岩浆成因CO_2气藏中储集砂岩的热对流成岩作用
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摘要
通过岩石学、稳定同位素和放射性同位素地球化学与流体包裹体地质学等多学科相结合的综合研究方法,开展了海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷岩浆成因CO_2气藏中储集砂岩的热对流成岩作用研究。岩浆成因CO_2气藏储集砂岩中以发育片钠铝石胶结物为特征。含片钠铝石砂岩的成岩共生序列依次为粘土矿物包壳-次生加大石英、高岭石、自生石英-油气充注-CO_2充注-片钠铝石-铁白云石。海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷岩浆活动-无机CO_2充注-砂岩成岩(砂岩中片钠铝石胶结物形成)在物质成分和时间上均具有较好的耦合关系,表现为:成岩片钠铝石与气藏中的CO_2具有相同的“碳来源”,绝大部分属于幔源-岩浆成因;CO_2充注或片钠铝石形成晚于90Ma,CO_2与该区辉绿玢岩侵位(约46.2Ma)关系密切。片钠铝石不但是CO_2流体运移、聚集、逸散的“示踪矿物”,而且也记录了CO_2充注驱油过程。引起片钠铝石形成的CO_2流体为“热流体”,含片钠铝石砂岩的成岩作用以垂向强迫热对流为特征。
Thermal convection diagenesis is a geological process between traditional burial diagenesis and traditional contact metamorphism. It belongs to the scientific field of basin fluids and diagenesis in sedimentary petrology, and is one of topics of geological frontier. The CO_2 gas reservoir sandstone of Wuerxun depression in Hailaer basin, abundant in dawsonite, is an ideal rock type to study the thermal convection diagenesis. By integrating the multi-discipline methods of petrology, stable isotopic geochemistry, radioactive isotopic geochemistry and fluid inclusion geology, on the basis of research on petrology characteristics, diagenetic fluid and its evolvement of dawsonite-bearing sandstone, more attention has been paid to study the coupling relationships among magma emplacement, CO_2 thermal fluid activity and sandstone diagenesis in the way of component and timing. The purpose of the study is to search the substance contribution and long-distance control action of deep geological process or magma activity on sandstone diagenesis, and to provide significant theoretical evidence for reservoir evaluation and anisotropic prediction of sandstone in magmatic CO_2 pool.
The research on petrology characteristics indicates that the dawsonite-bearing sandstone of Wuerxun depression in Hailaer basin comprise of arkose and lithic arkose. Their diagenetic paragenesis includes six discrete diagenetic processes. From earliest to latest, the diagenetic processes are:(1) clay mineral coatings; (2) quartz overgrowth, authigenic quartz, authigenic kaolinite; (3) petroleum charging;(4) CO_2 charging; (5) dawsonite; (6) ankerite. The dawsonite and ankerite formed after CO_2 charging. Based on the diagenetic paragenesis above, according to the tracing characteristic of dawsonite, palaeofluid information from fluid inclusions in cements or authigenic minerals and geochemical characteristics of present groundwater, diagenetic fluid evolvement of dawsonite-bearing sandstone is classified into four stages including (1) alkali diagenetic fluid before petroleum charging, (2) acid diagenetic fluid during petroleum charging; (3) diagenetic fluid varying from acid to alkaline during CO_2 charging and (4) alkali diagenetic fluid from CO_2 charging to the present. The CO_2 charging played a very important role in changing the chemical composition of groundwater, which is characterized by its extremely high degree of mineralization with absolute proportion of Na+ and HCO3-, also with higher amount of CO32-.
Dawsoniteδ13C values range from -5.3 to -1.5‰PDB. The calculatedδ13C values of CO_2 gas in isotope equilibrium with dawsonite range from -11.4 to -7.3‰PDB, in coincidence withδ13C CO_2 values(-11.36～-8.2‰PDB) from CO_2 gas pool in Hailaer Basin. These values are mainly within the range of inorganic CO_2. Dawsoniteδ18O values range from 5.8 to 10.8‰SMOW, in coincidence with the range of dawsoniteδ18O values with magmatic origin reported both at home and abroad, also show the characteristics of carbonate oxygen isotope with magmatic origin. According to the fact that 3He/4He values are from 1.68×10–6 to 2.08×10–6, R/Ra values are 1.20 to 1.49 of associated helium with CO_2 gas, and that both dawsonite and CO_2 gas pool lie in the vicinity of magmatic rocks and the deep fault, CO_2 both in gas pool and dawsonite almost derived from the mantle-magmatic origin. However, the calculated initial 87Sr/86Sr values of dawsonite and ankerite are respectively 0.708407～0.712720 and 0.706337～0.710808, indicating sialic crust origin. Considering that the trace element of dawsonite and ankerite implied crust origin, the REE contents of dawsonite and ankerite are similar with mantle-magmatic carbonate, while the chondrite-normalized REE patterns are consistent with crust rock, it is concluded that dawsonite and the paragenetic mineral ankerite from Wuerxun depression in Hailaer basin are the results of interaction of mantle-magmatic CO_2 and sandstone in crust.
Research on fluid inclusions and K-Ar ages of authigenic illite indicates that petroleum charging in dawsonite-bearing sandstone began at about 120Ma, reached climax during 100 to 90Ma. CO_2 charging was later than petroleum charging in large scale, so later than 90Ma, in accord with the age of allgovite (46.2Ma). Therefore, there exists perfect coupling relationship among magma emplacement, CO_2 fluid activity and sandstone diagenesis (or dawsonite forming) not only in components but also in the time. Dawsonite occurring in Wuerxun depression, Hailaer basin, is the tracer mineral on migration, accumulation, and leakage of mantle-magmatic CO_2. In addition, it was for the first time that petroleum inclusions were found in dawsonite cement, and CO_2 gas bottom was discovered in the wells with abundant dawsonite such as Su16, Su3 and Su2 etc. These may prove that the oil displacement by CO_2 occurred in Wuerxun depression, and the dawsonite-bearing sandstone preserved the evidence of oil displaced by CO_2.
Integrated study on reflectance of vitrinite of the dawsonite-bearing stratum, homogeneous temperature of fluid inclusions in ankerite, and apatite fission track shows that the CO_2 gas causing dawsonite precipitation acted as thermal fluid. The dawsonite-bearing sandstone diagenesis was characterized by vertically forced thermal convection. Based on research above, forced thermal convection diagenetic pattern of reservoir sandstone of magmatic CO_2 pool is established. The CO_2 thermal fluid from magmatic degasification migrated into Nantun Formation sandstone along the Wuxi fracture and its branches. One part of magmatic CO_2 displaced the previous petroleum and then preserved in sandstone as gas phase; another part of magmatic CO_2 participated in the diagenesis of sandstone. Firstly, CO_2 dissolves in water and reacts with water by gas-water boundary to produce weak carbonic acid. Then carbonic acid dissociates rapidly into bicarbonate ion and hydrogen ion. The increasing acidity induces dissolution of many unstable silicate minerals (mostly feldspar) in the primary host rock. With the transformation of pore fluid, the dissolved bicarbonate ion reacts with such cations as Na+ and Al3+ from dissolved feldspar to precipitate dawsonite, and the bicarbonate ion reacts with Ca2+ and Mg2+ to precipitate ankerite. Therefore, CO_2 is solidified in sandstone as secondary carbonate minerals.
In theory, research on the thermal convection diagenesis and its pattern of reservoir sandstone of magmatic CO_2 pool has added to investigation of mass transformation relationship of deep geological process and shallow geological process. Moreover, it has revealed the interactional rules between deep fluid and shallow sandstone, has widen new research field of basin fluids and diagenesis. In fact, although CO_2 charging may result in dissolution of some framework grains in sandstones, CO_2 charging leads to porosity decreasing as a whole due to the new mineral formation. Therefore, it is of great significance to research on the thermal convection diagenesis and establishing its pattern of reservoir sandstone of magmatic CO_2 pool in Wuerxun depression, Hailaer basin. Conclusions drawn in this paper will play an important role in predicting anisotropic distribution of reservoir and farther directing reservoir quality forecast and evaluation.
Thermal convection diagenesis is a geological process between traditional burial diagenesis and traditional contact metamorphism. It belongs to the scientific field of basin fluids and diagenesis in sedimentary petrology, and is one of topics of geological frontier. The CO_2 gas reservoir sandstone of Wuerxun depression in Hailaer basin, abundant in dawsonite, is an ideal rock type to study the thermal convection diagenesis. By integrating the multi-discipline methods of petrology, stable isotopic geochemistry, radioactive isotopic geochemistry and fluid inclusion geology, on the basis of research on petrology characteristics, diagenetic fluid and its evolvement of dawsonite-bearing sandstone, more attention has been paid to study the coupling relationships among magma emplacement, CO_2 thermal fluid activity and sandstone diagenesis in the way of component and timing. The purpose of the study is to search the substance contribution and long-distance control action of deep geological process or magma activity on sandstone diagenesis, and to provide significant theoretical evidence for reservoir evaluation and anisotropic prediction of sandstone in magmatic CO_2 pool.
The research on petrology characteristics indicates that the dawsonite-bearing sandstone of Wuerxun depression in Hailaer basin comprise of arkose and lithic arkose. Their diagenetic paragenesis includes six discrete diagenetic processes. From earliest to latest, the diagenetic processes are:(1) clay mineral coatings; (2) quartz overgrowth, authigenic quartz, authigenic kaolinite; (3) petroleum charging;(4) CO_2 charging; (5) dawsonite; (6) ankerite. The dawsonite and ankerite formed after CO_2 charging. Based on the diagenetic paragenesis above, according to the tracing characteristic of dawsonite, palaeofluid information from fluid inclusions in cements or authigenic minerals and geochemical characteristics of present groundwater, diagenetic fluid evolvement of dawsonite-bearing sandstone is classified into four stages including (1) alkali diagenetic fluid before petroleum charging, (2) acid diagenetic fluid during petroleum charging; (3) diagenetic fluid varying from acid to alkaline during CO_2 charging and (4) alkali diagenetic fluid from CO_2 charging to the present. The CO_2 charging played a very important role in changing the chemical composition of groundwater, which is characterized by its extremely high degree of mineralization with absolute proportion of Na+ and HCO3-, also with higher amount of CO32-.
Dawsoniteδ13C values range from -5.3 to -1.5‰PDB. The calculatedδ13C values of CO_2 gas in isotope equilibrium with dawsonite range from -11.4 to -7.3‰PDB, in coincidence withδ13C CO_2 values(-11.36～-8.2‰PDB) from CO_2 gas pool in Hailaer Basin. These values are mainly within the range of inorganic CO_2. Dawsoniteδ18O values range from 5.8 to 10.8‰SMOW, in coincidence with the range of dawsoniteδ18O values with magmatic origin reported both at home and abroad, also show the characteristics of carbonate oxygen isotope with magmatic origin. According to the fact that 3He/4He values are from 1.68×10–6 to 2.08×10–6, R/Ra values are 1.20 to 1.49 of associated helium with CO_2 gas, and that both dawsonite and CO_2 gas pool lie in the vicinity of magmatic rocks and the deep fault, CO_2 both in gas pool and dawsonite almost derived from the mantle-magmatic origin. However, the calculated initial 87Sr/86Sr values of dawsonite and ankerite are respectively 0.708407～0.712720 and 0.706337～0.710808, indicating sialic crust origin. Considering that the trace element of dawsonite and ankerite implied crust origin, the REE contents of dawsonite and ankerite are similar with mantle-magmatic carbonate, while the chondrite-normalized REE patterns are consistent with crust rock, it is concluded that dawsonite and the paragenetic mineral ankerite from Wuerxun depression in Hailaer basin are the results of interaction of mantle-magmatic CO_2 and sandstone in crust.
Research on fluid inclusions and K-Ar ages of authigenic illite indicates that petroleum charging in dawsonite-bearing sandstone began at about 120Ma, reached climax during 100 to 90Ma. CO_2 charging was later than petroleum charging in large scale, so later than 90Ma, in accord with the age of allgovite (46.2Ma). Therefore, there exists perfect coupling relationship among magma emplacement, CO_2 fluid activity and sandstone diagenesis (or dawsonite forming) not only in components but also in the time. Dawsonite occurring in Wuerxun depression, Hailaer basin, is the tracer mineral on migration, accumulation, and leakage of mantle-magmatic CO_2. In addition, it was for the first time that petroleum inclusions were found in dawsonite cement, and CO_2 gas bottom was discovered in the wells with abundant dawsonite such as Su16, Su3 and Su2 etc. These may prove that the oil displacement by CO_2 occurred in Wuerxun depression, and the dawsonite-bearing sandstone preserved the evidence of oil displaced by CO_2.
Integrated study on reflectance of vitrinite of the dawsonite-bearing stratum, homogeneous temperature of fluid inclusions in ankerite, and apatite fission track shows that the CO_2 gas causing dawsonite precipitation acted as thermal fluid. The dawsonite-bearing sandstone diagenesis was characterized by vertically forced thermal convection. Based on research above, forced thermal convection diagenetic pattern of reservoir sandstone of magmatic CO_2 pool is established. The CO_2 thermal fluid from magmatic degasification migrated into Nantun Formation sandstone along the Wuxi fracture and its branches. One part of magmatic CO_2 displaced the previous petroleum and then preserved in sandstone as gas phase; another part of magmatic CO_2 participated in the diagenesis of sandstone. Firstly, CO_2 dissolves in water and reacts with water by gas-water boundary to produce weak carbonic acid. Then carbonic acid dissociates rapidly into bicarbonate ion and hydrogen ion. The increasing acidity induces dissolution of many unstable silicate minerals (mostly feldspar) in the primary host rock. With the transformation of pore fluid, the dissolved bicarbonate ion reacts with such cations as Na+ and Al3+ from dissolved feldspar to precipitate dawsonite, and the bicarbonate ion reacts with Ca2+ and Mg2+ to precipitate ankerite. Therefore, CO_2 is solidified in sandstone as secondary carbonate minerals.
In theory, research on the thermal convection diagenesis and its pattern of reservoir sandstone of magmatic CO_2 pool has added to investigation of mass transformation relationship of deep geological process and shallow geological process. Moreover, it has revealed the interactional rules between deep fluid and shallow sandstone, has widen new research field of basin fluids and diagenesis. In fact, although CO_2 charging may result in dissolution of some framework grains in sandstones, CO_2 charging leads to porosity decreasing as a whole due to the new mineral formation. Therefore, it is of great significance to research on the thermal convection diagenesis and establishing its pattern of reservoir sandstone of magmatic CO_2 pool in Wuerxun depression, Hailaer basin. Conclusions drawn in this paper will play an important role in predicting anisotropic distribution of reservoir and farther directing reservoir quality forecast and evaluation.
引文
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