动画渲染技术及其在影视中的应用
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摘要
我们的课题涉及的是三维动画绘制技术的研究。动画的绘制技术可以分为两类：真实感绘制和非真实感绘制。真实感绘制技术已经有了很长的历史，而非真实感绘制技术则是国际上近几年在计算机图形图象领域新兴的一个研究课题。非真实感绘制以真实感绘制为基础，它可以使绘制的图象具有卡通效果以及某种艺术性效果。轮廓线是三维模型的一个重要特征，体现了模型的大致形状和轮廓。因此，三维模型的轮廓线探测技术是非真实感绘制的基础，而且我们还能利用它生成线条画效果。卡通效果绘制也属于非真实感绘制的范围，现在大量应用于电视动画片、动画电影以及游戏开发等领域中。
本文的工作内容主要集中在以下方面，包括：
1 完善并实现Phong光照模型算法
在研究了多个光照模型算法的基础上，我们选择了Phong模型作为具体完善和实现的对象，取得了较好的真实感效果。
2 利用Phong模型生成三维卡通风格的非真实感绘制
我们通改进上面经过完善的Phong模型，利用编写的新材质可以在三维场景中直接绘制出具有卡通色彩的图象。
3 三维模型的轮廓线绘制技术
我们在理论上和实际中对各种轮廓线算法进行了研究和比较，用VC开发了绘制轮廓线的程序，并在MAYA中使用了一种新的绘制模型轮廓线的技术。
4 群体动画的模拟
由于整个项目的需要，我们还研究和实现了三维场景中群体行为控制的一些模型和算法，并对它进行了模拟。
在本文的最后对所做工作进行了总结，并讨论将来可能继续的研究方向。
The research we are involved in is rendering technology in three-dimensional animation. The animation rendering technology can be approximately divided into two categories: photorealistic rendering technology and non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) technology. It is a long time to development for photorealistic rendering technology, but the NPR technology is a new research domain in the world for computer graphics and image field in recently years. The NPR is based on photorealistic rendering technology, and it can render 3D graphics to cartoon style image and a certain artistic image. The silhouette edges are importment characteristic for three-dimensional model and represent the approximate model's shape. So, the technology of detecting 3D model silhouette is foundation information for NPR. It also render the 3D model to a line style image. The rendering technology of cartoon style belongs to NPR's field, and it is to be widely applied in animation telefile and movie area and development games.
In this thesis, our research work mainly focuses on the following aspects, including:
1 Perfecting and implement the algorithm of phong illumination model
After we research some illumintion models, we perfect and implement the phong illumination model and gain a nice photorealistic effect.
2 Generating the NPR for the three-dimensional cartoon style using the Perfected phong illumination model
We ameliorate the perfected phong illumination model and generate the new material that derectly rendering a chromatic cartoon image in a three-dimensional scene.
3 The silhouette rendering technology for 3D model
We have researched and compared these silhouette rendering algorithms that based on the theory and practice, developing the program of rendering silhouette using VC, and find a
new method for rendering the 3D model's silhouette in MAYA. 4 The silumation for crowd animation
We also research and implement the algorithm and model for crowd behavior steering in 3D scene because of the whole project requiring, and silumate it later.
At last, I summarize the work of this thesis and discuss the potential research topics in the future.
本文的工作内容主要集中在以下方面，包括：
1 完善并实现Phong光照模型算法
在研究了多个光照模型算法的基础上，我们选择了Phong模型作为具体完善和实现的对象，取得了较好的真实感效果。
2 利用Phong模型生成三维卡通风格的非真实感绘制
我们通改进上面经过完善的Phong模型，利用编写的新材质可以在三维场景中直接绘制出具有卡通色彩的图象。
3 三维模型的轮廓线绘制技术
我们在理论上和实际中对各种轮廓线算法进行了研究和比较，用VC开发了绘制轮廓线的程序，并在MAYA中使用了一种新的绘制模型轮廓线的技术。
4 群体动画的模拟
由于整个项目的需要，我们还研究和实现了三维场景中群体行为控制的一些模型和算法，并对它进行了模拟。
在本文的最后对所做工作进行了总结，并讨论将来可能继续的研究方向。
The research we are involved in is rendering technology in three-dimensional animation. The animation rendering technology can be approximately divided into two categories: photorealistic rendering technology and non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) technology. It is a long time to development for photorealistic rendering technology, but the NPR technology is a new research domain in the world for computer graphics and image field in recently years. The NPR is based on photorealistic rendering technology, and it can render 3D graphics to cartoon style image and a certain artistic image. The silhouette edges are importment characteristic for three-dimensional model and represent the approximate model's shape. So, the technology of detecting 3D model silhouette is foundation information for NPR. It also render the 3D model to a line style image. The rendering technology of cartoon style belongs to NPR's field, and it is to be widely applied in animation telefile and movie area and development games.
In this thesis, our research work mainly focuses on the following aspects, including:
1 Perfecting and implement the algorithm of phong illumination model
After we research some illumintion models, we perfect and implement the phong illumination model and gain a nice photorealistic effect.
2 Generating the NPR for the three-dimensional cartoon style using the Perfected phong illumination model
We ameliorate the perfected phong illumination model and generate the new material that derectly rendering a chromatic cartoon image in a three-dimensional scene.
3 The silhouette rendering technology for 3D model
We have researched and compared these silhouette rendering algorithms that based on the theory and practice, developing the program of rendering silhouette using VC, and find a
new method for rendering the 3D model's silhouette in MAYA. 4 The silumation for crowd animation
We also research and implement the algorithm and model for crowd behavior steering in 3D scene because of the whole project requiring, and silumate it later.
At last, I summarize the work of this thesis and discuss the potential research topics in the future.
引文
[1] Arnold Gallardo. 3D Lighting: History, Concepts, and Techniques. Publisher: Charles River Media, 2001
[2] Jeremy Birn, George Maestri. Digital Lighting & Rendering. Publisher: New Riders Publishing, 2000
[3] B.T. Phong. Illumination for Computer Generated Images. Ph.D Dissertation, University of Utah, July, 1973
[4] J.Lansdown, S. Schofield. Expressive Rendering: A Review of Nonphotorealistic Techniques. IEEE Cmputer Graphics & Applications, 1995
[5] Amy Gooch, Bruce Gooch, Peter Shirley, Elaine Cohen. A Non—Photorealistic Lighting Model For Automatic Technical Illustration. In SIGGRAPH98 Conference Proceedings, New York: ACM Press, 1998, pages 447-452
[6] Bruce Gooch, Peter Pike, J. Sloan. Interactive Technical Illustration. In Proc. Of the Conference on the 1999 Symposium on interactive 3D Graphics, April 1999
[7] Lee Markosian, Michale A. Kowalski. Real-Time Nonphoterealistic Rendering. In SIGGRAPH97 Conference Proceedings, New York: ACM Press, August 1997, pages 415-420
[8] H.Zhang, K.Hoff Ⅲ. Fast backface culling using normal masks. In Proc. 1997 Sympostum on Interactive 3D Graphics, April 1997, pages 103-106
[9] Ramesh Raskar and Michael Cohen. Image Precision Lilhouette Edges. In Proc.1999 ACM Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics, New York: ACM Press, April 1999, pages 135-140
[10] J.D.Northrup and Lee Markosian. Artistic Silhouettes: A Hybrid Approach. In Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Non Photorealistic Animation and Rendering, NPAR, (Annecy, France, June, 2000), 2000
[11] Aaron Hertzmann and Denis Zorin. Illustrating Smooth Surfaces. In SIGGRAPH 2000 Conference Proceedings, New York: ACM Press, August 2000
[12] John W. Buchanan and Mario C. Sousa. The edge buffer: A data structure for easy silhouette rendering. In Proceedings of the First International Symposium on NonPhotorealistic Animation and Rendering, NPAR, (Annecy, France, June, 2000), 2000
[13] Amy Gooch. Interactive Non-Photorealistic Technical Illustration. Master's thesis, University of Utah, December 1998
[14] 彭群生，鲍虎军，金小刚。计算机真实感图形的算法基础。北京：科学出版社，1999
[15] Bruce Gooch, Amy Ashurst Gooch. Non-Photorealistic Rendering. Publisher: A K Peters Ltd, 2001
[16] Aaron Hertzmann. Introduction to 3D Non-Photorealistic Rendering: Silhouettes and Outlines. In SIGGRAPH 1999 Conference Proceedings, New York: ACM Press, August 1999
[17] 刘晓英，罗炳海，冯勤等。一种精确的光照模型。计算机学报，1997年02期
[18] 朱广军，邓文新。一种光照模型得简化算法。微机发展，1997年01期
[19] J.F. Biinn,. Models of Light Reflection for Computer Sythesized Pictures. Computer raphics, Vol. 11,No.2, 1977
[20] D.S. Kay, D.P. Greenberg. Transparency for Computer Synthesized Image. Computer Graphics, Vol. 13,No.2, 1979
[21] R.L. Cook, K.E. Torrance. A Reflection Model for Computer Graphics. Computer Graphics, Vol. 15,No.3, 1981
[22] 程云阶，李一波，丛伟。光线追踪求交算法的研究及其实现。沈阳航空工业学院学报，2000．6
[23] R.L. Cook, T. Porter, Carperter. Distributed Ray Tracing. Computer Graphics, Vol. 18, No.3, 1984
[24] T. Whitted. An Improved Illumination Model for Shaded Display. Comm. ACM Vol.23, No.6, 1980
[25] 鲍虎军，金小刚，彭群生。辐射度——一种高度真实感图形生成技术。自然科学进展，Vol．4，No．6，1994
[26] 杨晋吉，宋万寿。对辐射度光照模型的改进。华南师范大学学报，1997年02期
[27] E.Catmull. Subdivision Algorithm for Computer Display of Curved Surface. Ph.D Thesis, Dept. of Computer Science, Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1974
[28] 张英。三维真实图形的生成方法研究。武汉交通科技大学学报，第24卷，第4期，2000．8
[29] D.F. Rogers. Procedural Elements for Computer Graphics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1985
[30] 唐荣锡，汪嘉业，彭群生。计算机图形学教程。北京：科学出版社，1994
[31] 潘基斌，陈炳发，王静秋。Phong明暗处理方法的探讨与改进。电脑与信息技术，2001．5
[32] 石民勇。计算机技术在动画片制作中的作用。当代电影，2000年04期
[33] 夏旺盛，黄心渊。3D游戏引擎构架研究。现代计算机，2003年7期
[34] Blumberg B. Old tricks, new dogs: ethology and interactive creatures: [D]. MIT Media, 1996
[35] James Cermer, Joseph Keamey, Hyeongseok Ko. Simulation and scenario support for virtual environments [J]. Computer & Graphics, 1996,20(2):199-206
[36] Reynolds, C W Flocks, Herds and Schools. A distributed behavioral model [A; J]. SIGGRAPH '87 Conference Proceedings [C]; Computer Graphics, 1987, 21(4): 25-34
[37] Tu Xiaoyuan, Terzopoulos D. Artificial fishes: physics, locomotion, perception, behavior[A]. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 94[C], 1994
[38] Francis S, Hill Jr. Computer Graphics Using OpenGL. Publisher: Prentice Hall, 2000
[39] Foley J D, Van Dam A, Feiner S K. Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice. Reading Ma: Addison Wesley, 1996, 722-815
[40] 黄心渊，蒋燕萍，夏旺盛。3DSMAX5命令参考大全。北京：科海电子出版社，2003年1月
[41] 彭晓明，王坚。OpenGl深入编程与实例揭密。北京：人民邮电出版社，1999
[42] David Gould. Complete Maya Programming: An Extensive Guide to Mel and C++ API. Publisher: Morgan Kaufmann, 2002.12
[2] Jeremy Birn, George Maestri. Digital Lighting & Rendering. Publisher: New Riders Publishing, 2000
[3] B.T. Phong. Illumination for Computer Generated Images. Ph.D Dissertation, University of Utah, July, 1973
[4] J.Lansdown, S. Schofield. Expressive Rendering: A Review of Nonphotorealistic Techniques. IEEE Cmputer Graphics & Applications, 1995
[5] Amy Gooch, Bruce Gooch, Peter Shirley, Elaine Cohen. A Non—Photorealistic Lighting Model For Automatic Technical Illustration. In SIGGRAPH98 Conference Proceedings, New York: ACM Press, 1998, pages 447-452
[6] Bruce Gooch, Peter Pike, J. Sloan. Interactive Technical Illustration. In Proc. Of the Conference on the 1999 Symposium on interactive 3D Graphics, April 1999
[7] Lee Markosian, Michale A. Kowalski. Real-Time Nonphoterealistic Rendering. In SIGGRAPH97 Conference Proceedings, New York: ACM Press, August 1997, pages 415-420
[8] H.Zhang, K.Hoff Ⅲ. Fast backface culling using normal masks. In Proc. 1997 Sympostum on Interactive 3D Graphics, April 1997, pages 103-106
[9] Ramesh Raskar and Michael Cohen. Image Precision Lilhouette Edges. In Proc.1999 ACM Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics, New York: ACM Press, April 1999, pages 135-140
[10] J.D.Northrup and Lee Markosian. Artistic Silhouettes: A Hybrid Approach. In Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Non Photorealistic Animation and Rendering, NPAR, (Annecy, France, June, 2000), 2000
[11] Aaron Hertzmann and Denis Zorin. Illustrating Smooth Surfaces. In SIGGRAPH 2000 Conference Proceedings, New York: ACM Press, August 2000
[12] John W. Buchanan and Mario C. Sousa. The edge buffer: A data structure for easy silhouette rendering. In Proceedings of the First International Symposium on NonPhotorealistic Animation and Rendering, NPAR, (Annecy, France, June, 2000), 2000
[13] Amy Gooch. Interactive Non-Photorealistic Technical Illustration. Master's thesis, University of Utah, December 1998
[14] 彭群生，鲍虎军，金小刚。计算机真实感图形的算法基础。北京：科学出版社，1999
[15] Bruce Gooch, Amy Ashurst Gooch. Non-Photorealistic Rendering. Publisher: A K Peters Ltd, 2001
[16] Aaron Hertzmann. Introduction to 3D Non-Photorealistic Rendering: Silhouettes and Outlines. In SIGGRAPH 1999 Conference Proceedings, New York: ACM Press, August 1999
[17] 刘晓英，罗炳海，冯勤等。一种精确的光照模型。计算机学报，1997年02期
[18] 朱广军，邓文新。一种光照模型得简化算法。微机发展，1997年01期
[19] J.F. Biinn,. Models of Light Reflection for Computer Sythesized Pictures. Computer raphics, Vol. 11,No.2, 1977
[20] D.S. Kay, D.P. Greenberg. Transparency for Computer Synthesized Image. Computer Graphics, Vol. 13,No.2, 1979
[21] R.L. Cook, K.E. Torrance. A Reflection Model for Computer Graphics. Computer Graphics, Vol. 15,No.3, 1981
[22] 程云阶，李一波，丛伟。光线追踪求交算法的研究及其实现。沈阳航空工业学院学报，2000．6
[23] R.L. Cook, T. Porter, Carperter. Distributed Ray Tracing. Computer Graphics, Vol. 18, No.3, 1984
[24] T. Whitted. An Improved Illumination Model for Shaded Display. Comm. ACM Vol.23, No.6, 1980
[25] 鲍虎军，金小刚，彭群生。辐射度——一种高度真实感图形生成技术。自然科学进展，Vol．4，No．6，1994
[26] 杨晋吉，宋万寿。对辐射度光照模型的改进。华南师范大学学报，1997年02期
[27] E.Catmull. Subdivision Algorithm for Computer Display of Curved Surface. Ph.D Thesis, Dept. of Computer Science, Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1974
[28] 张英。三维真实图形的生成方法研究。武汉交通科技大学学报，第24卷，第4期，2000．8
[29] D.F. Rogers. Procedural Elements for Computer Graphics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1985
[30] 唐荣锡，汪嘉业，彭群生。计算机图形学教程。北京：科学出版社，1994
[31] 潘基斌，陈炳发，王静秋。Phong明暗处理方法的探讨与改进。电脑与信息技术，2001．5
[32] 石民勇。计算机技术在动画片制作中的作用。当代电影，2000年04期
[33] 夏旺盛，黄心渊。3D游戏引擎构架研究。现代计算机，2003年7期
[34] Blumberg B. Old tricks, new dogs: ethology and interactive creatures: [D]. MIT Media, 1996
[35] James Cermer, Joseph Keamey, Hyeongseok Ko. Simulation and scenario support for virtual environments [J]. Computer & Graphics, 1996,20(2):199-206
[36] Reynolds, C W Flocks, Herds and Schools. A distributed behavioral model [A; J]. SIGGRAPH '87 Conference Proceedings [C]; Computer Graphics, 1987, 21(4): 25-34
[37] Tu Xiaoyuan, Terzopoulos D. Artificial fishes: physics, locomotion, perception, behavior[A]. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 94[C], 1994
[38] Francis S, Hill Jr. Computer Graphics Using OpenGL. Publisher: Prentice Hall, 2000
[39] Foley J D, Van Dam A, Feiner S K. Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice. Reading Ma: Addison Wesley, 1996, 722-815
[40] 黄心渊，蒋燕萍，夏旺盛。3DSMAX5命令参考大全。北京：科海电子出版社，2003年1月
[41] 彭晓明，王坚。OpenGl深入编程与实例揭密。北京：人民邮电出版社，1999
[42] David Gould. Complete Maya Programming: An Extensive Guide to Mel and C++ API. Publisher: Morgan Kaufmann, 2002.12