents are as follows.
First, the generating process and development stage of revenue management is summarized. Its application conditions, research status and development trend is elaborated. The research progress is summed up and analyzed by research output in China and abroad.
Second, the reason for airline implementating overbooking, its pros and cons and influencing factors is analyzed, and overbooking mathematical models are constructed on this basis. As to single flight route, maximizing the flight revenue and minimizing the overbooking cost is set up as an objection function respectively, and overbooking models based on the newsboy problem and considering travelling rate are set up. As to multiple flights route, the effect that DB passengers have on subsequent flights is considered, minimizing the total overbooking cost of the route is set up as an objection function, and mathematical models under the same overbooking quantity and different overbooking quantity are established respectively. The practical solving methods for models established in the paper are futher raised. The correctness of models and the validity of calculation methods are certificated by examples.
Third, reasons for overbooking flights service errors and types of passengers’complain are analyzed. The principle of service recovery is elaborated, and on this basis, combined with the actual operation of airline, the flow of overbooking flights service recovery is given.
引文
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[2]邵龙.航空公司收益管理的理论和应用[J].民航经济与技术. 1999.6, 210:19-23.
[3]杨思梁.最盈利的管理方法:收益管理[M].北京:航空工业出版社. 2000 .
[4] Belobaba P.P. Application of a Probabilistic Decision Model to Airline Seat Inventory Control[J]. Operations Research. 1989, 37(2):183-197.
[5] Baker T.K., Collier D.A. A comparative revenue analysis of hotel yield management heuristics[J]. Decision Sciences. 1999, 30(1):239-263.
[6] Jauncey S., Mitchell I., Slamet P. The meaning and management of yield in hotels[J]. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 1995, 7(4):23-26.
[7] Lieberman W.H. Debunking the myths of yield management[J]. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly. 1993, 34(1):34–41.
[8] Zvi Schwartz, Eli Cohen. Hotel Revenue management Forecasting[J]. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly. 2004, 45(1):85-98.
[9]杨思梁,刘军.关于航空客运收益管理的一些基本概念[J].民航经济与技术. 1998.4, 196: 37-41.
[10]李金林,徐丽萍.收益管理的研究现状及发展趋势[J].北京工商大学学报(自然科学版). 2007.3, 25(2):56-61.
[11] Belobaba P.P. Air travel demand and airline seat inventory management[博士学位论文]. Cambridge: MIT, 1987.
[12] Lee T.C., Hersh M. A model for dynamic airline seat inventory control with multiple seat bookings[J]. Transportation Science. 1993, 27:252-265.
[13] Talluri K.T., van Ryzin G. Revenue management under a general discrete choice model of consumer behavior[J]. Management Science. 2004, 50:15-33.
[14] Gallego G., van Ryzin G G. A multiproduct dynamic pricing problem and its applications to network yield management[J]. Operations Research. 1997, 45(1):24-41.
[15] Maglaras C., Meissner J. Dynamic pricing strategies for multiproduct revenue management problems[J]. Manufacturing and Service Operation Management. 2006, 8:136-148.
[16]李晓花,萧伯春.航空公司收入管理价格与舱位控制的统一分析[J].管理科学学报. 2004, 7(6):63-69.
[17] Netessine S., Rudy N. Centralized and competitive inventory models with demandsubstitution[J]. Operations Research. 2003, 51: 329-335.
[18] Gallego G., Ming Hu. Finite horizon dynamic pricing of perishable assets under competition[R]. The 6th Annual INFORMS RM and Pricing Conference. 2006.
[19] Vinod B. Alliance revenue management[J]. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management. 2005, 4(1):66-82.
[20] Thiele A. Single product pricing via robust optimization[Working Paper]. Legigh University. 2006.
[21] Khan A., Robust A. Optimization model for revenue management in order driven production system[R]. The 6th Annual INFORMS RM and Pricing Conference. 2006.
[22] Anderson C.K., Davison M., Rasmussen H. Revenue management: A real options approach[J]. Naval Research Logistics. 2004, 51:686-703.
[23] Vickrey W. Airline Overbooking: Some Further Solutions[J]. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy. 1972, 6:257-270.
[24] Beckmann J.M. Decision and Team Problems in Airline[J]. Reservations Econometrica. 1958, 26:134-145.
[25] Kosten L. En mathematics model on Reservation Problems[J]. Statistica Neerlandica. 1960, 14(1):85-94.
[26] Thompson H.R. Statistical Problems in Airline Reservation Control[J]. Operational Research Quarterly. 1961, 12:167-185.
[27] Karlin S. One Stage Models with Uncertainty[硕士学位论文]. Stanford California. Stanford University. 1999, 6.
[28] Iglehort D.L., Karlin S. Optimal Policy for Dynamic Inventory Process with Nonstationary Stochastic Demands[M]. K.Arrow, S.Karlin, H.Scarf(eds.). Studies in Applied Probability and Management Science, Chapter 8. Stanford University Press. 1962.
[29] Rothstein M. Stochastic Models for Airline Booking Policies[博士学位论文]. New York. New York University. 1968.
[30] Rothstein M. Stochastic Models for Airline Booking[博士学位论文]. New York. New York University. 1971.
[31] Hersh M., Ladany S.P. Optimal Seat Allocation for Flights with Intermediate Stops[J]. Computers Operational Research. 1978, 5:31-37.
[32] Oil B.G. etc. Booking Policy for Flights with Two Types of Passengers[J]. European Journal of Operational Research. 1986, 27:274-288.
[33] Hersh M., Brosh I. The Optimal Strategy Structure of an Intermittently Operated ServiceChannel[J]. European Journal of Operational Research. 1980, 5:133-141.
[34] Alstrup J., Boas S., Madesen O.B.G. etc. Booking Policy for Flights with Two Passenger Types[J]. European Journal of Operations Research. 1986, 27:274-288.
[35] Veinott A.F. Optimal Production with Machine Breakdowns[博士学位论文]. Department of Operations Research. Stanford California. Stanford University. 1987.
[36] Bodily S.E., Pfeifer P.E. Overbooking Decision[J]. Rules Omega. 1992, 20(1):129-133.
[37] Chatwin R.E. Optimal Airline Overbooking[博士学位论文]. Palo Alto, CA. Stanford University. 1992.
[38] Chatwin R.E. Continuous-Time Airline Overbooking with Time Dependent Fares and Refunds[J]. Transportation Science. 1998, 33(2):182-191.
[39] Subramanian J., Lautenbacher C.J., Stidham S.J. Airline Yield Management with Overbooking Cancellations and No Shows[J]. Transportation Science. 1999, 33(2):147-167.
[40] Feng Y., P.Lin, B.Xiao. An Analysis of Airline Seat Control with Cancellations[J]. In Yao D.D., Zhang H., Zhou X.Y.(eds.). Stochastic Modeling and Optimization with Applications on Quenues, Finance, and Supply Chain. Springer-Verlag. 2002.
[41] Feng Y., B. Xiao. A Continuous-Time Seat Control Model for Single-Leg Flights with No-shows and Optimal Overbooking Upper Bound[Working Paper]. Chinese University of Hong Kong. 2003.
[42]杨思梁.论航空客运中的超售[J].民航经济与技术. 1999.4, 208:16-19.
[43]李艳华.帕累托最优与航空客运中的超售[J].中国民航学院学报. 2000.4, 18(2):18-22.
[44]张国坤.机票超售建模和数值分析[J].中国民航飞行学院学报. 2001.3, 12(1):45-48.
[45]彭斯俊,万丽军,唐涛等.基于演化计算的机票超售建模[J].武汉理工大学学报. 2002.10, 24(5):24-27.
[46]鞠彦兵,冯允成,王爱华.航空客运超售风险研究[J].北京航空航天大学学报. 2002.10, 28(5):593-596.
[47]衡红军,杨珏.航班座位超售量的确定[J].计算机工程. 2005.4, 31(7):166-167.
[48]霍颖瑜,张国基.超订收益模型及其简化[J].工业工程. 2005.9, 8(5):96-100.
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