赞比亚工会研究
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摘要
中赞两国从1964年建交开始的友谊,使得赞比亚成为中国在非洲大陆上最持久的朋友之一,近年来中非政治经贸及民间交流不断扩展,双方交流合作也亟待加强。然而劳资关系的相关问题近年来逐渐成为了中国企业投资包括赞比亚在内的非洲国家、扩大在非企业经营、规模拓展市场时所面临的一个重大理论、实际与法律问题。而中国学界对过去五十年,独立以来非洲产业工人的生存和发展缺乏总体研究,更无分国别分案例的实证研究,国内学界对非洲工会组织及劳工问题的认识和重视程度也还不够。劳资关系问题背景复杂,我们需要对工会组织和工会运动的历史、现状、未来可能发展趋势及其运行体制、地位作用做系统的理论研究,对工会与劳工、资方、政府的复杂关系进行实证研究,从而为中国企业在非发展以及巩固中非友谊提供一定的政策咨询。
本文选取了一个国别视角,以赞比亚当代工会的演变史为主线,在对非洲工会运动的认识上作出了自己的探索。全文拟分五部分对研究内容进行详细论述。第一部分介绍赞比亚工会运动的兴起及发展；第二部分介绍的是一党制下的赞比亚工会；第三部分多党制下的赞比亚工会；第四部分介绍赞比亚工会运动的发展现状；第五部分通过介绍赞比亚工会运动研究过程中的一些思考,阐述了赞比亚工会运动的发展特点及发展前景。通过这五章的论述,力图再现赞比亚工会运动从上个世纪中叶至这个世纪初的发展演进过程。
从长远来看,中国企业中的工会组织也应随着中国企业的大规模海外投资走出去,适应全球化背景下的发展,强化和提升工会在中国企业以及在中国经济中的地位和作用,适应国际社会要求,建立有中国特色的工会发展模式、劳工标准和管理模式。本文选取了赞比亚工会大会这样一个工会力量强大的案例,将实证考察调研与理论研究相结合,着眼于中企未来在非发展的实际需要。另一方面,本文拟引用一些第一手的外文资料,来论述赞比亚工会的发展历程,并从工会运动的各个方面出发,分析它们对赞比亚社会的影响,对赞比亚工会大会延续至今的一个较长历史时期进行系统阐述和分析,意在阐明那些必须阐明却又未阐明的问题,从中得出对社会历史发展的有益启迪。
The friendship since 1964 when China and Zambia established diplomatic relations, has made Zambia one of China's most enduring friends on the African continent, and with the expanding economic, trade and non-governmental exchanges in recent years, both parties also need to strengthen exchanges and cooperation. However, issues related to labor relations in recent years has become a major theoretical, practical and legal problem faced by the Chinese enterprises when they invest in African countries including Zambia and expand their businesses and market size. And there is lack of overall research of survival and development of Africa's industrial workers since their independence over the past fifty years, much less the case by country empirical study. The degree of awareness and attention of African trade unions and labor issues is not enough. The background of labor relations is complex, so we need to do a systematic and theoretical research on the past, present, future trends and operation system and status of trade unions and trade union movement. At the same time, we need to do a empirical study on the complex relationship between labor unions and employees, employers and the government, thus providing some policy advice for the development of Chinese enterprises in Africa and consolidating China-Africa friendship. With the evolution history of modern trade unions in Zambia as the main line, this paper selects a national perspective and has made an exploration of the understanding of African trade union movement. The full text is supposed to be comprised of five parts in detailed elaboration. The first part describes the rise and development of the trade union movement in Zambia; the second part is about the trade unions of Zambia under the one-party system; the third part is about the trade union under the multi-party system in Zambia; the fourth section describes the development status of the trade union movement in Zambia; the fifth part elaborates the development characteristics and development prospects of the trade union movement in Zambia through some thought from the introduction of its process. By discussion of these chapters, the thesis makes an attempt to reproduce the development evolution process of the trade union movement in Zambia from the middle of last century to the beginning of this century.
In the long run, trade union organizations in Chinese enterprises should also go out to meet the development context of globalization with large-scale overseas investment of Chinese enterprises, strengthening and upgrading their position and role in the Chinese enterprises and economy, and to meet the requirements of the international community, establishing a mode of development, labor standards and management with Chinese characteristics. This paper selects the case of Trade Unions of the Zambia Congress, a powerful union, with the combination of empirical and theoretical research, focusing on the future actual development the needs of Chinese enterprises in Africa. On the other hand, this paper discuss the course of development of trade unions in Zambia in reference to a number of first-hand foreign materials, and analyzes their impact on Zambian society from all aspects of the trade union movement, making a systematic elaboration and analysis of the long history of Zambia Congress of Trade Unions to clarify the problem which must be explained but has not been clarified, and draw on the useful inspiration for the development of society and history.
本文选取了一个国别视角,以赞比亚当代工会的演变史为主线,在对非洲工会运动的认识上作出了自己的探索。全文拟分五部分对研究内容进行详细论述。第一部分介绍赞比亚工会运动的兴起及发展；第二部分介绍的是一党制下的赞比亚工会；第三部分多党制下的赞比亚工会；第四部分介绍赞比亚工会运动的发展现状；第五部分通过介绍赞比亚工会运动研究过程中的一些思考,阐述了赞比亚工会运动的发展特点及发展前景。通过这五章的论述,力图再现赞比亚工会运动从上个世纪中叶至这个世纪初的发展演进过程。
从长远来看,中国企业中的工会组织也应随着中国企业的大规模海外投资走出去,适应全球化背景下的发展,强化和提升工会在中国企业以及在中国经济中的地位和作用,适应国际社会要求,建立有中国特色的工会发展模式、劳工标准和管理模式。本文选取了赞比亚工会大会这样一个工会力量强大的案例,将实证考察调研与理论研究相结合,着眼于中企未来在非发展的实际需要。另一方面,本文拟引用一些第一手的外文资料,来论述赞比亚工会的发展历程,并从工会运动的各个方面出发,分析它们对赞比亚社会的影响,对赞比亚工会大会延续至今的一个较长历史时期进行系统阐述和分析,意在阐明那些必须阐明却又未阐明的问题,从中得出对社会历史发展的有益启迪。
The friendship since 1964 when China and Zambia established diplomatic relations, has made Zambia one of China's most enduring friends on the African continent, and with the expanding economic, trade and non-governmental exchanges in recent years, both parties also need to strengthen exchanges and cooperation. However, issues related to labor relations in recent years has become a major theoretical, practical and legal problem faced by the Chinese enterprises when they invest in African countries including Zambia and expand their businesses and market size. And there is lack of overall research of survival and development of Africa's industrial workers since their independence over the past fifty years, much less the case by country empirical study. The degree of awareness and attention of African trade unions and labor issues is not enough. The background of labor relations is complex, so we need to do a systematic and theoretical research on the past, present, future trends and operation system and status of trade unions and trade union movement. At the same time, we need to do a empirical study on the complex relationship between labor unions and employees, employers and the government, thus providing some policy advice for the development of Chinese enterprises in Africa and consolidating China-Africa friendship. With the evolution history of modern trade unions in Zambia as the main line, this paper selects a national perspective and has made an exploration of the understanding of African trade union movement. The full text is supposed to be comprised of five parts in detailed elaboration. The first part describes the rise and development of the trade union movement in Zambia; the second part is about the trade unions of Zambia under the one-party system; the third part is about the trade union under the multi-party system in Zambia; the fourth section describes the development status of the trade union movement in Zambia; the fifth part elaborates the development characteristics and development prospects of the trade union movement in Zambia through some thought from the introduction of its process. By discussion of these chapters, the thesis makes an attempt to reproduce the development evolution process of the trade union movement in Zambia from the middle of last century to the beginning of this century.
In the long run, trade union organizations in Chinese enterprises should also go out to meet the development context of globalization with large-scale overseas investment of Chinese enterprises, strengthening and upgrading their position and role in the Chinese enterprises and economy, and to meet the requirements of the international community, establishing a mode of development, labor standards and management with Chinese characteristics. This paper selects the case of Trade Unions of the Zambia Congress, a powerful union, with the combination of empirical and theoretical research, focusing on the future actual development the needs of Chinese enterprises in Africa. On the other hand, this paper discuss the course of development of trade unions in Zambia in reference to a number of first-hand foreign materials, and analyzes their impact on Zambian society from all aspects of the trade union movement, making a systematic elaboration and analysis of the long history of Zambia Congress of Trade Unions to clarify the problem which must be explained but has not been clarified, and draw on the useful inspiration for the development of society and history.
引文
①《非洲原料资料》 苏阿·尤·施皮尔特 伍知友译 世界知识出版社1964年版,99-101页。
①Meebelo. S.H, African Proletarians and Colonial Capitalism, Lusaka:Kenneth Kaunda Foundation,1986. p.28.
②Mulenga, F. E, "Advancement, Trade Unionism and Politics on the Railway to 1972," Zambia Journal of History, No 4 (1991).p.43.
③ Meebelo. S.H, African Proletarians and Colonial Capitalism. Lusaka:Kenneth Kaunda Foundation,1986. p.28.
④ Meebelo. S.H, African Proletarians and Colonial Capitalism, Lusaka:Kenneth Kaunda Foundation,1986. p.2.
⑤艾伦·佩顿：《非洲进展：铜矿地带与联邦的一个问题》,载《优越季刊》,第5卷1955年12月,第105-109贝。
⑥哈罗德·K·霍赫希尔德：《北罗得西亚的劳工关系》,载《美国政治与社会科学会年刊》,第306卷1956年7月,第43-49页。
①William A. Hance AFRICAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Harper and brothers, New York 1958 p175-176.
②威廉·J·巴贝：《在中非的美元投资》,载《新联邦》,第31卷1956年4月30日,第212页。
③美国商务部：《在罗得西亚和尼亚萨兰联邦的投资》华盛顿,政府印刷所,1956年,第102页。
①Mulenga, F. E, "Advancement, Trade Unionism and Politics on the Railway to 1972," Zambia Journal of History, No 4 (1991).p.2.
② Ananaba, W, The Trade Union Movement in African, London:C. Hurst and Company,1979.p.57.
④ Henderson, Ⅰ, "On the Copperbelt disturbances of 1935-1940" Journal of Southern African Studies Vol.2, No.l,(1975).p.83.
①Meynaud, J, and Salah-Bey, A, Trade Union in African:A Study of growth and orientation, London:Methuen and Company,1967. p.76.
①西蒙兹教授在赞比亚工会大会与自由工联联合举办的多国公司与就业问题讨论会(一九七六年月八日于卢萨 卡)上关于赞比亚工会的发言。油印稿第三页。
①Mwendapole, History of the trade union movement in Zambia, p.54.
①Aunal Labour Report for 1976(Lusaka,1974), p.19; Aunal Labour Report for 1974,(Lusaka,1975) 19.
②T. Fashoyin,'The contribution of social dialogue to economic and social development in Zambia', Working Paper, International Labour Office, Genva, Jan.2002,10.
① African Confidential 12 Oct.1987.
② Times of Zambia and Zambia Daily Mail, Sept. to Oct.1987.
③ African Confidential,12 Oct.1990; African Contemporary Record,201987-88, Section B,823.
④Times of Zambia,29 Oct.1990.
⑤ African Confidential, Vol.29, No.2, January 1988, p.4.
⑥ African Contemporary Record,20(1987-88), Section B,823.
①Rankner, Trade Unions in Processes of Democratisation:A Study of Party Labour Relations in Zambia, p.116, quoting Times of Zambia 29 April 1987.
①Akwetey, Emmanuel Obliteifio, Trade Unions and Democratisation:A Comparative Study of Zambia and Ghana, Unpublished Phd thesis, University of Stockholm,1994, p.64.
①Sunday Times of Zambia,24 Nov.1991.
①H. C. Katz, S. Kuruvilla and L. Turner.'Trade unions and collective bargaining', Policy Research Working Papers, Education and Social Policy Department, The World Bank, Feb.1993,pp.8-9.
② It should be noted that in his definition of "industrially more developed" countries in African, Schillinger included Mauritius with South African.
③ Hubert Rene Schillinger, "Trade unions in African:Weak but feared". Occasional Papers:International Development Cooperation (Responsible.Erwin.schweisshelm@fes.de), March 2005.
④E. Berg and J. Bulter,'Trade unions', in:J.S. Coleman and C. G. Rosberg Jr, cds, Political parties and national in tropical African (Berkely,1970), p.340-1.
⑤Northern Rhodesia Labour Department Annual Report for the Year 1958 (Lusaka:Government Printer,1959), p.15.
① Times of Zambia, Ⅰ May 1976 (see also of May, June and July of the same year); Annual Lubour Report for 1973.
② The Post,19 May 1995.
③Berg and Butler,'Trade unions'.353.
① See, for example, D. C. Mulford, Zambia:The politics of independence,1957-1964(Oxford,1967),170-74; Bates, Unions, parties and political development,126-65; A. Gupta,'Trade unionism and politics on the Copperbelt', 293-302; R. Hall, Zambia 1890-1964:The colonial period (London,1976),124-25,182-83;Parpart, labour and capital on the African copperbelt, pp.136-158; and Meebelo, African proletarians and colonial capitalism,414-50.
② Times of Zambia,11Aug.2000.
③ Meebelo, African Proletarians and Colonial Capitalism,p.418.
④ Times of Zambia,12 Aug.2000. Interestingly, the ZCTU under the leadership of Hikaumba is presently facing exactly the same problem it had under Shamenda. With presidential and parliamentary elections set for 28 Sept.2006, in August 2006, Hikaumba and ZCTU have yet to decide which party or candidates to support.
① Bates, Unions, parties and political development, pp.27-73; Liato,'Organised labour and the state in Zambia', PhD Thesis, University of Leeds,1989. See "Abstract", no page number indicated.
② Sunday Times of Zambia,31 Dec.1995.
③ Sunday Times of Zambia,6 Dec.1992.
④ African Contemporary Record,1990-1992, Vol.23, p. B712-13; Mihyo,'Against overwhelming odds',211; D. Banda,'The trade unions situation on Zambia:an overview of the law, practice and the way forward', Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Zambia Office, Lusaka, July 1997.
①Times of Zambia,26 Dec.1994,and Sunday Times of Zambia,24 Dec.1995.
②Fashoyin,'The contribution of social dialogue',10.
③E.J. Nyirenda and A. Shikwe,'Trade unions country report-Zambia', Friedrich Ebert Stifitung, Zambia Office, Lusaka, Dec 2003,p.20; Fashoyin,'The contribution of social dialogue',12.
④Times of Zambia,13 Fed.1992.
① Annual Labour Report for the Year 1980 (Lusaka,1981),5.
② Times of Zambia,12 May 1990.
③ Fashoyin,'The contribution of social dialogue', ii; L.C. Situmbeko and J.J. Zulu,'Zambia:condemned to debt how the IMF and World Bank have undermined development', World Development Movement, Apr.2004,18.
④ Fashoyin,'The contribution of social dialogue', ii.
⑤ Ibid; D. Narasimba Reddy,'Economic globalization past and present:the challenge to labour', in K.S. Jomo and K. Khay Jin, eds. Globalization and its discontents, revisited (New Delhi,2003), pp42-43.
⑥Situmbeko and Zulu,'Zambia:condemned to debt',20.
⑦ Fashoyin,'The contribution of social dialogue',2.
① Times of Zambia,31 Aug.1994.
②P.A. Mulenga,'I.L.O./FTF/ICFTU-AFRO/ZCTU Project on Trade Unions Capacity Building Through Education: Zambia Action Plan', January 2001-December 2004,23.
③ Ibid,24.
④ Situnbeko and Zulu.'Zambia:condemned to debt', pp.21-22. See also, The Post,5,26 Aug.2003; 10 Oct.2003.
⑤Situmbeko and Zulu.'Zambia:condemned to debt'.p 33.
⑥ Times of Zambia,3 July 1992; Sunday Times of Zambia,21,22Nov.1992;Times of Zambia,31July 1993; 16 Dec. 1994; 12 Jan.1995; Sunday Times ofZambia,5 Mar,23 July 1995.
① Laurent C.W. Kaela,'Democracy in Zambia's Third Republic:Dilemmas of Consolidation.DPMFPublications, http://www.dpmf.org/democracy-laurent-1998.
②Fashoyin,'The contribution of social dialogue',12.
③ D. Narasimba Reddy,'Economic Globalization', pp.42-43.
④ Fashoyin,'The contribution of social dialogue',pp.12-13; Mulenga,'Project on Trade Unions Capacity Building through Education', pp.19-21.
① Schillinger.'Trade unions in African'.
② Miles Larmer.'Reaction and resistance to neo-liberalism in Zambia', paper presented at the Centre for Civil Society, University of KwaZulu-Natal,27 May 2003.
①Nyirenda & Shikwe,'Trade Unions Country Report-Zambia".pp.2229-34.
[1]苏阿·尤·施皮尔特,伍知友译.非洲原料资料[M].北京：世界知识出版社,1964.
[2]Meebelo.S.H. African Proletarians and Colonial Capitalism. [M] Lusaka Kenneth Kaunda Foundation 1986:28.
[3]William A. Hance. AFRICAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. New York: Harper and brothers,1958.
[4]美国商务部.在罗得西亚和尼亚萨兰联邦的投资[R].华盛顿：政府印刷所,1956.
[5]Ananaba.W.C. The Trade Union Movement in African [M]. London:Hurst and Company,1979. Trade Union in African:A Study of growth and orientation Meynaud, J, and Salah-Bey, A, London:Methuen and Company,1967. p76. Aunal Labour Report for 1976(Lusaka,1974),19; Aunal Labour Report for 1974,(Lusaka,1975) 19.
[6]曾煜.社会保障战略目标下的工会参与.北京：中国社会出版社,2008.
[1]Mulenga, F. E. Advancement, Trade Unionism and Politics on the Railway to 1972 [J]. Zambia Journal of History,1991, (No 4):43.
[2]艾伦·佩顿.非洲进展：铜矿地带与联邦的一个问题[J].优越季刊,1955,(5)：105--109.
[3]哈罗德·K·霍赫希尔德.北罗得西亚的劳工关系[J].美国政治与社会科学会年刊,1956,(306)：43-49.
[4]威廉·J·巴贝.在中非的美元投资[J]新联邦1956,(31)：212.
[5]Mulenga, F. E. Advancement, Trade Unionism and Politics on the Railway to 1972[J].Zambia Journal of History 1991, (4):2.
[6]"On the Copperbelt disturbances of 1935-1940" Henderson, Ⅰ, Journal of Southern African Studies Vol.2, No.1,(1975).p83.
[7]P.A. Mulenga,'I.L.O./FTF/ICFTU-AFRO/ZCTU Project on Trade Unions Capacity Building Through Education:Zambia Action Plan', January 2001-December 2004,23.
[1]Emmanuel Akwetey and Jon Kraus. Trade Unions, Development, and Democratization in Zambia:The Continuing Struggle. Edited by Jon Kraus. Trade Unions and the Coming of Democracy in Africa[C]. Printed in the United of America, 2007:123-156
[1]Akwetey, Emmanuel Obliteifio. Trade Unions and Democratisation:A Comparative Study of Zambia and Ghana [D]. Unpublished Phd thesis, University of Stockholm,1994.
[2]Miles Larmer. Reaction and resistance to neo-liberalism in Zambia [D]. paper presented at the Centre for Civil Society, University of KwaZulu-Natal,27 May 2003.
[3]Liato. Organised labour and the state in Zambia [D]. PhD Thesis, University of Leeds,1989.
[1]African Confidential 12 Oct.1987.
[2]Times of Zambia and Zambia Daily Mail, Sept. to Oct.1987.
[3]African Confidential,12 Oct.1990; African Contemporary Record,201987-88, Section B,823.
[4]Times of Zambia,29 Oct.1990.
[5]African Confidential, Vol.29, No.2, January 1988..
[6]Sunday Times of Zambia,24 Nov.1991.
[7]Rankner, Trade Unions in Processes of Democratisation:A Study of Party Labour Relations in Zambia[N], p116, quoting Times of Zambia 29 April 1987.
[8]Situnbeko and Zulu. Zambia:condemned to debt[N],21-22. See also, The Post, 5,26 Aug.2003; 10 Oct.2003.
[9]Times of Zambia,31 Aug.1994.
[10]Sunday Times of Zambia,31 Dec.1995.
[11]Sunday Times of Zambia,6 Dec.1992.
[1]"Trade unions in African:Weak but feared", Hubert Rene Schillinger, Occasional Papers:InternationalDevelopmentCooperation(Responsible.Erwin.schweisshelm@fes. de), March 2005.
[2]Laurent C.W. Kaela. Democracy in Zambia's Third Republic:Dilemmas of Consolidation. DPMFPublications:http://www.dpmf.org/democracy-laurent-1998.
[1]西蒙兹教授.在赞比亚工会大会与自由工联联合举办的多国公司与就业问题讨论会(一九七六年月八日于卢萨卡)上关于赞比亚工会的发言。油印稿第三页.
[2]T. Fashoyin. The contribution of social dialogue to economic and social development in Zambia. Working Paper, International Labour Office, Genva, Jan. 2002,10.
[3]African Contemporary Record,20(1987-88), Section B,823.
[4]Trade unions and collective bargaining', H. C. Katz, S. Kuruvilla and L. Turner, 'Policy Research Working Papers, Education and Social Policy Department, The World Bank, Feb.1993,8-9.
[5]Northern Rhodesia Labour Department Annual Report for the Year 1958 (Lusaka: Government Printer,1959), p15.
[6]E.J. Nyirenda and A. Shikwe,'Trade unions country report-Zambia', Friedrich Ebert Stifitung, Zambia Office, Lusaka, Dec 2003,p.20.
[7]Annual Labour Report for the Year 1980 (Lusaka,1981),5.
①Meebelo. S.H, African Proletarians and Colonial Capitalism, Lusaka:Kenneth Kaunda Foundation,1986. p.28.
②Mulenga, F. E, "Advancement, Trade Unionism and Politics on the Railway to 1972," Zambia Journal of History, No 4 (1991).p.43.
③ Meebelo. S.H, African Proletarians and Colonial Capitalism. Lusaka:Kenneth Kaunda Foundation,1986. p.28.
④ Meebelo. S.H, African Proletarians and Colonial Capitalism, Lusaka:Kenneth Kaunda Foundation,1986. p.2.
⑤艾伦·佩顿：《非洲进展：铜矿地带与联邦的一个问题》,载《优越季刊》,第5卷1955年12月,第105-109贝。
⑥哈罗德·K·霍赫希尔德：《北罗得西亚的劳工关系》,载《美国政治与社会科学会年刊》,第306卷1956年7月,第43-49页。
①William A. Hance AFRICAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Harper and brothers, New York 1958 p175-176.
②威廉·J·巴贝：《在中非的美元投资》,载《新联邦》,第31卷1956年4月30日,第212页。
③美国商务部：《在罗得西亚和尼亚萨兰联邦的投资》华盛顿,政府印刷所,1956年,第102页。
①Mulenga, F. E, "Advancement, Trade Unionism and Politics on the Railway to 1972," Zambia Journal of History, No 4 (1991).p.2.
② Ananaba, W, The Trade Union Movement in African, London:C. Hurst and Company,1979.p.57.
④ Henderson, Ⅰ, "On the Copperbelt disturbances of 1935-1940" Journal of Southern African Studies Vol.2, No.l,(1975).p.83.
①Meynaud, J, and Salah-Bey, A, Trade Union in African:A Study of growth and orientation, London:Methuen and Company,1967. p.76.
①西蒙兹教授在赞比亚工会大会与自由工联联合举办的多国公司与就业问题讨论会(一九七六年月八日于卢萨 卡)上关于赞比亚工会的发言。油印稿第三页。
①Mwendapole, History of the trade union movement in Zambia, p.54.
①Aunal Labour Report for 1976(Lusaka,1974), p.19; Aunal Labour Report for 1974,(Lusaka,1975) 19.
②T. Fashoyin,'The contribution of social dialogue to economic and social development in Zambia', Working Paper, International Labour Office, Genva, Jan.2002,10.
① African Confidential 12 Oct.1987.
② Times of Zambia and Zambia Daily Mail, Sept. to Oct.1987.
③ African Confidential,12 Oct.1990; African Contemporary Record,201987-88, Section B,823.
④Times of Zambia,29 Oct.1990.
⑤ African Confidential, Vol.29, No.2, January 1988, p.4.
⑥ African Contemporary Record,20(1987-88), Section B,823.
①Rankner, Trade Unions in Processes of Democratisation:A Study of Party Labour Relations in Zambia, p.116, quoting Times of Zambia 29 April 1987.
①Akwetey, Emmanuel Obliteifio, Trade Unions and Democratisation:A Comparative Study of Zambia and Ghana, Unpublished Phd thesis, University of Stockholm,1994, p.64.
①Sunday Times of Zambia,24 Nov.1991.
①H. C. Katz, S. Kuruvilla and L. Turner.'Trade unions and collective bargaining', Policy Research Working Papers, Education and Social Policy Department, The World Bank, Feb.1993,pp.8-9.
② It should be noted that in his definition of "industrially more developed" countries in African, Schillinger included Mauritius with South African.
③ Hubert Rene Schillinger, "Trade unions in African:Weak but feared". Occasional Papers:International Development Cooperation (Responsible.Erwin.schweisshelm@fes.de), March 2005.
④E. Berg and J. Bulter,'Trade unions', in:J.S. Coleman and C. G. Rosberg Jr, cds, Political parties and national in tropical African (Berkely,1970), p.340-1.
⑤Northern Rhodesia Labour Department Annual Report for the Year 1958 (Lusaka:Government Printer,1959), p.15.
① Times of Zambia, Ⅰ May 1976 (see also of May, June and July of the same year); Annual Lubour Report for 1973.
② The Post,19 May 1995.
③Berg and Butler,'Trade unions'.353.
① See, for example, D. C. Mulford, Zambia:The politics of independence,1957-1964(Oxford,1967),170-74; Bates, Unions, parties and political development,126-65; A. Gupta,'Trade unionism and politics on the Copperbelt', 293-302; R. Hall, Zambia 1890-1964:The colonial period (London,1976),124-25,182-83;Parpart, labour and capital on the African copperbelt, pp.136-158; and Meebelo, African proletarians and colonial capitalism,414-50.
② Times of Zambia,11Aug.2000.
③ Meebelo, African Proletarians and Colonial Capitalism,p.418.
④ Times of Zambia,12 Aug.2000. Interestingly, the ZCTU under the leadership of Hikaumba is presently facing exactly the same problem it had under Shamenda. With presidential and parliamentary elections set for 28 Sept.2006, in August 2006, Hikaumba and ZCTU have yet to decide which party or candidates to support.
① Bates, Unions, parties and political development, pp.27-73; Liato,'Organised labour and the state in Zambia', PhD Thesis, University of Leeds,1989. See "Abstract", no page number indicated.
② Sunday Times of Zambia,31 Dec.1995.
③ Sunday Times of Zambia,6 Dec.1992.
④ African Contemporary Record,1990-1992, Vol.23, p. B712-13; Mihyo,'Against overwhelming odds',211; D. Banda,'The trade unions situation on Zambia:an overview of the law, practice and the way forward', Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Zambia Office, Lusaka, July 1997.
①Times of Zambia,26 Dec.1994,and Sunday Times of Zambia,24 Dec.1995.
②Fashoyin,'The contribution of social dialogue',10.
③E.J. Nyirenda and A. Shikwe,'Trade unions country report-Zambia', Friedrich Ebert Stifitung, Zambia Office, Lusaka, Dec 2003,p.20; Fashoyin,'The contribution of social dialogue',12.
④Times of Zambia,13 Fed.1992.
① Annual Labour Report for the Year 1980 (Lusaka,1981),5.
② Times of Zambia,12 May 1990.
③ Fashoyin,'The contribution of social dialogue', ii; L.C. Situmbeko and J.J. Zulu,'Zambia:condemned to debt how the IMF and World Bank have undermined development', World Development Movement, Apr.2004,18.
④ Fashoyin,'The contribution of social dialogue', ii.
⑤ Ibid; D. Narasimba Reddy,'Economic globalization past and present:the challenge to labour', in K.S. Jomo and K. Khay Jin, eds. Globalization and its discontents, revisited (New Delhi,2003), pp42-43.
⑥Situmbeko and Zulu,'Zambia:condemned to debt',20.
⑦ Fashoyin,'The contribution of social dialogue',2.
① Times of Zambia,31 Aug.1994.
②P.A. Mulenga,'I.L.O./FTF/ICFTU-AFRO/ZCTU Project on Trade Unions Capacity Building Through Education: Zambia Action Plan', January 2001-December 2004,23.
③ Ibid,24.
④ Situnbeko and Zulu.'Zambia:condemned to debt', pp.21-22. See also, The Post,5,26 Aug.2003; 10 Oct.2003.
⑤Situmbeko and Zulu.'Zambia:condemned to debt'.p 33.
⑥ Times of Zambia,3 July 1992; Sunday Times of Zambia,21,22Nov.1992;Times of Zambia,31July 1993; 16 Dec. 1994; 12 Jan.1995; Sunday Times ofZambia,5 Mar,23 July 1995.
① Laurent C.W. Kaela,'Democracy in Zambia's Third Republic:Dilemmas of Consolidation.DPMFPublications, http://www.dpmf.org/democracy-laurent-1998.
②Fashoyin,'The contribution of social dialogue',12.
③ D. Narasimba Reddy,'Economic Globalization', pp.42-43.
④ Fashoyin,'The contribution of social dialogue',pp.12-13; Mulenga,'Project on Trade Unions Capacity Building through Education', pp.19-21.
① Schillinger.'Trade unions in African'.
② Miles Larmer.'Reaction and resistance to neo-liberalism in Zambia', paper presented at the Centre for Civil Society, University of KwaZulu-Natal,27 May 2003.
①Nyirenda & Shikwe,'Trade Unions Country Report-Zambia".pp.2229-34.
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[2]Meebelo.S.H. African Proletarians and Colonial Capitalism. [M] Lusaka Kenneth Kaunda Foundation 1986:28.
[3]William A. Hance. AFRICAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. New York: Harper and brothers,1958.
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[5]Ananaba.W.C. The Trade Union Movement in African [M]. London:Hurst and Company,1979. Trade Union in African:A Study of growth and orientation Meynaud, J, and Salah-Bey, A, London:Methuen and Company,1967. p76. Aunal Labour Report for 1976(Lusaka,1974),19; Aunal Labour Report for 1974,(Lusaka,1975) 19.
[6]曾煜.社会保障战略目标下的工会参与.北京：中国社会出版社,2008.
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[4]威廉·J·巴贝.在中非的美元投资[J]新联邦1956,(31)：212.
[5]Mulenga, F. E. Advancement, Trade Unionism and Politics on the Railway to 1972[J].Zambia Journal of History 1991, (4):2.
[6]"On the Copperbelt disturbances of 1935-1940" Henderson, Ⅰ, Journal of Southern African Studies Vol.2, No.1,(1975).p83.
[7]P.A. Mulenga,'I.L.O./FTF/ICFTU-AFRO/ZCTU Project on Trade Unions Capacity Building Through Education:Zambia Action Plan', January 2001-December 2004,23.
[1]Emmanuel Akwetey and Jon Kraus. Trade Unions, Development, and Democratization in Zambia:The Continuing Struggle. Edited by Jon Kraus. Trade Unions and the Coming of Democracy in Africa[C]. Printed in the United of America, 2007:123-156
[1]Akwetey, Emmanuel Obliteifio. Trade Unions and Democratisation:A Comparative Study of Zambia and Ghana [D]. Unpublished Phd thesis, University of Stockholm,1994.
[2]Miles Larmer. Reaction and resistance to neo-liberalism in Zambia [D]. paper presented at the Centre for Civil Society, University of KwaZulu-Natal,27 May 2003.
[3]Liato. Organised labour and the state in Zambia [D]. PhD Thesis, University of Leeds,1989.
[1]African Confidential 12 Oct.1987.
[2]Times of Zambia and Zambia Daily Mail, Sept. to Oct.1987.
[3]African Confidential,12 Oct.1990; African Contemporary Record,201987-88, Section B,823.
[4]Times of Zambia,29 Oct.1990.
[5]African Confidential, Vol.29, No.2, January 1988..
[6]Sunday Times of Zambia,24 Nov.1991.
[7]Rankner, Trade Unions in Processes of Democratisation:A Study of Party Labour Relations in Zambia[N], p116, quoting Times of Zambia 29 April 1987.
[8]Situnbeko and Zulu. Zambia:condemned to debt[N],21-22. See also, The Post, 5,26 Aug.2003; 10 Oct.2003.
[9]Times of Zambia,31 Aug.1994.
[10]Sunday Times of Zambia,31 Dec.1995.
[11]Sunday Times of Zambia,6 Dec.1992.
[1]"Trade unions in African:Weak but feared", Hubert Rene Schillinger, Occasional Papers:InternationalDevelopmentCooperation(Responsible.Erwin.schweisshelm@fes. de), March 2005.
[2]Laurent C.W. Kaela. Democracy in Zambia's Third Republic:Dilemmas of Consolidation. DPMFPublications:http://www.dpmf.org/democracy-laurent-1998.
[1]西蒙兹教授.在赞比亚工会大会与自由工联联合举办的多国公司与就业问题讨论会(一九七六年月八日于卢萨卡)上关于赞比亚工会的发言。油印稿第三页.
[2]T. Fashoyin. The contribution of social dialogue to economic and social development in Zambia. Working Paper, International Labour Office, Genva, Jan. 2002,10.
[3]African Contemporary Record,20(1987-88), Section B,823.
[4]Trade unions and collective bargaining', H. C. Katz, S. Kuruvilla and L. Turner, 'Policy Research Working Papers, Education and Social Policy Department, The World Bank, Feb.1993,8-9.
[5]Northern Rhodesia Labour Department Annual Report for the Year 1958 (Lusaka: Government Printer,1959), p15.
[6]E.J. Nyirenda and A. Shikwe,'Trade unions country report-Zambia', Friedrich Ebert Stifitung, Zambia Office, Lusaka, Dec 2003,p.20.
[7]Annual Labour Report for the Year 1980 (Lusaka,1981),5.