淄博地区古代玻璃历史发展的研究
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摘要
本文简要介绍了中国古代玻璃的发现及研究现状,从我国史料中寻找玻璃的相关记载及名称演变,在当地相关文博单位的帮助下,结合本人多年收集积累的实物资料,把化学分析方法和现代分析技术相结合,对淄博古代玻璃样品进行化学成分测定和结构分析,讨论考证淄博地区古代玻璃的起源、发展、与周边地区的联系与交流,同时,对元代以来淄博玻璃的发展及史料记载进行理顺,分析探讨淄博玻璃在中国玻璃发展史上的作用和地位。
对淄博古代玻璃进行成分分析,得出了该地区古代玻璃的主要种类有:1)釉砂,成份以二氧化硅为主。2)铅钡玻璃。3)碱(钠钾)钙玻璃:含有较多的氧化钠(或氧化钾)和氧化钙的玻璃。
研究淄博(古齐国)与周边地区间玻璃的发展传播及影响。从古齐国陶瓷技术和冶炼技术发展背景与玻璃制造技术的条件演变及史料记载论证了春秋战国时期玻璃生产的本地化。并与中原地区发现的古玻璃进行成分对比,论证玻璃技术在该地区产生发展必然性。把日本朝鲜出土的古代玻璃的成分和铅同位素比率与中国出土的稍早些的古玻璃同位素类型相对比,推断日本半岛玻璃块料可能是由中国制造,并由山东半岛的东部为运途的起点,经朝鲜半岛转运日本的。
对古代玻璃制备工艺、着色特点进行研究,西周的釉砂是我国玻璃生产的先驱,其制作工艺更多是吸收了制陶工艺中的选取矿土、制胎、挂釉、焙烧等技术。从淄博发现的釉砂珠进行成分和工艺分析看,其制作技术继续发展至战国晚期。
结合博山古代玻璃作坊遗址发现和对博山琉璃发源传说的考证,从历史、矿产、文献记载、出土实物等方面论证博山玻璃的起源、发展及影响。
This article briefly introduced the discovery and present research status of China’s ancient glass, discussed the evolution of ancient glass denomination from historical literature. The ingredients of Zibo ancient glass were analyzed by chemical analysis methods and modern analysis techniques with the help of relative official departments and the practical data which the author have collected for many years. The origination and development of Zibo ancient glass as well as its exchanges with that in surrounding areas were investigated. Through the compilation of the historical literature of Zibo ancient glass since the Yuan Dynasty, the role and status of Zibo glass in the historical development of China glass were discussed.
Through the analyses of the ingredients of the Zibo ancient glass in different times including Spring and Autumn Period, Warring States, and Han Dynasty for the first time, it was found that the main types of the glass were as follows:
(a) the glair glass, which was mainly composed of silicon dioxide(SiO2);
(b) the alkali calcium glass, which was composed of more sodium oxide(Na2O) and calcium oxide(CaO);
(c) the Pb-Ba glass.
The development and influence of Zibo (the Qi State) ancient glass in in the surrounding areas were studied. The glass manufacturing in this area started from Spring and Autumn Period according to the studies on the ceramic and smelting technology of the Qi State. The inevitability of ancient glass originated from the Qi state was demonstrated through comparing its ingredients with those of the Central Plain’s glass. Comparing the composition and the Pb isotope rate of the glass unearthed in Japan and Korea with those of the ancient glass unearthed in China’s ancient glass, it was concluded that the ancient glass in Japan was made in China, and delivered to Japan from the eastern tip of Shandong Peninsula via Korea.
According to the research on the manufacturing techniques and coloration characteristics of the ancient glass, it was found that China’s glass manufacturing originated from the Xizhou Dynasty. Its manufacturing absorbed many techniques used in pottery manufacturing, e.g. selecting minerals, making rough, glairing, baking, and so on. According to the composition and manufacturing analysis of the Zibo glaire glass, the techniques lasted to the late period of the Warring States.
At the end, the origination, manufacturing techniques and influences of Boshan glass were demonstrated from the aspects of history, minerals, literatures and unearthed antiques and according to the combination analyses about the the discovery of the Boshan ancient glass workshop ruins and the textual research on the origination folklore of the Boshan colored glaze.
对淄博古代玻璃进行成分分析,得出了该地区古代玻璃的主要种类有:1)釉砂,成份以二氧化硅为主。2)铅钡玻璃。3)碱(钠钾)钙玻璃:含有较多的氧化钠(或氧化钾)和氧化钙的玻璃。
研究淄博(古齐国)与周边地区间玻璃的发展传播及影响。从古齐国陶瓷技术和冶炼技术发展背景与玻璃制造技术的条件演变及史料记载论证了春秋战国时期玻璃生产的本地化。并与中原地区发现的古玻璃进行成分对比,论证玻璃技术在该地区产生发展必然性。把日本朝鲜出土的古代玻璃的成分和铅同位素比率与中国出土的稍早些的古玻璃同位素类型相对比,推断日本半岛玻璃块料可能是由中国制造,并由山东半岛的东部为运途的起点,经朝鲜半岛转运日本的。
对古代玻璃制备工艺、着色特点进行研究,西周的釉砂是我国玻璃生产的先驱,其制作工艺更多是吸收了制陶工艺中的选取矿土、制胎、挂釉、焙烧等技术。从淄博发现的釉砂珠进行成分和工艺分析看,其制作技术继续发展至战国晚期。
结合博山古代玻璃作坊遗址发现和对博山琉璃发源传说的考证,从历史、矿产、文献记载、出土实物等方面论证博山玻璃的起源、发展及影响。
This article briefly introduced the discovery and present research status of China’s ancient glass, discussed the evolution of ancient glass denomination from historical literature. The ingredients of Zibo ancient glass were analyzed by chemical analysis methods and modern analysis techniques with the help of relative official departments and the practical data which the author have collected for many years. The origination and development of Zibo ancient glass as well as its exchanges with that in surrounding areas were investigated. Through the compilation of the historical literature of Zibo ancient glass since the Yuan Dynasty, the role and status of Zibo glass in the historical development of China glass were discussed.
Through the analyses of the ingredients of the Zibo ancient glass in different times including Spring and Autumn Period, Warring States, and Han Dynasty for the first time, it was found that the main types of the glass were as follows:
(a) the glair glass, which was mainly composed of silicon dioxide(SiO2);
(b) the alkali calcium glass, which was composed of more sodium oxide(Na2O) and calcium oxide(CaO);
(c) the Pb-Ba glass.
The development and influence of Zibo (the Qi State) ancient glass in in the surrounding areas were studied. The glass manufacturing in this area started from Spring and Autumn Period according to the studies on the ceramic and smelting technology of the Qi State. The inevitability of ancient glass originated from the Qi state was demonstrated through comparing its ingredients with those of the Central Plain’s glass. Comparing the composition and the Pb isotope rate of the glass unearthed in Japan and Korea with those of the ancient glass unearthed in China’s ancient glass, it was concluded that the ancient glass in Japan was made in China, and delivered to Japan from the eastern tip of Shandong Peninsula via Korea.
According to the research on the manufacturing techniques and coloration characteristics of the ancient glass, it was found that China’s glass manufacturing originated from the Xizhou Dynasty. Its manufacturing absorbed many techniques used in pottery manufacturing, e.g. selecting minerals, making rough, glairing, baking, and so on. According to the composition and manufacturing analysis of the Zibo glaire glass, the techniques lasted to the late period of the Warring States.
At the end, the origination, manufacturing techniques and influences of Boshan glass were demonstrated from the aspects of history, minerals, literatures and unearthed antiques and according to the combination analyses about the the discovery of the Boshan ancient glass workshop ruins and the textual research on the origination folklore of the Boshan colored glaze.
引文
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[2]干福熹等.我国古代玻璃的起源问题[J].硅酸盐学报, 1978,12(6): 99-104.
[3]张维用.“琉璃”名字考[J].玻璃与搪瓷, 1998, (6).
[4]章鸿钊.石雅[M].上海:商务印书馆. 1921: 1-26.
[5]桓宽.盐铁论[M].上海:上海人民出版社. 1974: 5.
[6]淄博市博物馆.淄博元末明初玻璃作坊遗址[J].考古, 1985, (6): 30-39.
[7]张维用,易家良.颜山杂记·琉璃解说[J].玻璃与搪瓷, 1983, (1).
[8]胡肇椿.琉璃辩[J].中山文化教育馆季刊, 1935, 2(4).
[9]森汉.中国古代玻璃[J].河北省立工学院学报, 1937,第三册.
[10]王世雄.宝鸡扶风出土的西周玻璃的鉴定与研究[G]//干福熹.中国古代玻璃研究-1984年北京国际玻璃学术讨论会文集.北京:中国建筑工业出版社. 1986, 131-137.
[11]洛阳市博物馆.洛阳庞家沟五座西周墓的清理[J].文物, 1972 , (10): 20-28.
[12]北京市文物研究所等. 1995年琉璃河遗址墓葬区发掘简报[J].文物, 1996, (6): 16-27.\
[13]河南省文物研究所.淅川下寺春秋楚墓[M].北京:文物出版社. 1991: 314-319.
[14]苏州市博物馆.江苏苏州浒墅关真山大墓的发掘[J].文物, 1973, (9): 7-16.
[15]河北省文物管理委员会.石家庄市市庄村战国遗址的发掘[J].考古学报, 1957, (1): 91.
[16]袁翰青.我国化学工艺中的制造玻璃问题[C]//中国化学学会.1957年度论文报告会(会议摘要). 1957: 80-81.
[17]干福熹.中国古玻璃研究—1984年北京国际玻璃学术讨论会论文集[C].北京:中国建筑工业出版社. 1986.
[18] Brill Robert H, Martin John H. Scientific Research in Early Chinese glass: Proceeding of the Archaeometry of Glass Session of the 1984 International Symposium on Glass[C]. Beijing: The Corning Museum of Glass, 1991.
[19]史美光,何欧里,周福征.一批中国汉墓出土钾玻璃研究[J].硅酸盐学报, 1986, 14(3): 307-313.
[20]潜伟等.新疆克孜尔水库墓地出土的玻璃珠的分析与研究[C]//方辅彬等.第五届中国少数民族科技史国际研讨会论文集.南宁:广西民族出版社. 2002: 138-145.
[21]黄启善.广西发现的汉代玻璃器[J].文物, 1992, (9): 46-48.
[22]安家瑶.镶嵌玻璃珠的传入及发展//沙漠路线考察乌鲁木齐国际讨论会文集.北京:新世界出版社. 1996: 351-367.
[23]干福熹.中国南方古玻璃研究—2002年南宁中国南方古玻璃研讨会论文集.上海:上海科学技术出版社. 2003.
[24]中国建筑材料研究院,清华大学,中国社会科学院考古研究所.中国早期玻璃检验报告[J].考古学报, 1984, (4): 449-457.
[25]黄启善.广西古代玻璃研究概述[M]//广西壮族自治区文物工作队.广西考古文集第二辑.科学出版社. 2005: 86.
[26]杨伯达.清代玻璃概述[J].故宫博物院季刊, 1983, (4): 3-16.
[27]梁同书(清).古铜瓷器考(二卷)[M].神州国光社. 1947.
[28]王俊新,李平,张巽,彭子成.广西合浦堂排西汉古玻璃的铅同位素示踪研究[J].核技术, 1994, 17(8): 499-502.
[29]赵虹霞,李青会干福熹,承涣生.广西合浦地区出土汉代古玻璃的质子激发X荧光分析[J].核技术, 2007, 30(1): 27-33.
[30]山东省博物馆.临淄郎家庄1号东周殉人墓[J].考古学报, 1977, (1): 73.
[31]淄博市政协文史资料研究委员会编.淄博陶瓷琉璃大观[M].山东大学出版社. 1992: 200.
[32]杨伯达.西周玻璃的初步研究[J].故宫博物院季刊, 1980, (2): 14-24.
[33]易家良,徐淑进.十四世纪中国博山的琉璃工艺[J].硅酸盐学报, 1984, 12(4):404-410.
[34]杨伯达.清代玻璃配方的化学成分的研究[J].故宫博物院季刊, 1990, (2): 17-18.
[35]张江凯.新石器时代考古[M].北京:文物出版社. 2004.
[36]张学海.龙山文化[M].北京:文物出版社. 2004: 148-149.
[37]钟华南.大汶口-龙山文化黑陶高柄杯的模拟试验[M]//考古学论文集(2).北京:文物出版社. 1989.
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