无线协同中继系统分集理论的研究
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摘要
无线协同中继系统通过中继节点和终端设备的天线组成“虚拟天线阵列”,形成多入多出(MIMO, Multi-Input-Multi-Output)系统,能够扩展小区覆盖范围,增加系统容量,提高频谱效率,被认为是下一代移动通信的关键技术之一。本论文对协同中继系统的分集理论做了深入研究,从中继系统的底三层---物理层、链路层和路由层对其进行理论创新和实验设计,针对系统容量、误码率、链路中断概率、信噪比等系统性能展开了讨论和研究,在这些分集理论和研究方法基础上,进一步完善了无线协同中继系统的理论体系架构。论文主要工作和创新有以下几个方面:
     1.协同中继系统物理层关键技术研究
     首先,提出一种基于马尔可夫链的中继调度模型,利用单个节点的存在状态分析其接入行为,再以中继和用户节点的共同状态为基础,获取系统状态平衡方程,该方法能合理地分配中继节点的接入,有效地利用带宽资源,同时保证较低的中断概率。其次,讨论多中继节点选择问题,针对协作分集过程中产生的断路问题,提出了一种面向链路稳定的中继选择算法,设计了一种链路存活时间方法,同时引入退避策略来减少冲突的发生,大大降低选择失败的概率,有效减少链路重建次数。最后,根据中继系统的虚拟天线阵列,提出两种适用于协同中继系统的节点编码方案,一种是基于矢量量化的源节点码本设计方法,另一种是基于QR分解(QRD, QR Decomposition)的分布式空域预编码技术。在基于矢量量化的单天线多中继系统预编码研究中,以具有直传链路的单天线多中继系统为模型,抽象成等效虚多入多出(MIMO)模型,并以系统容量最大化为优化目标,利用有限反馈思想,接收端将部分信道状态信息(CSI, Channel State Information)反馈回给发射端,发射端根据此信息,利用矢量量化方法来构建码本,完成中继系统的预编码设计,相比于传统的分布式预编码,矢量量化方式可以在链路的信噪比质量较好的时候获得较高的容量增益。在基于QRD的分布式空域预编码技术中,给定所有中继节点的总发送功率,由预编码技术来分配管理节点的功率发射问题,将信道系数等效为一个多维空间中的球面上的点,以最大化系统容量为准则,设计了一种改进的粒子群优化算法(PSO, Particle Swarm Optimization)算法,用于m维空间的基于演进的搜索,结果表明基于粒子群优化(PSO)算法的分布式空域预编码算法可以有效地提升系统容量性能,提升信道的信噪比。
     2.协同中继系统链路层关键技术研究
     关注此层最近的研究热点,提出一种以最大化系统容量为目标函数的功率分配算法,在合理选择中继节点的基础上,采用椭球算法来求解优化问题,此方法在次梯度方法步长选择的优化、收敛稳定性等问题上有较大的提高,并且具有线性关系的时间复杂度,节约了中继系统的功耗。然后,针对目前正交频分多址接入-解码转发(OFDMA-DF, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access-Decode Forward)中继系统网络资源调度存在的问题,我们从用户接入的公平性角度考虑,首次将层次分析法引入该中继系统资源调度目标函数当中,联合优化系统子载波分配、功率分配、中继选择以及用户公平性因素,结果表明此方法与传统资源公平调度算法相比,在用户的公平接入方面有较大的提高。在中继系统媒体接入控制(MAC, Medium Access Control)层中,我们提出一种将多址随机接入技术与信号处理技术相结合的方法,设计一个支持中继小区模型的多址随机接入方法,在中继节点处先存储接入过程中发生碰撞的数据,再根据信道衰落系数的非相关性建立恢复原始数据的线性方程组,求解并恢复原始数据。此方法优点在于不增加重传机制,与一般传统中继接入协议相比,由于有中继存在,采用了不同路径传输,使信道参数不相关,同时结果表明该方法具有较高的系统吞吐量。
     3.协同中继系统路由层关键技术研究
     在路由设计中,首先以一种经典的多路径图论分析为模型,利用线性规划的相关理论对此模型进行最优化分析与求解,再将最终得到的结论用于协同中继网络的多路径路由选路的实际应用当中去,在此基础上,提出一种适合一般中继网络的多路径路由算法,建立了一套从源节点到目的节点的完整路由方法,该方法在数据分组时延和网络带宽消耗方面有较为显著的优势。
In wireless cooperative relay system, relay and terminal equipment's antennas are composed as "virtual antenna array", Multi-Input-Multi-Output (MIMO) system can extend cell coverage area, increase system capacity, improve frequency spectrum, and it is considered as the key technology of next-generation mobile communications. This paper lucubrates the diversity theory of cooperative relay system, from physical layer, link layer and route, it takes some theoretical innovation and experiment, takes some research on system capacity, error rate, link interrupt probability, and signal to noise ratio (SNR) performance. Based on these diversity theories, the theoretical architecture of wireless cooperative relay system has been improved more. This paper's main work and innovation are as follows:
     1. Physical layer key technologies of cooperative relay system
     First, a relay scheduling method which based on Markov chain is presented, a single relay node's existing state is used to analyze its access behavior, then the users and relay nodes common status are taken as research foundation, and system's balance equations are acquired, results show that this method can distribute relay nodes accessing reasonably, bandwidth resources are effectively used, and it keeps a lower interrupt probability. Second, we discuss multi-relay nodes selection problem. Aim at link breakage problem in cooperative diversity process, a stable link for relay selection algorithm is presented, we design a link survival time method, use backoff strategy to reduce data conflicts, this method greatly reduces selection failure probability, and effectively reduce link re-build time. Finally, according to relay system's virtual antenna array, we present two source node precoding scheme which suitable for cooperative relay system, one is codebook design method which based on vector quantization (VQ), another one is distributed space precoding technology which based on QR Decomposition (QRD). In multi-antenna single-relay system precoding based on VQ research, we use the limited feedback idea, receiver sends parts of Channel State Information (CSI) to transmitter, then based on existing MIMO knowledge, the source node adds a time-domain precoding matrix. With minimal loss of mutual information as system optimization objective, we use VQ method to build a codebook, and together with average power distribution matrix to constitute the precoding matrix. Compare with tradition distributed precoding, the VQ precoding can acquire higher capacity gain and have good system bit error rate performance. In distributed space precoding technology which based on QRD, given the total transmitting power of all relay nodes, the distributed spatial precoder assigns different transmitting power to each relay node, all distributed precoder is equivalent to a spot on a sphere in multidimensional space. Based on maximize system capacity, we propose an improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, which is used to evolve search. Results show that the distributed spatial precoding algorithm based on new PSO algorithm can enhance system capacity performance effectively. Compared to tradition QRD broadcast scheme, the distributed precoding can enhance about30%system capacity gain.
     2. Link layer key technologies of cooperative relay system
     We pay attention to the recent research focus of link layer, a power allocation algorithm with objective function to maximize system capacity is proposed, based on the convex optimization theory, we employ the ellipsoid algorithm to solve this problem, which could simplify the sub-gradient choosing steps and improving convergence stability, so that an optimized power allocation algorithm is obtained. Results show that this algorithm can effectively distribute power of each node with lower complexity, and ensure transmission capability of relay nodes in cooperative communication. Then, aim at orthogonal frequency division multiple access-decode forward (OFDMA-DF) relay system resource scheduling problems, we consider user access fairness factor, firstly introduce an improved analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method into OFDMA-DF resource scheduling model, presents an unite objective function of system subcarrier distribution, power distribution, transmission selection and relay selection, results show that this method comparing with tradition fair resource scheduling, it is a greater improvement in user fair access, and system performance has been improved greatly. In MAC layer, aim at wireless relay network multiple access collision problem, this paper presents a multiple random access protocol which relay nodes support, relay nodes store these collision data packets information, use digital signal processing technology, according to non-fading correlation coefficient to establish the linear simultaneou equations of restoring original data, solve it and restore the original packets, results show that compared with similar algorithms, system throughput has been significantly improved. This method doesn't increase retransmission mechanism, save system resource. Due to the relay existence, it takes different path transmission, makes channel parameters uncorrelated. The receiver doesn't need antennas or other hardware devices, and it still can acquire system diversity gain.
     3. Route layer key technologies of cooperative relay system
     In route design chapter, first we propose an original multi-path network model which based on graph theory analysis, use linear program theory to optimize this model, take analysis and solution. Then, we use the conclusion to select multi-path routing of practical relay network, base on this, we propose a multi-path routing algorithm which suit for general relay network, and establish an integrity source-destination multi-path routing protocol, results show that this method has30%performance gain compare with tradition single-path routing, and has good adaptability and network performance.
引文
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