海南霸王岭自然保护区苔类植物区系以及海南苔类植物区系与临近岛屿的关系
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摘要
霸王岭自然保护区位于海南岛的西南部,东经108°53′-109°12′,北纬18°53′-19°20′,是海南最早建立的国家级保护区之一,保护区内保存着较大面积的原始热带森林。苔藓植物是热带森林最重要的组成成分之一,但到目前为止尚未有人对这里的苔藓植物进行过详细的调查研究。
     为了了解霸王岭自然保护区苔藓植物的多样性以及海南岛苔藓植物区系的特点,笔者于2003年11月下旬至12月上旬赴霸王岭自然保护区进行苔藓植物的本底野外调查。通过对这次野外采集的标本以及兄弟单位采集的标本的鉴定,发现海南霸王岭自然保护区有苔类植物165种(隶属于23科52属)和角苔植物1种(隶属于1科1属),其中包括中国新记录1种(Acrolejeunea parvula (Mizut.) Gradst.)和海南岛新记录5属35种。本文研究了霸王岭苔类植物区系,并与其地理位置相接近的六个地区(福建鹫东峰、广西九万山、云南大围山、海南尖峰岭、浙江凤阳山、广西十万大山)从物种丰富度、优势科、属种相似性系数、区系谱、具体地理成分等多个角度进行了比较,得出如下结论:
     霸王岭苔类植物区系种类丰富,可以划分为12种地理成分,其中热带成分比例最(64.97%),东亚成分次之(26.75%),北温带成分较少(3.82%)。
     叶附生苔类植物丰富是霸王岭苔类植物区系的一大特点,共40种,其中细鳞苔科占35种。种数最多的是疣鳞苔属,共17种,占种数的42.5%。变异原鳞苔为首次叶附生生境记录。
     霸王岭的苔藓植物生态分布类型可以划分为木生、石生、土生、叶附生4种类型,木生类型可以进一步分为腐木生和树生,石生类型划分为湿石生和干石生。霸王岭以木生种类最为丰富,石生和土生种类也较多,而叶附生苔最具特色。
     根据前人记载和本次野外考察的结果,海南岛共有苔类植物和角苔植物28科63属264种(包括2变种),其中叶附生苔类植物共7科22属80种,占海南苔类种数的30.3%,细鳞苔科是海南最大的科,共有25属117种,占海南苔类种数的44.32%。此外,海南有8种中国濒危苔类植物,海南耳叶苔为海南特有种类。
     本文也探讨了海南、日本、台湾和菲律宾苔类植物区系的亲缘关系。台湾与日本的属种相似性最高,而日本与菲律宾的属种相似性最低。与其它三个地方相比较,海南与台湾苔类植物种的亲缘关系最密切,与日本次之,与菲律宾最远。海南和台湾与菲律宾苔类植物属的相似性分别为70.41%和74.80%,但是种的相似性系数只有34.60%和35.26%。
     本文也提供了霸王岭和海南苔类植物最新名录。所有标本存放在华东师范大学苔藓植物标本室。
Bawangling Nature Reserve in the southwest of Hainan Island, located between 108°53'-109°12'E and 18°53'-19°20'N, is one of the earliest built nature reserves with a large area of well preserved tropic forests. As an essential element of tropic forest, the bryophyte flora of Bawangling Nature Reserve has been poorly known.
    In order to investigate the liverwort diversity of Bawangling Nature Reserve and the liverwort flora characteristics of Hainan, a survey was carried out from November 26 to December 2 in 2003. The results show that the liverwort flora contains 165 liverworts belonging to 52 genera in 23 families, and one hornwort belonging to one genus in one family, based on all published papers and identifications of all available specimens. Among them, one species, Acrolejeunea parvula (Mizut.) Gradst. is newly recorded to China and 35 species and five genera are new to Hainan. This present project dealed with the liverwort flora of Bawangling Nature Reserve, and the correlations between Bawangling Nature Reserve and the adjacent or related areas such as Jiufengshan, Jiuwanshan, Daweishan, Jianfengling, Fengyangshan, Shiwandashan, etc. In addition, the author studied its geographical elements by means of the species abundance, the genetic or specific similarity coefficient, floristic spectrum, etc.
    The liverwort flora in the Bawangling Nature Reserve consists of 12 geographical elements, of which the tropical element has 100 species and the East Asiatic element contains 42 species, accounting for about 64.97% and 26.75% of the whole liverwort flora, respectively; and the proportion of the temperate element is only approximate to 3.82%, which is relatively lower in the whole liverwort flora.
    Out of 40 epiphyllous liverworts species in Bawangling Nature Reserve, 35 species belong to Lejeuneaceae. The largest genus is Cololejuenea, with 17 species, accounting for 42.5% of the whole epiphyllous liverworts. Archilejeunea polymorpha is newly reported as an epiphyllous record.
    The types of ecological distribution of liverworts in Bawangling Nature Reserve can be divided into four types: epixylophytia, geophytia, petrophytia, epiphyllitia.
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