区位优势与临港产业集聚
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摘要
20世纪90年代以来，中国成为新一轮国际产业转移最重要的转移目的地，与此同时，中国的工业化进程进入重化工业阶段。在此背景下，我国沿海地区临港产业发展迅速，临港产业集群现象日益明显。在现实中，许多港口具备传统地理经济集聚的相似条件，但并非所有的临港工业区均成功地实现了产业集聚和经济发展。本文研究的基本问题是，在传统的影响工业空间集聚的因素之外，是何种其他因素影响了产业集聚的最终格局？结合作者的实际工作经验，作者思考的另一个问题是，如何结合天津临港经济区的区位优势，推动天津临港经济区的产业集聚和经济发展？全文共由五章组成，各章主要内容如下：
第一章阐述本文的选题背景与意义，并对国内外相关文献进行总结与评述，进而提出本文研究的主要思路和方法，最后总结了本文的创新点与不足。
第二章总结世界临港工业发展的历史与现状，并对推动世界临港产业集聚格局发展的重要背景——即几轮重要的国际产业转移的历史、模式、动因和趋势进行了系统回顾与总结，最后对结合最新一轮国际产业转移浪潮中重化工业的临港集聚趋势进行了分析。
第三章将焦点汇集到天津临港经济区，对天津临港经济区发展的历史和现状进行了全面总结，并基于钻石模型理论框架对天津临港经济区的产业发展条件进行了系统剖析；接下来从天津滨海新区其他功能区、国内其他临港工业园区和国外典型临港工业区（带）三个层次，对天津临港经济区进行了深入的对比分析，总结了天津临港经济区产业发展的优（劣）势和值得借鉴的经验。
第四章首先基于新地理经济学的分析框架，从理论上探讨了区位优势导致的生产成本节约对产业空间集聚的影响。接下来结合传统地理经济学强调的影响产业空间集聚的诸因素和体制制度因素，从多个层面探讨了区位优势、特别是制度因素对天津临港经济区产业集聚的影响。
在前述各章分析的基础上，第五章从产业发展的视角，结合天津临港经济区的区位优势与相关产业在当代的发展趋势与前景，研究了天津临港经济区主导产业的发展现状、前景，在此基础上提出了发展天津临港经济区主导产业和推进产业集聚的政策建议。
China has become a most important transfer destination of the new wave ofinternational industry transfer since the1990s, meanwhile, the development of heavyand chemical industry dominates the process of industrialization in China. Undersuch a background, China embraces a rapid development in port industries, andindustry agglomeration is becoming increasingly significant in such areas. While inreality, despite that many ports posse similar traditional geographical agglomerationconditions, not all of the port industrial parks successfully obtain industrialagglomeration or rapid economic growth. The fundamental issue of this thesis istherefore that, besides the traditional industrial agglomeration factors, what elsefactors play roles in industrial agglomeration in port zones? Combined with theauthor’s practical experience, the other problem taken into account by the author isthat, how to promote industrial agglomeration and economic development in theTianjin Harbor Economic Area(THEA). The thesis is composed of five chapters, thekey points for each chapter can be briefly introduced as follows:
Chapter Ⅰi s the introduction, where the background and significance of thisthesis are firstly introduced, then we cast a survey to the related researches. We futherput forward our research proposal and major methodologies will be adopted. At theend of this chapter, we conclude the key contributions of this dissertation and pointout some possible furture research.
Chapter Ⅱ summarizes the worldwide port industry development history and thepresent situation, cast analysis upon the history, mode, motivation and trend of themajor international industrial transfer rounds, which could be regarded as theinfluential background for worldwide port industry agglomeration, then cast analysison the agglomeration trends of heavy&chemical industries in the wave of the latestround of international industry transfer.
Chapter Ⅲ is focused on theTHEA, in which we firstly summarize thedevelopment history and present situation of the THEA, and then cast analysis on theTHEA’ s industrial development circumstances within the framework of the diamond model theory; Additionally, we make compare the THEA with the other functionalzones in Tianjin Binhai New Area, with other domestic and foreign typical portIndustrial areas in turn and in-depth, and summarize the THEA’s advantages anddisadvantages in the industry development and agglomeration.
We extend the Neo-geographical model in Chapter Ⅳ, with which to study thelocation advantage based production cost reduction effects on industry agglomeration.Then combining with the industry agglomeration factors stressed by traditionalgeographical economics and the institution factor, we case multi-level analysis on thelocation advantages, especially institutional advantages’s influence on industrialagglomeration in the THEA.
Based upon the aforementioned studies, we study the current situation andprospect of the dominant industries in the THEA in Chapter Ⅴ, from the perspectiveof industry development, combing with the THEA’s local advantages and thedevelopment trend of relevant industries, and upon which we put forward policysuggestions on how to promote the development of dominant industries andaccelerate industry agglomeration in the THEA.
第一章阐述本文的选题背景与意义，并对国内外相关文献进行总结与评述，进而提出本文研究的主要思路和方法，最后总结了本文的创新点与不足。
第二章总结世界临港工业发展的历史与现状，并对推动世界临港产业集聚格局发展的重要背景——即几轮重要的国际产业转移的历史、模式、动因和趋势进行了系统回顾与总结，最后对结合最新一轮国际产业转移浪潮中重化工业的临港集聚趋势进行了分析。
第三章将焦点汇集到天津临港经济区，对天津临港经济区发展的历史和现状进行了全面总结，并基于钻石模型理论框架对天津临港经济区的产业发展条件进行了系统剖析；接下来从天津滨海新区其他功能区、国内其他临港工业园区和国外典型临港工业区（带）三个层次，对天津临港经济区进行了深入的对比分析，总结了天津临港经济区产业发展的优（劣）势和值得借鉴的经验。
第四章首先基于新地理经济学的分析框架，从理论上探讨了区位优势导致的生产成本节约对产业空间集聚的影响。接下来结合传统地理经济学强调的影响产业空间集聚的诸因素和体制制度因素，从多个层面探讨了区位优势、特别是制度因素对天津临港经济区产业集聚的影响。
在前述各章分析的基础上，第五章从产业发展的视角，结合天津临港经济区的区位优势与相关产业在当代的发展趋势与前景，研究了天津临港经济区主导产业的发展现状、前景，在此基础上提出了发展天津临港经济区主导产业和推进产业集聚的政策建议。
China has become a most important transfer destination of the new wave ofinternational industry transfer since the1990s, meanwhile, the development of heavyand chemical industry dominates the process of industrialization in China. Undersuch a background, China embraces a rapid development in port industries, andindustry agglomeration is becoming increasingly significant in such areas. While inreality, despite that many ports posse similar traditional geographical agglomerationconditions, not all of the port industrial parks successfully obtain industrialagglomeration or rapid economic growth. The fundamental issue of this thesis istherefore that, besides the traditional industrial agglomeration factors, what elsefactors play roles in industrial agglomeration in port zones? Combined with theauthor’s practical experience, the other problem taken into account by the author isthat, how to promote industrial agglomeration and economic development in theTianjin Harbor Economic Area(THEA). The thesis is composed of five chapters, thekey points for each chapter can be briefly introduced as follows:
Chapter Ⅰi s the introduction, where the background and significance of thisthesis are firstly introduced, then we cast a survey to the related researches. We futherput forward our research proposal and major methodologies will be adopted. At theend of this chapter, we conclude the key contributions of this dissertation and pointout some possible furture research.
Chapter Ⅱ summarizes the worldwide port industry development history and thepresent situation, cast analysis upon the history, mode, motivation and trend of themajor international industrial transfer rounds, which could be regarded as theinfluential background for worldwide port industry agglomeration, then cast analysison the agglomeration trends of heavy&chemical industries in the wave of the latestround of international industry transfer.
Chapter Ⅲ is focused on theTHEA, in which we firstly summarize thedevelopment history and present situation of the THEA, and then cast analysis on theTHEA’ s industrial development circumstances within the framework of the diamond model theory; Additionally, we make compare the THEA with the other functionalzones in Tianjin Binhai New Area, with other domestic and foreign typical portIndustrial areas in turn and in-depth, and summarize the THEA’s advantages anddisadvantages in the industry development and agglomeration.
We extend the Neo-geographical model in Chapter Ⅳ, with which to study thelocation advantage based production cost reduction effects on industry agglomeration.Then combining with the industry agglomeration factors stressed by traditionalgeographical economics and the institution factor, we case multi-level analysis on thelocation advantages, especially institutional advantages’s influence on industrialagglomeration in the THEA.
Based upon the aforementioned studies, we study the current situation andprospect of the dominant industries in the THEA in Chapter Ⅴ, from the perspectiveof industry development, combing with the THEA’s local advantages and thedevelopment trend of relevant industries, and upon which we put forward policysuggestions on how to promote the development of dominant industries andaccelerate industry agglomeration in the THEA.
引文
2阿尔弗雷德·韦伯.工业区位论.北京:商务印书馆,1997:32
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[2] Branstetter, Lardy. China′s embrace of globalization. NBER Working Paper Series,2006
[3]Ciccone,A.Agglomeration effects in Europe. European Economic Review,2002,Vol.46(2):213–227
[4] Clancy, P., Malley, E. and Connell, L., et al. Industry Clusters in Ireland: An Application ofPorters Model of National Competitive Advantage to Three Sectors. European PlanningStudies,2001, Vol.9(1):7-28
[5] Dunning，J. The Paradigm of International Production. Journal of International BusinessStudies，1988：1-31
[6] Dunning，J. Global Capitalism，FDI and Competitiveness. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2002
[7] Ellision, G. and Glaeser, E. L. Geographic Concentration in U. S. Manufacturing Industries: ADartboard Approach. Journal of Political Economy,1997, Vol.105(5):889-927
[8] Fujital, Gokan. On the evolution of the spatial economy with multi-unit multi-plant firms.Portuguse Economic Journal,2005(4):73-105
[9] Ginzburg, Simonazzi. Patterns o f industralization and the flying geese model: The case ofelectronics in East Asia. Journal of Asian Economics,2005(15):1051-1078
[10] Haezendonck, E. Essays on Strategy Analysis for Seaports. Leuven:Garant,2001:136
[11] Inomata, S. A new measurement for international fragmentation of the production process.Institute of Developing Economies,2008(1):152-175
[12] Jacobs, J. The economy of cities. NewYork: Random House,1969
[13] Jones, R. Immigration vs. outsourcing: Effect s on labor markets. International Review ofEconomics and Finance,2005(14):105-114
[14] Krugman, P. Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade. A.E.R.1980(70):950-959
[15] Krugman, P. Intraindustry Specialization and the Gains from Trade. J.P.E1981(89):959-973
[16] Krugman, P. Increasing Returns and Economic Geography. Journal of Political Economy,1991(99）:483-499
[17] Krugman, P. History versus Expectations. QJ.E,1991:106
[18] Markusen, A. Sticky Places in Slippery Space, a Typology of Industrial Districts. EconomicGeography，1996(2)：293-294
[19] Marshall, A. Principles of Economics, London: Macmillan,1920(1890)
[20] Porter. M. E. Clusters and New Economics of Competition. Harvard Business Review,1998(11)
[21] Romer, Paul M. Increasing Returns and Long Run Growth. JPE,1986, Vol.94(5):1002-1037
[22] Samuelson, P. The transfer problem and transport costs. Economic Journal,1954(64):264-289
[23] Weber, A. The theory of the location of Industries. Chicago: Chicago University Press,1929
[24] Yang, Xiao Kai, Ng Y. K. Theory of the firm and structure of residual rights. Journal ofEconomy Behaviour and Organization,1995, Vol.26(1):107-128
[25]阿尔弗雷德·韦伯.工业区位论.北京：商务印书馆，1997
[26]阿瑟·刘易斯.国际经济秩序的演变.梁小民译.北京：商务印书馆,1984
[27]陈宝明.国际产业转移新趋势及我国的对策.中国科技论坛，2011(1)
[28]陈柳.利用外资打造中国重化工业的世界工厂.经济理论研究，2010(6)
[29]付保宗.新一轮重化工业发展的关键任务.中国投资，2009(12)
[30]付保宗.当前我国重化工业发展阶段特征与建议.宏观经济管理,2010(2)
[31]符正平.论企业集群的产生条件与形成机制.中国工业经济，2002(10):49-51
[32]高新才,王科.中国装备制造业空间集聚的实证研究.经济问题，2008(7)
[33]何黎明.发展港口物流实现合作共赢.现代物流报，2008(7)
[34]黄利春.产业集聚、产业转移与产业升级.江苏商论，2011(1)
[35]惠凯.临港产业集聚机制研究：[博士学位论文].大连：大连理工大学，2004
[36]金煜,陈钊,陆铭.中国的地区工业集聚：经济地理、新经济地理与经济政策.经济研究，2006(4)
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