近海浅层高分辨率多道地震采集与处理方法研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
高分辨率地震技术是一种经济有效的勘探技术,同时也是提高勘探地质效果的有效手段之一。我国沿海地区的第四系厚度变化较大,一般为30-450m。在近海区域进行高分辨率多道地震调查,能够获得海底浅部几米至几百米范围内的有效地层信息,这一范围恰好是深层油气勘探的盲区,但是对于核电站、跨海大桥、钻井平台等工程选址项目却有十分重要的研究意义。
     本论文研究近海浅层区域高分辨率多道地震采集和处理方法,目的是:利用多道地震的优势,开展近海浅层地质调查,获得地层穿透深度更深的剖面;采用先进的地震观测仪器,优化观测方式,实现野外高分辨率地震资料采集,获得高品质的原始数据;应用高分辨率地震数据处理技术,对采集得到的资料进行噪音衰减、多次波压制等处理,获得高信噪比高分辨率的剖面;通过研究最终建立起一套针对近海浅地层区域的高分辨率多道地震采集和处理流程。
     本论文主要从高分辨率地震的采集和处理方法这两个方面分别进行研究。首先,从影响分辨率的采集因素出发,结合近海工程对浅地层调查的一般要求,选用大能量大功率电火花震源激发、24道小道距数字缆进行接收、小偏移距小排列观测方式进行数据采集,同时利用正演模型模拟对采集参数进行选择论证,最终确定最佳采集方案。其次,在资料处理过程中,针对海洋资料中海底鸣震等干扰比较发育的问题,采用预测反褶积、精细速度分析与Radon变换相结合的方法进行多次波衰减;为获取高精度的地层速度信息,利用精准速度分析方法,并结合速度分析和动校正叠加多次迭代的方法对数据进行处理;为提高资料的信噪比,利用多项式拟合、随机噪音衰减和IF-K滤波等方法,对资料中存在的几种特殊噪音干扰(如岛礁、邻船、井架干扰等)进行压制。
     通过本论文的研究,形成了一套适用于近海浅地层高分辨率多道地震调查的采集和处理方法。从实际资料的应用效果可以看出,本论文所研究的多道地震采集方法确实可行,且比较经济方便,使用大功率电火花震源激发,避免了气泡效应对有效能量和高频成分的损失,采用24道小道距数字缆直接接收数字信号,提高了数字采集的精度;利用自主研发的高分辨率采集系统进行海上施工,选用合理的观测方式,不仅提高了地层的穿透深度,而且改善了原始资料的分辨率。通过高分辨率处理方法,在一定程度上压制了资料中存在的多次波等主要干扰,极大改善了资料品质,最终获得高信噪比、高分辨率的资料。在数据处理中,通过精细速度分析,获取了较为精确的地层速度信息。相对于常规海上浅层地震勘探技术,论文所研究的高分辨率多道地震方法无论在采集还是处理方面,对资料质量都有很大改善,获得地下地层的速度等信息真实可靠、地质特征更加清楚,利于后续解释、分析。
High resolution seismic exploration technology is an economic and effective method in offshore shallow strata survey. Meanwhile, it is an effective measure to improve the geological effects. The thickness of Quaternary has large variation thickness which is generally 30-450m along the coast in China. High resolution multi-channel seismic survey is mainly carried out to get the effective strata information of shallow seabed from a few meters to several hundred meters in offshore, which is just the blind area of deep exploration of oil and gas, but it has very important research meaning for selecting the location of Nuclear Power Plant, Crossing Sea Bridge, Sea Drilling Platform and so on.
     The thesis studies the high resolution multi-channel shallow seismic data acquisition and processing methods in offshore.The aim of research is to take advantage of multi-channel seismic to get the deeper penetration sections, to obtain the high resolution shallow seismic data acquisition flow for getting the high quality raw data by using advanced institutions and optimized geometry in offshore shallow geological survey, and to acquire the high resolution shallow seismic data processing flow for getting the high resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) sections through suppressing some random noises, multiples, analyzing velocity finely and so on.
     Firstly, in order to obtain the high resolution shallow seismic data acquisition flow in offshore, the thesis studies the main factors that limit seismic resolution and general requirements of shallow strata survey in coastal region.To improve the acquisition quality, it is used that a large energy spark, a 24-channel digital marine seismic streamer with small trace spacing, short offset and minispread observation in offshore operation. Meanwhile, using the forward modeling technology to choose and demonstrate the seismic acquisition parameters.Then the optimal offshore high-resolution shallow seismic acquisition plan is defined. Secondly, it combines the pre-stack and post-stack predictive deconvolution and Radon transform to attenuate seabed reverberations and other multiples in data processing. Using human computer interactive fine velocity analysis method and iterating the velocity analysis and NMO stack to get high precision strata velocity. To eliminate some special noises in offshore shallow seismic data, for example, noise of island, neighbor boat, derrick and so on, it is also used the polynomial fit technique, random noise attenuation and F-K filter for improving the SNR in processing.
     The results of this dissertation can form a set of multi-channel shallow seismic data acquisition and processing flow in coastal region.A real application result proves that the multi-channel seismic data acquisition is usefulness, feasibility, convenient and economical in marine shallow stratum survey. By using high-power spark and 24-channel digital streamer, it can reduce bubble effect and save available energy and high frequency components of source wavelet, and the accuracy of data collection is highly improved.After high-resolution seismic data acquisition with reasonable geometry, the stratum depth of penetration is greatly enhanced and the quality of raw data is significantly improved. To some extent, multiples and the other major noises are suppressed, the high-SNR high-resolution sections are ultimately achieved through high-resolution data processing method. Meanwhile, fine velocity analysis is used to obtain comparatively accurate layer velocity in data processing. Compared with conventional marine shallow seismic exploration technology, whether in data acquisition or data processing, the high-resolution multi-channel seismic method has greatly improved the quality of data, and gets the more reliable information of strata such as accurate strata velocity. And the obtained geological characteristics of formation are more clear and evident, that is propitious to the subsequent data interpretation and analysis.
引文
[1]潘永坚,朱章通.岛礁海域工程勘察施工难点和对策.探矿工程(岩土钻掘工程),2009,36(9):11-14
    [2]陈国祥,贾学天,陈哲.工程物探方法在浅海域地质调查中的应用.江苏地质,2004,28(3):145-148
    [3]张进,刘怀山,童思友.黄河口现代海洋沉积高分辨率地震地层学研究.海洋地质动态,2004,20(5):1-5
    [4]张勇,田双凤,周建平,等.小排列高分辨多道地震系统在岱山岛大桥工程中的应用.海洋学研究,2008,26(4):105-110
    [5]吕邦来,匡翠萍.浅地层剖面探测与地震映像法探测的应用对比和分析.港工技术,46(岩土工程特刊),2009,总第188期:86-89
    [6]廖全涛,王建军,曹建伟.浅层地震反射法在武汉长江隧道水上勘察中的应用.资源环境与工程,2008,22(增刊):85-88
    [7]于洪军.黄海、渤海大陆架的浅地层剖面仪测量与浅地层结构的研究.海洋科学集刊,1995,第36集:119-128
    [8]赵铁虎,张训华,王修田.广东珠江口—东平近海浅地层剖面的声学特征及地质意义.物探化探计算技术,2007,29(3):183-188
    [9]倪玉根,郑玉龙,李守军.南海神狐海域上陆坡区典型浅地层剖面的初步解释.海洋学研究,2009,27(1):30-36
    [10]魏志强,张志强,蒋俊杰.浅地层剖面仪在大亚湾海底管道检测中的应用.海洋测绘,2009,29(6):71-73
    [11]刘保华,丁继胜,裴彦良,等.海洋地球物理探测技术及其在近海工程中的应用.海洋科学进展,2005年,23(3):374-384
    [12]李培,汤洪志,王会波,等.浅层地震反射波法在过江通道勘察中的应用.科技广场,2008,(5):24-26
    [13]何振才,唐健.高精度水上浅层地震勘探方法应用研究.水利水电快报,2002,23(13):29-31
    [14]杨银湖,伍学明.浅层地震反射波法在桥位工程地质勘察中的应用.交通科技,2002,(3):5-7
    [15]张勇,田双凤,王建华.浅海工程中小道距高分辨率多道地震方法的应用.海洋技术,2008,24(4):75-77
    [16]何正勤,陈宇坤,叶太兰,等.浅层地震勘探在沿海地区隐伏断层探测中的应用.地震地质,2007,29(2):363-372
    [17]赵鸿儒,郭铁栓.工程地震勘探综述.地球物理学进展,1994,9(3):80-86
    [19]B.H.尼基金.工程地震勘探原理(刘统畏译).北京:地震出版社,1987
    [20]C. F. Huang, J.A. Hunter. Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Tech.Rec.1980. TR-32
    [21]J.A. Mair, A. G. Green. High-resolution seismic reflection profiles reveal fracture zones within a'homogeneous' granite batholith.Nature 294,1981,439-442
    [22]J.A. Hunter, S.E. Pullan, R. A. Burns, R. M. Gagne, R. L. Good. Shallow seismic reflection mapping of the overburden-bedrock interface with the engineering seismograpy-some simple techniques. Geophysics,1984,49(8):1381-1385
    [23]Richard D.Miller, Don W. Steeples, Michael Brannan. Mapping a bedrock surface under dry alluvium with shallow seismic refections. Geophysics,1989,54(12):1528-1534
    [24]Richard D. Miller, Don W. Steeples, Paul B. Myers. Shallow seismic reflection survey across the Meers Fault, Oklahoma. Geological Society of America Bulletin,1990,102(1):18-25
    [25]Don W. Steeples, Richard D.Miller. Seismic-reflection methods applied to engineering, environmental, and groundwater problems. In:Geotechnical and Environmental Geophysics: Soc. Explor. GeophysS.Ward, Editor, Review and Tutorial,1990,1:1-30
    [26]Richard D.Miller, Don W. Steeples. Detecting voids in a 0.6m coal seam,7m deep, using seismic reflection. In:Geoexploration. Amsterdam:Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.,1991, 28:109-119
    [27]G. S.Baker, Don W. Steeples, C. Schmeissner, K. T. Spikes. Source-dependent frequency content of ultrashallow seismic reflection data. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2000,90(2):494-499
    [28]李庆忠.走向精确勘探的道路.北京:石油工业出版社,1994
    [29]T. M. McGEE. The use of marine seismic profiling for environmental assessment. Geophysical Prospecting,1990,38(8):861-880
    [30]Sonke Neben,Volkmar Damm,Thomas Brent,Franz Tessensohn. New multi-channel seismic reflection data from Northwater Bay, Nares Strait:Indications for Pull-Apart Tectonics. Polarforschung,2004(erschienen 2006),74(1-3):77-96
    [31]N. Ocakoglu, G.Bohm. Multi-channel seismic reflection study in the Eastern Basin (Ross Sea), Antarctica. In:EGU General Assembly, Geophysical Research Abstracts,2007, 9:15-20
    [32]Ray W. Sliter, Peter J. Triezenberg, Patrick E. Hart, Janet T. Watt, Samuel Y. Johnson, Daniel S. Scheirer. High-resolution seismic reflection and marine magnetic data along the Hosgri Fault Zone, central California. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1100,2009
    [33]北京铀矿地质研究所浅层地震组.浅层地震勘探方法与技术.北京:原子能出版社,1982
    [34]首培杰等.地震波在工程中的应用.北京:地震出版社,1982
    [35]赵鸿儒等.超声地震模型试验技术及应用.北京:石油工业出版社,1986
    [36]贾学天,罗传根.工程物探在水域勘察中的应用.中国市政工程,2003,(6):59-63
    [37]赵铁虎,张志殉,许枫.浅水区浅地层剖面测量典型问题分析.物探化探计算技术,2002,24(3):2-5
    [38]李庆忠.地震高分辨率勘探中的误区与对策.石油地球物理勘探,1997,32(6):751-783
    [39]谢玉洪.高分辨率地震勘探技术在莺歌海盆地大气区勘探中的应用.天然气工业,1999,19(1)60-64
    [40]何汉漪.海上高分辨率地震技术及其应用.北京:地质出版社,2001
    [41]何良军,张藻,楼颂平,等.物探在长江水下三角洲勘查淡水资源的重要作用和意义.上海地质,2006,(1):1-4
    [42]赵竹占.工程物探在桥位选址中的应用——舟山朱家尖海峡大桥物探实例. 水文地质工程地质,1997,(1):53-55
    [43]金维民,杜兵建.浅层地震勘探在滑坡勘查中的应用.中国煤田地质,2004,18(5):44-46
    [44]潘飙.单道浅层地震反射波法在墩身检测中的应用.广东土木与建筑,2003,(2):36-38
    [45]马云玲.浅层地震反射波法在探测水电站进水口淤泥厚度中的应用.江西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2006,30(5):509-511
    [46]李军峰,李文杰,孟庆敏,等.高分辨率单道海上地震在香港海域沉积结构勘查中的应用.物探与化探,2007,31(1):90-94
    [47]杨文达,刘望军.海洋高分辨率地震技术在浅部地质勘探中的运用.海洋石油,2007,27(2):18-25
    [48]袁子龙,韩刚,于玲,等.地震勘探仪器主要技术性能分析及改进探讨.地球物理学进展,2007,22(6):1970-1974
    [49]云美厚.地震分辨率.勘探地球物理进展,2005,28(1):12-18
    [50]Sherif R. E.. Limitations on resolution of seismic reflection and geologic detail derivable from them. AAPG Memoir 26,1977.3-14
    [51]Schoenberger, M.. Resolution comparison of minimum-phase and zero-phase signals. Geophysics,1974,39:826-833
    [52]王庆海,徐明才.抗干扰高分辨率浅层地震勘探.北京:地质出版社,1991
    [53]Widess, M.A.. How thin is a bed?. Geophysics,1973,38:1176-1184
    [54]彭波,郭树祥,赵晨曦.高分辨率资料处理.勘探地球物理进展,2004,27(6):415-421
    [55]杨宝俊,牛滨华,闰贫.勘探地震学导论.长春:吉林科学技术出版社,1992.75-137
    [56]俞寿朋.高分辨率地震勘探.北京:石油工业出版社,1993
    [57]马在田,夏凡,杨锴.提高反射地震成像分辨率的方法及应用.天然气工业,2005,25(9):29-32
    [58]Widess, M.A.. Quantifying resolving power of seismic system. Geophysics,1982, 47:1160-1173
    [59]张智.高分辨率地震资料采集技术研究初探:[硕十学位论文].吉林:吉林大学,2004
    [60]李庆忠.从信噪比谱分析看滤波及反褶积的效果——频率域信噪比与分辨率的研究.石油地球物理勘探,1986,21(6):575-601
    [61]何正勤,陈宇坤,叶太兰,等.浅层地震勘探在沿海地区隐伏断层探测中的应用.地震地质,2007,29(2):363-372
    [62]陈军兴.浅层地震勘探在浅海工程勘察中的应用.水利科技,2009,(4):23-24
    [63]王光权.浅层地震反射波法在厦门海沧大桥勘测中的应用.物探与化探,1999,23(2):122-127
    [64]孟宪民.高分辨率地震勘探关键措施论述.中国煤炭地质,2008,20(9):61-63
    [65]陆基孟.地震勘探原理.北京:石油大学出版社,1993.
    [66]裴彦良,王揆洋,李官保,等.海洋工程地震勘探震源及其应用研究.石油仪器,2007,21(2):20-23
    [67]赵庆献,罗文造,李龙振.对海上高分辨率二维地震作业的认识.海洋技术,2002,21(1):37-41
    [68]齐福勇,杨振邦,周卉丽.高分辨率地震勘探采集技术.煤炭技术,2005,24(7):90-91
    [69]汤爱平.基于地震勘探的海洋工程地质勘察.世界地震工程,2002,18(3):64-68
    [70]Roger Parkinson. High Resolution Site Surveys. New York:Spon Press,2001
    [71]石影君,刘绍新,樊立新. 地震采集数字检波器与模拟检波器差异分析.中小企业管理与科技(上旬刊),2008,(8):248
    [72]陆基孟,王永刚.地震勘探原理(第三版).东营:中国石油大学出版社,2009.110-117
    [73]蒋连斌,何樵登,王建民,等.高分辨率地震野外参数的选取.长春科技大学学报,1998,28(1):89-94
    [74]大港油田科技丛书编委会编.地震勘探资料采集技术.北京:石油工业出版社,1999
    [75]钱绍瑚.实用高分辨率地震勘探数据采集技术.武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1988.91-108
    [76]刘建生,马荫生,钱耀中.物探技术在大桥建设工程中的应用.上海地质,2006,(2):1-4
    [77]王福海.青岛海湾大桥工程地质地球物理勘查关键技术研究:[博士学位论文].青岛:中国海洋大学,2009
    [78]郭勇,王元波.高分辨率地震资料处理技术.大庆石油地质与开发,2002,21(5):58-65
    [79]郭廷超,安新社,吴桂林.高分辨率处理方法及其在准噶尔盆地的应用.勘探地球物理进展,2003,26(3):220-224
    [80]李振春,张军华.地震数据处理方法.山东东营:中国石油大学出版社,2004
    [81]许可求,张叶春,刘海龄.海洋探测中HYPACK原始记录文件的数据提取和图形表达.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2007,27(4):131-135
    [82]刘军,许传新,张日田,等.RTK技术的特点及提高成果精度的技术关键.山东国土资源,2004,20(3):33-36
    [83]姜建国,曹建中,高玉明.信号与系统分析基础.北京:清华大学出版社,1994
    [84]渥.伊尔马滋.地震资料分析——地震资料处理反演和解释(刘怀山等译).北京:石油工业出版社,2006
    [85]周发祥,宁鹏鹏,刘斌,等.吸收衰减对地震分辨率的影响.石油地球物理勘探,2008,43(增刊2):84-87
    [86]熊翥.复杂地区地震数据提高分辨率处理.北京:石油工业出版社,2002.70-75
    [87]李军峰,肖都,孔广胜,等.单道海上反射地震在海上物探工程中的应用.物探与化探,2004,28(4):365-368
    [88]刘子成.海上地震勘探常见干扰波.中国海上油气,1991,5(6):31-38
    [89]张雅勤,张美华,宁俊瑞,等.海上船噪声干扰的压制技术.物探与化探,2001,25(4):290-293
    [90]童思友,徐磊磊,崔树果,等.南黄海地震资料叠前有源干扰的自动识别与压制.海洋地质动态,2008,24(8):14-19
    [91]熊翥.地震数据数字处理应用技术.北京:石油工业出版社,1993.319
    [92]崔树果.东海海域自由表面多次波压制方法研究:[博士学位论文].青岛:中国海洋大学,2008
    [93]郭磊,胥成坤,童思友,等.海洋浅层剖面多次波压制方法初探.刘代志主编.国家安全地球物理丛书(五)——地球物理与海洋安全.西安:西安地图出版社,2009.128-132
    [94]韩晓丽.滩浅海高精度地震勘探变周期虚反射和海底鸣震特征及压制研究:[硕士学位论文].青岛:中国海洋大学,2005
    [95]林文,魏大力,王建民,等.Radon变换多次波压制方法及应用研究.物探化探计算技术,2009,31(4):344-348
    [96]牟永光,陈小宏,李国发,等.地震数据处理方法.北京:石油工业出版社,2007
    [97]张军华,缪彦舒,郑旭刚,等.预测反褶积去多次波几个理论问题探讨.物探化探计算技术,2009,31(1):6-11
    [98]顾建平.改进的Radon滤波压制多次波技术及应用效果.石油地球物理勘探,2003,38(增刊):38-41
    [99]王辉,丁志峰.浅层地震勘探资料处理中的速度分析参数选取.地震地质,2006,28(4):597-602
    [100]张一波,刘怀山,吴志强.南黄海多次波特征及其速度分析.海洋地质动态,2008,24(8):8-13

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700