胜利油田桩海地区古潜山油气运聚特征研究
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摘要
含油气系统理论以及继承发展的成藏动力学理论以其系统、整体、动态的思路日益受到重视,在最薄弱的研究环节——油气运聚史研究中,油气的非均一性运移以及油气运聚成藏动态过程中的多要素的耦合、系统分析是研究的热点和难点。潜山油气臧作为济阳坳陷内油气资源战略性接替的主要现实阵地,其成藏过程研究已由最初的对比研究、基础要素研究逐渐倾向于应用含油气系统及成藏动力学理论来研究成藏机制、油气成藏模式和油气分布规律等关系油气勘探决策的关键问题。基于此,本论文选取胜利油田东北部滩海区域的桩海地区古生界和太古界潜山为研究对象,通过古潜山油气运聚成藏过程中多要素的综合研究,重建油气运聚成藏的动态过程,进而揭示油气运聚成藏规律,在丰富古潜山油气运聚成藏理论的同时为勘探实践提供理论指导。
     胜利油田桩海地区古生界和太古界潜山圈闭可接受来自周边渤中凹陷、黄河口凹陷、五号桩洼陷和埕北凹陷沙三段和沙一段烃源岩生成的充足油气,油气资源潜力巨大,但储层中存在的严重非均质性和油气动态运聚成藏过程的不均一性导致勘探开发过程中存在较大风险,在不同井区的不同层位油气显示情况可能差别很大。
     基于桩海地区潜山勘探开发现状和现存问题,本论文遵从以“藏”为中心的思路,依据整体、系统、动态、定性和定量相结合以及宏观与微观相结合的原则,在含油气系统理论指导下,以油气二次运移和聚集为主线,综合运用地质、地球物理、地球化学和数值模拟等方法对地质、测井、地震和开发动态等多种基础资料和大量分析化验数据进行综合分析,在桩海潜山形成演化的区域地质背景和油气成藏静态要素研究基础上,通过对构造应力场、流体压力场、温度场和流体势能场等多种物理、化学场的动态、定性—定量、整体的研究以及油气成藏期次的研究,实现了成藏要素和成藏作用的时空动态配置,指出桩海潜山圈闭有效输导体系和有效运聚系统,建立了古潜山油气成藏模式,最终对桩海地区古生界和太古界潜山油气藏进行综合评价和油气勘探目标优选。
     论文研究取得的主要认识如下:
     (1)流体包裹体均一温度分析结果显示桩海潜山区有三次大的油气运聚成藏期,即东营末期—馆陶初期、馆陶末期及明化镇期,与周围凹(洼)陷沙三段和沙一段烃源岩主要排烃期相对应。
     (2)油气运聚过程动力场研究:下古生界和太古界发育多个纯张和张扭应力发育区(如CB30区块和1686潜山带),可为油气运移、聚集可提供有利的通道和储集空间场所。流体势模拟结果整体反映出凹陷区是高势区,潜山带是低势区。水动力更多的是起着利于油气运移的积极作用,在局部地区,可能水动力方向与油气运移方向相反,可形成水动力圈闭来聚集油气。Tg和Tg_2反射层存在4类势区,即高势区、低势区、高势区与低势区之间的过渡带以及高势区中的相对低势区。研究区油气运聚不仅与油势的高低有关,而且与油势等值线的形态及其他因素有关。低势区可以有很高的油气产量,也可以是低产区,且在高—低势区的过渡部位也可以有好的油气显示。
     (3)桩海潜山带油气运移通道包括高渗透性岩体(包括砂岩、碳酸盐岩和太古界混合花岗岩)、断裂和不整合系统,其中断层和不整合系统输导效率较高。输导体系主要有三种类型:岩体—断层—不整合型输导体系、岩体—断层型输导体系和岩体—不整合型输导体系,其中第一类广泛分布,第二类分布于潜山边缘,第三类只存在于长堤潜山带的东坡。
     (4)根据油源对比结果、油气成藏期次、油气运聚过程中的动力场特征和输导体系发育特征可划分出四套宏观有效输导体系及与之匹配的有效运聚系统,其中渤中凹陷—桩海北部运聚系统和黄河口凹陷—桩海东部运聚系统效率较高。
     (5)桩海地区周围凹陷生成的成熟、高成熟油气受控于流体势所反映的动力学因素(浮力、水动力和毛细管力),沿断裂带垂向运移及沿不整合和高孔渗岩体侧向运移,经历了东营末期—馆陶早期、馆陶末期和明化镇期等3次主要的生排烃高峰期和相应的三次主要成藏期,在古生界和太古界潜山顶面或潜山内幕构造圈闭中聚集,形成了桩海地区的复式潜山油气聚集带。各系统内油气运聚成藏模式可概括为多凹陷——混源——断层和不整合有效输导——孔洞缝发育潜山,其特点是:多凹陷生烃、多期多向供烃、油气混源、多种运移动力和通道、多期充注、多种储集空间类型、多层位储油和多种油气藏类型(内幕单斜断块潜山油气藏、内幕褶皱断块潜山油气藏、拆离断层下盘裂缝潜山油气藏和内幕断层破碎带潜山油气藏)。
Petroleum system theory and its successor, pool-forming dynamics, are being put more and more attention because of systematic and dynamic thoughts included. Study on petroleum inhomogeneous migration and systematic analysis of multi elements controlling petroleum migratioan and accumulation are more popular and difficult. In the meantime, petroleum system theory is gradually used to analyze the formation process of buried hill reservoirs, prospective petroleum exploration targets in Jiyang depression so much as throughout the world. On the basis of above researches, Zhuanghai Paleozoic and Archean buried hills in Shengli Oilfield are selected as research objects in this paper. In the paper, the dynamic process of petroleum migration and accumulation is rebuilt by systematically analyzing mulit elements, which is helpful to open out the law of pool-formation. All achievements in the paper could develop the theory of petroleum migration and accumulation in buried hills as well as provide academic guidances for petroleum exploration.
     Paleozoic and Archean traps in Zhuanghai area can capture sufficient petroleum from such peripheral depressions as Bozhong depression, Huanghekou depression, Wuhaozhuang depression and Chengbei depression,which lead to the huge petroleum reserves in buried hills. However, serious heterogeneity in reservoirs and in the process of petroleum migration and accumulation increases the risk of exploration and production.
     Research on the actual exploration&production state, together with geological background and static elements for reservoir formation, is the base of the whole systematic work. In this paper, with the guide of petroleum system theory, reservoirs are the core of the research, in addition, the process of petroleum migration and accumulation in Zbuanghai buried hills is rebuilt. Several kinds of methods, such as geological method, geophysical method, geochemical method and numerical analogy, are used to handle with numerous data to help the whole research. Dynamic fields favorable to petroleum migration and accumulation are rebuild qualitatively and quantitatively, including tectonic stress field, formation pressure field, geotemperature field and fluid potential field. Homogenization temperature can direct the research on periods and times of petroleum migration and accumulation, which is one important part of the paper. According to the configuration of static elements and dynamic processes, effective passage systems, effective migration-accumulation systems and poolforming models in buried hills are obtained. Finally, several parameters including stress characteristics, effective passage systems, preservation conditions and exploration states, are selected to evaluate the petroleum distribution in Zhuanghai buried hills.
     Main achievements can be summaried as follows:
     (1) According to statistics of homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions, three periods of petroleum migration and accumulation are identified, viz. late Dongying formation sedimentary periodearly Guantao period, late Guantao period and Minghuazhen period. Three above periods correspond to the main petroleum-discharged periods in surrounding depressions.
     (2) About dynamic fields favorable to petroleum migration and accumulation.
     Several sections with tensile strss and tensile-slip stress, such as CB30 area and 1686 area, can provide favorable pathways and spaces for petroleum migration and accumulation. The analog result of fluid potential shows that depressions correspond to higher values, while lower values to higher parts of buried hills. Besides, hydrodynamic power played positive as well as negative roles for petroleum migration, while the positive role was popular. In Zhuanghai buried hills, there exist four kinds of zones with differents fluid potential, including zone with higher values, zone with lower values, interzone between zones with higher values and lower values respectively, as well as zone with relative low values surrounded by zones with higher values. Researches prove that preferred directions of petroleum migration are controlled by values of the fluid potential and shapes of fluid potential isolines. According to the above conclusion, some practice phenomena could be explaind. There exist higher outputs in zones with lower values, which lower outputs also possiblely exist. Furthermore, interzones between zones with higher values and lower values respectively are favorale for petroleum accumulation.
     (3) Petroleum migration passage system in Zhuanghai area consists of higher-permeability rocks (including sandstone, carbonate rock and granitic gneiss), faults and unconformity systems. Fauts and unconformity systems are more effective to petroleum migration. Three kinds of pathways comprise three types of passage systems including rock-fault-unconformity system, rock-fault systems and rock-unconfromity system. The first type is poplar in this area, the second type exists at the edge of buried hills, while the last system only exists at the eastern slope of Changdi buried hill.
     (4) With the research on source rock to petroleum correlations, buried history of peripheral depressions, periods of petroleum migration and accumulation as well as chracteristics of dynamic fields and pathways, four macro effective passage systems, together with corresponding effective migration&accumulation systems are distinguished. They are Bozhong depression - Northern Zhuanghai buried hills system, Huanghekou depression - Eastern Zhuanghai system, Wuhaozhuang depression - Southern Zhuanghai system and Chengbei depression - L30 buried hill system, two former of which are more effective and advantaged.
     (5) Mature-High mature petroleum in Zhuanghai buried hills comes from peripheral depressions. Controlled by fluid potential, petroleum migrated through faults as well as high-permeability rocks and unconformity systems at tnree primary periods, viz. late Dongying formation sedimentary period-early Guantao period, late Guantao period and Minghuazhen period. Traps associated with effective passage pathways can trap those petroleum to form pools at the top or inside of Zhuanghai buried hills which constitute the multi-phase petroleum accumulation zone in Zhuanghai buried hills. In different migration&accumulation system, pool-formation models possess such common characters as multidepression generating petroleum, impure petroleum, multi migration powers, multi-pathway, multi-spaces, multi-direction and multi-period migration and accumulation, multi-layer bearing petroleum and multi-type reservoirs, including internal monoclinal faulted block hill petroleum reservoir, internal fold faulted block hill petroleum reservoir, internal fragmentation hill petroleum reservoir and fractured hill petroleum reservoir at the footwall of detachment fault..
引文
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