珊瑚砂运动特性及珊瑚砂岛泥沙流失防治研究
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摘要
珊瑚砂岛是低纬度海域的一种生物地貌形态。作为广阔深海的宝贵陆地资源,兼顾开发深海渔业资源、矿产资源和保持国土完整、维护国家主权的重要战略意义。然而,随着全球海平面的日益上升和人为开发力度的加大,珊瑚砂岛安全面临严重威胁,保护珊瑚砂岛已经刻不容缓。珊瑚砂岛的侵蚀主要体现在珊瑚砂的流失,因而通过珊瑚砂的运动特性研究,控制砂岛的泥沙流失以期达到防护效果。而目前虽然泥沙运动理论较为完善,但珊瑚砂运动特性方面的研究并不多见,适合珊瑚砂岛防治形式也并无专门探讨。为此,本文主要完成以下几方面的研究:
1.阐述了珊瑚砂的形成过程和物理特性。进行珊瑚砂起动特性水槽试验,对比当前泥沙理论中的各起动经验公式计算值与试验结果,分析二者之间差异的影响因素,总结珊瑚砂运动特性,并归纳更适合珊瑚砂的起动方程。
2.通过生长发育条件,分析珊瑚砂岛独特的地形特征及岛上的潮流、波浪等海洋动力环境。结合水动力条件,探讨砂岛不同部位泥沙的运动形式,指出珊瑚砂流失的可能途径。
3.总结广泛应用的海岸防护的各种形式,阐明各形式所适合的防护岸线类型。针对珊瑚砂流失机理及路径,提出了珊瑚砂岛的防护形式理念。采用物理模型试验的方法,得到不同防护形式下的防护效果,验证所提出的防护思路的正确性。并进行设计方案的优化试验,以达到更佳的防护效果。
Coral island is a special kind of bio-geomorphologic patterns. Existing in the low-latitude tropical ocean, it's very important for the development and utilization of the fishery and mineral resources, even has the significance for the protection of the national territory. At present, as the rising sea-level and the increasing development, protections for coral island to against the destruction are needed immediately. The corrosion mainly manifests in the loss of coral sand, so according to the research of movement theory, to control the loss is aimed to protect island. However, a comprehensive discussion on movement characteristics of coral sand is almost absent previously. And little research had been taken on the effect of protection for coral island. The main works of this paper are as follows:
(1) Analyzing the product process, the physical properties of coral sand were comprehended. Compared the results which were given by empirical formula and flume experiment, considered the influencing factors, movement characteristics and suitable empirical formula of coral sand were summarized.
(2) Based on the growth conditions, the topographical features of coral island and the dynamic environment around island were studied. The movement forms of coral sand caused by hydrodynamic condition at different part of island were discussed. And the possible ways for the loss of sand was pointed out.
(3) According to the summary about several types of protection which were widely used, the suitable protections for each shoreline types were expounded. Based on the study of the loss of coral sand, the probability ideas of protection for coral island were given. Through the physical model experiment, the effects of different protections confirmed the ideas. In order to achieve better effects, more optimizations should be taken in the program.
1.阐述了珊瑚砂的形成过程和物理特性。进行珊瑚砂起动特性水槽试验,对比当前泥沙理论中的各起动经验公式计算值与试验结果,分析二者之间差异的影响因素,总结珊瑚砂运动特性,并归纳更适合珊瑚砂的起动方程。
2.通过生长发育条件,分析珊瑚砂岛独特的地形特征及岛上的潮流、波浪等海洋动力环境。结合水动力条件,探讨砂岛不同部位泥沙的运动形式,指出珊瑚砂流失的可能途径。
3.总结广泛应用的海岸防护的各种形式,阐明各形式所适合的防护岸线类型。针对珊瑚砂流失机理及路径,提出了珊瑚砂岛的防护形式理念。采用物理模型试验的方法,得到不同防护形式下的防护效果,验证所提出的防护思路的正确性。并进行设计方案的优化试验,以达到更佳的防护效果。
Coral island is a special kind of bio-geomorphologic patterns. Existing in the low-latitude tropical ocean, it's very important for the development and utilization of the fishery and mineral resources, even has the significance for the protection of the national territory. At present, as the rising sea-level and the increasing development, protections for coral island to against the destruction are needed immediately. The corrosion mainly manifests in the loss of coral sand, so according to the research of movement theory, to control the loss is aimed to protect island. However, a comprehensive discussion on movement characteristics of coral sand is almost absent previously. And little research had been taken on the effect of protection for coral island. The main works of this paper are as follows:
(1) Analyzing the product process, the physical properties of coral sand were comprehended. Compared the results which were given by empirical formula and flume experiment, considered the influencing factors, movement characteristics and suitable empirical formula of coral sand were summarized.
(2) Based on the growth conditions, the topographical features of coral island and the dynamic environment around island were studied. The movement forms of coral sand caused by hydrodynamic condition at different part of island were discussed. And the possible ways for the loss of sand was pointed out.
(3) According to the summary about several types of protection which were widely used, the suitable protections for each shoreline types were expounded. Based on the study of the loss of coral sand, the probability ideas of protection for coral island were given. Through the physical model experiment, the effects of different protections confirmed the ideas. In order to achieve better effects, more optimizations should be taken in the program.
引文
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[35]钱宁,谢鉴衡.泥沙手册[M].北京,中国环境科学出版社,1989.
[36]钱宁,万兆惠.泥沙运动力学.[M],北京,科学出版社,1983.
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[38]窦国仁,窦希萍,李褆来.波浪作用下泥沙的起动规律[J].中国科学(E辑),2001,Vol.31,No.6:566-573.
[39]刘家驹.海岸泥沙运动研究及应用[M].北京:海洋出版社,2009.
[40]徐敏,陆培东.波流共同作用下的泥沙运动和海岸演变[M].南京:南京师范大学出版社,2005.
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[3]陈欣树,宋朝景,赵焕庭.南沙群岛部分珊瑚礁浅水地形[A].见:南沙群岛及其邻近海区地质地球物理及岛礁研究论文集(二)[C].北京:科学出版社,1994,59-68.
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[5]张乔民,余克服,施祺等.全球珊瑚礁检测与管理保护评述[J].热带海洋学报,2006,Vol.25,No.2:71-78.
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[8]王国忠.全球海平面变化与中国珊瑚礁[J].古地理学报,2005,Vol.7,No.4:483-492.
[9]邹仁林.中国珊瑚礁的现状及保护对策[A].见:中国科学院生物多样性委员会和林业部野生动物和森林植物保护司编,生物多样性研究进展[M],北京:中国科学技术出版社,1995:281-290.
[10]邵学军,王兴奎.河流动力学概论[M].北京,清华大学出版社,2005.
[11]韩其为,何明民.泥沙运动起动规律及起动流速.[M],北京,科学出版社,1999.
[12]韩其为,何明民.泥沙运动统计规律.[M],北京,科学出版社,1984.
[13]孙林云,陈勇,徐敏.粉沙质海岸建港中的泥沙问题[R].南京:南京水利科学研究院河港研究所,1999.
[14]刘家驹.波浪作用下的泥沙起动问题[J].水利水运专题述评,1966,No.10.
[15]刘家驹.波浪作用下泥沙运动研究[A].北京:全国泥沙基本理论研究学术讨论会论文集[C].1992.
[16]谢士楞,梁其荀.海岸防护工程[A].见:严恺.海岸工程[M].北京,海洋出版社,2002.
[17]王艳红.废黄河三角洲海岸侵蚀过程中的变异特征及整体防护研究.南京:南京师范大学,2006.
[18]刘家驹.海岸泥沙运动与岸滩演变[A].见:严恺.海岸工程[M].北京,海洋出版社,2002.
[19]万春燕,黄本胜.丁坝坝头局部冲深计算方法综述[J].广东水利水电,2003,No.4:52-54.
[20]应强,焦志斌.丁坝水力学[M].北京,海洋出版社,2004.
[21]窦希萍,王向明,娄斌.潮流波浪作用下丁坝坝头概化模型的冲刷试验[J].水利水运工 程学报,2005,No.1:28-33.
[22]刘家驹,喻国华.海岸工程泥沙的研究和应用[J].水利水运科学研究,1995,No.3:221-233.
[23]谢士楞.离岸堤在海岸工程中的应用[J].海洋技术,1999,Vol.18,No.4:39-45.
[24]Sur K.and Dalrymple R.A.,Offshore Breakwaters in Laboratory and Field[J].Journal of Waterway,Port,Coastal and Ocean Engineering,1987,Vol.113,No.2:105-121.
[25]陈子霞.连岛沙坝的形成规律[J].海洋学报,1984,(1):23-29.
[26]黎维祥,刘家驹.砂质海岸突式建筑物下游离岸堤防护的试验研究[J].水利水运科学研究,1991,第3期:83-89.
[27]Seiji M.,Uda T.and Tanaka S.Statistical Study of The Effect and Statistical Study on The Effect and Stability of Detached Breakwaters[J].Coastal Engineering in Japan,1987,Vol.30,No.1:131-141.
[28]Toyoshima O.Design of detached breakwater system[A].In:Proceedings.14~(th) International conference of Coastal Engineering,ASCE2:1419-1431.
[29]Groenewoud M.D.et al.Effect of Submerged Breakwater on Profile Development.Proc.25~(th)Conf.on Coastal Engineering,1996.
[30]张明书,何起祥,业治铮.西沙生物礁碳酸盐沉积地质学研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1989.
[31]汪稔,宋朝景,赵焕庭.南沙群岛珊瑚礁工程地质[M].北京:科学出版社,1997.
[32]孙宗勋.南沙群岛珊瑚砂工程性质研究[J].热带海洋,2000,Vol.19,No.2:1-8.
[33]束龙仓,周从直,甄黎.珊瑚砂含水介质水理性质的实验室测定[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2008,Vol.36,No.3:330-332.
[34]YU Hongbing,SkIN Zongxun,TANG Cheng.Physical and Mechanical Properties of Coral Sand in the Nansha Islands[J].Marine Science Bulletin,2006,Vol.8,No.2:31-39.
[35]钱宁,谢鉴衡.泥沙手册[M].北京,中国环境科学出版社,1989.
[36]钱宁,万兆惠.泥沙运动力学.[M],北京,科学出版社,1983.
[37]聂锐华,刘兴年,曹叔尤等.无粘性泥沙起动条件对比研究[J].水科学进展,2004,Vol.15.No.5:584-587.
[38]窦国仁,窦希萍,李褆来.波浪作用下泥沙的起动规律[J].中国科学(E辑),2001,Vol.31,No.6:566-573.
[39]刘家驹.海岸泥沙运动研究及应用[M].北京:海洋出版社,2009.
[40]徐敏,陆培东.波流共同作用下的泥沙运动和海岸演变[M].南京:南京师范大学出版社,2005.
[41]吴荣仁.海岸动力学[M].北京:人民交通出版社,1999.
[42]Bretschneider C L et al.海底的摩擦和渗透以及折射引起的波高变化[A].见:徐德伦. 海洋译丛[M].天津:国家海洋局海洋科技情报研究所出版,1966.
[43]Lee T T,Black K P.The energy spectra pf surf waves on a coral reef[J].Proc.16~(th) Coastal Engineering Conference,ASCE,1978,1:555-572.
[44]Hardy T-A,Yong I R,Nelson R C et al.Wave attenuation on an offshore coral reef[J].Proc.22~(nd) Coastal Engineering Conference,ASCE,1990,1:330-344.
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