凄怆之美
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摘要
托马斯·哈代十九世纪末期英国文坛最主要的作家之一。他的大部分作品都以其出生地多塞为背景，并以“威塞克斯小说”著称于世。在他的“威塞克斯小说”中，哈代以及其沉痛的笔触描写了英格兰南部乡村生活的败落，并表达了他对整个人生悲观态度。
本论文通过对哈代“威塞克斯小说”的代表作品，包括《卡斯特桥市长》，《还乡》，《德伯家的苔丝》和《无名的裘德》的分析，从三个方面进行切入意在揭示哈代“威塞克斯小说”的主要创作元素：神秘主义氛围，自然主义因素和哈代创作中的本土主义色彩。哈代“威塞克斯小说”中的神秘主义氛围主要有三个来源：希腊式悲剧英雄，引用《圣经》中的典故和意象，和哈代在创作中对巧合和象征主义的应用。在自然主义因素方面，本论文揭示了生物遗传和外在的社会环境对哈代小说中主人公命运的摧残；同时也讨论了达尔文进化论对哈代创作的影响。另一方面，论文也揭示了哈代本土主义的主要特征：哈代独特的历史视角，即人类过去和现在经历的历史统一，人与环境的冲突及环境和气候因素对人的影响。本文从以上三个方面进行深入的分析，从而揭示了哈代“威塞克斯小说”凄怆的悲剧美之所在。
Thomas Hardy was one of the leading novelists in English literature at the end of nineteenth century. Most of his novels have his native place Dorset as their setting, and is known for his famous "Wessex novels". In these novels Hardy describes with great pain the deterioration of the rural life in southern England and expressed his pessimistic view on human life at large.
Based on some of his Wessex novels, including The Mayor of Casterbridge, the Return of the Native, Tess of the d'Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure, this paper aims at making a close study of the major elements in Hardy's Wessex novels and approaches it from 3 aspects: the mythological atmosphere, naturalistic elements and features of Hardy's regionalism. The mythological atmosphere in Hardy's novels mainly lies in 3 sources: His tragic Grecian heroes, Biblical allusions and images and Hardy's use of literary techniques such as Coincidence and symbolism. For naturalistic elements, this paper demonstrates how biological heredity and external social forces work together to destroy Hardy's characters and the influence of Darwin's evolution theory on Hardy's writings. Meanwhile, this paper also finds out the major features of Hardy's regionalism are: Hardy's unique historical vision of uniting the past and present in a local environment, the conflicts between the characters and his social environment and the influence of physical and climatic conditions upon the characters. With an intensive analysis in the above-mentioned perspectives, the paper finally comes to find out where the tragic beauty in Hardy's novels lies.
本论文通过对哈代“威塞克斯小说”的代表作品，包括《卡斯特桥市长》，《还乡》，《德伯家的苔丝》和《无名的裘德》的分析，从三个方面进行切入意在揭示哈代“威塞克斯小说”的主要创作元素：神秘主义氛围，自然主义因素和哈代创作中的本土主义色彩。哈代“威塞克斯小说”中的神秘主义氛围主要有三个来源：希腊式悲剧英雄，引用《圣经》中的典故和意象，和哈代在创作中对巧合和象征主义的应用。在自然主义因素方面，本论文揭示了生物遗传和外在的社会环境对哈代小说中主人公命运的摧残；同时也讨论了达尔文进化论对哈代创作的影响。另一方面，论文也揭示了哈代本土主义的主要特征：哈代独特的历史视角，即人类过去和现在经历的历史统一，人与环境的冲突及环境和气候因素对人的影响。本文从以上三个方面进行深入的分析，从而揭示了哈代“威塞克斯小说”凄怆的悲剧美之所在。
Thomas Hardy was one of the leading novelists in English literature at the end of nineteenth century. Most of his novels have his native place Dorset as their setting, and is known for his famous "Wessex novels". In these novels Hardy describes with great pain the deterioration of the rural life in southern England and expressed his pessimistic view on human life at large.
Based on some of his Wessex novels, including The Mayor of Casterbridge, the Return of the Native, Tess of the d'Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure, this paper aims at making a close study of the major elements in Hardy's Wessex novels and approaches it from 3 aspects: the mythological atmosphere, naturalistic elements and features of Hardy's regionalism. The mythological atmosphere in Hardy's novels mainly lies in 3 sources: His tragic Grecian heroes, Biblical allusions and images and Hardy's use of literary techniques such as Coincidence and symbolism. For naturalistic elements, this paper demonstrates how biological heredity and external social forces work together to destroy Hardy's characters and the influence of Darwin's evolution theory on Hardy's writings. Meanwhile, this paper also finds out the major features of Hardy's regionalism are: Hardy's unique historical vision of uniting the past and present in a local environment, the conflicts between the characters and his social environment and the influence of physical and climatic conditions upon the characters. With an intensive analysis in the above-mentioned perspectives, the paper finally comes to find out where the tragic beauty in Hardy's novels lies.
引文
Casagrande, J. Peter, Unity in Hardy's Novels, London: The Macmillan Press Ltd, 1982
Cecil, David, Hardy the Novelist, New York: Mamaroneck 1972
Cox, R., G. Thomas Hardy: The Critical Heritage, London: Routledge&Kegan Paul, 1970
Easterling, P. E., The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000
Hardy, Thomas, Jude the Obscure, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Oxford University, 1994
Hardy, Thomas, The life and Work of Thomas Hardy, London: The Maemilian Press Ltd 1984
Hardy Thomas, The Mayor of Casterbridge, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Oxford University, 1994
Hardy Thomas, The Return of the Native, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Oxford University, 1994
Hardy Thomas, Tess of the d'Urbervilles, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Oxford University, 1994
Hollard, Clive, Thomas Hardy's Wessex scene, New York: Haskell House Publishers Ltd, 1971.
Kramer, Dale, The Cambridge Companion to Thomas Hardy，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000
Kramer, Dale, Thomas Hardy: The Forms of Tragedy, Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1975
Lee, Hermann, Thomas Hardy's Wessex, London: Foleroft Library Editions, 1976
Page, Norman, Thomas Hardy: The Writer and his Background, London: Bell & Hyman, 1980
Pizer, Donald, The Cambridge Companion to American Realism and Naturalism，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000
Rutland, William, R., Thomas Hardy: A Study of His Writings and Their Background, New York: Russell & Russell Inc., 1938
Saxelby, F., Outwin, A Thomas Hardy Dictionary. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1911
Sherman, G. W., The Pessimism of Thomas Hardy, Rutherford: Fairleigh University Press, 1976
Springer, Marlene, Hardy's Use of Allusion, London: The Macmillan Press Ltd, 1983
The Holy Bible, New York: American Bible Society 1952
陈焘宇，《哈代创作论集》，北京：中国科学出版社，1992
林志凯，《来自荒原的悲歌—浅析哈代“性格与环境小说”的悲剧意识》，Journal of Fuzhou University(Social Sicence)，1997年7月
马炫，《苔丝悲剧形象的“圣经”解构》，《外国文学研究》，2002年第七期
祁寿华，Morgan，William，W．《回应悲剧缪斯的呼唤》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2001
陶洁等，《希腊罗马神话一百篇》，北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2001
王立坤，《古希腊悲剧与哈代悲剧命运观的比较》，《辽宁商务职业学院学报》，2001年第3期
王彤，《哈代的小说与古希腊悲剧》，《四川大学学报》，1999年增刊
许庆红，《人的困境与人性的悲哀—论英美文学自然主义的共同主题》，《安徽教育学院学报》，2002年第4期
张中载等，《托马斯·哈代—思想和创作》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1987
朱雯等，《文学中的自然主义》，上海：上海文艺出版社 1992
Cecil, David, Hardy the Novelist, New York: Mamaroneck 1972
Cox, R., G. Thomas Hardy: The Critical Heritage, London: Routledge&Kegan Paul, 1970
Easterling, P. E., The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000
Hardy, Thomas, Jude the Obscure, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Oxford University, 1994
Hardy, Thomas, The life and Work of Thomas Hardy, London: The Maemilian Press Ltd 1984
Hardy Thomas, The Mayor of Casterbridge, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Oxford University, 1994
Hardy Thomas, The Return of the Native, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Oxford University, 1994
Hardy Thomas, Tess of the d'Urbervilles, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Oxford University, 1994
Hollard, Clive, Thomas Hardy's Wessex scene, New York: Haskell House Publishers Ltd, 1971.
Kramer, Dale, The Cambridge Companion to Thomas Hardy，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000
Kramer, Dale, Thomas Hardy: The Forms of Tragedy, Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1975
Lee, Hermann, Thomas Hardy's Wessex, London: Foleroft Library Editions, 1976
Page, Norman, Thomas Hardy: The Writer and his Background, London: Bell & Hyman, 1980
Pizer, Donald, The Cambridge Companion to American Realism and Naturalism，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000
Rutland, William, R., Thomas Hardy: A Study of His Writings and Their Background, New York: Russell & Russell Inc., 1938
Saxelby, F., Outwin, A Thomas Hardy Dictionary. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1911
Sherman, G. W., The Pessimism of Thomas Hardy, Rutherford: Fairleigh University Press, 1976
Springer, Marlene, Hardy's Use of Allusion, London: The Macmillan Press Ltd, 1983
The Holy Bible, New York: American Bible Society 1952
陈焘宇，《哈代创作论集》，北京：中国科学出版社，1992
林志凯，《来自荒原的悲歌—浅析哈代“性格与环境小说”的悲剧意识》，Journal of Fuzhou University(Social Sicence)，1997年7月
马炫，《苔丝悲剧形象的“圣经”解构》，《外国文学研究》，2002年第七期
祁寿华，Morgan，William，W．《回应悲剧缪斯的呼唤》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2001
陶洁等，《希腊罗马神话一百篇》，北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2001
王立坤，《古希腊悲剧与哈代悲剧命运观的比较》，《辽宁商务职业学院学报》，2001年第3期
王彤，《哈代的小说与古希腊悲剧》，《四川大学学报》，1999年增刊
许庆红，《人的困境与人性的悲哀—论英美文学自然主义的共同主题》，《安徽教育学院学报》，2002年第4期
张中载等，《托马斯·哈代—思想和创作》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1987
朱雯等，《文学中的自然主义》，上海：上海文艺出版社 1992