中国高技术产业国际竞争力评价——理论、方法与实证研究
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摘要
20世纪后期以来,随着一系列重大科学发现和技术突破,高技术产业迅速成长,并成为驱动全球经济增长的主导力量。各国尤其是发达国家和新兴工业化国家都逐渐以高技术产业代替传统产业作为国家经济的支柱,都把高技术产业国际竞争力的提升摆在突出重要的位置,密切关注高技术产业国际竞争态势的演变并适时调整竞争战略。近二十年来,在激烈的国际国内市场竞争中,我国高技术产业规模持续快速扩张。我国已经跻身世界高技术产业大国前列。但效率低下表明中国高技术产业处于大而不强的失衡状态。迈克尔·波特指出:“动态的与不断进化的竞争”是构建国家产业竞争优势的前提。当前中国高技术产业面临“竞争战略进化”以增强国际竞争力这一复杂课题。作为解决此课题的一个尝试,本文在评述和借鉴比较优势理论、国家竞争优势理论、基于演化经济观的高技术产业领先来源理论和新竞争优势理论的基础上,构建了规范的多层级高技术产业国际竞争力理论分析框架,重点包括由规模绩效和效率绩效组成的高技术产业国际竞争绩效子系统和由高技术产业要素、国内市场需求、产业竞争结构与企业策略、产业网络体系、国家基础设施和政府政策等组成的高技术产业竞争动力因素子系统;构建了规范全面的高技术产业国际竞争绩效和竞争动力评价指标体系以及具有可行性的综合评价模型;对世界主要国家高技术产业国际竞争绩效和竞争动力进行了综合评价,并在综合评价的基础上,进行了延伸分析,探讨了动力因素对竞争绩效的作用机制和有效性;最后,基于综合评价和延伸分析结果,提炼出了有战略和政策意义的启示性结论,并据此提出了若干具体可行的战略和政策建议,对中国高技术产业未来发展和国际竞争力提升具有借鉴意义。
本文得出的主要结论是:(1)中国高技术产业国际竞争综合绩效和规模绩效大幅提升,具有较强优势。其中,电子计算机及办公设备制造业和电子及通信设备制造业齐头并进,竞争绩效正快速追赶美国。(2)中国高技术产业国际竞争绩效指标得分严重偏斜,效率绩效低下。当前,提升效率绩效对综合绩效的提升更为有利。(3)中国高技术产业自主竞争力仍然较弱,但中国高技术产业的自主竞争效率绩效要优于三资企业。(4)三资企业效率绩效低下,规模偏向严重。2000年以来的中国高技术产业规模绩效的增长主要由三资企业推动,这种规模增长是高度偏斜的,因为三资企业从事的是效率较低下的业务,效率是下滑的。(5)中国高技术产业动力因素综合竞争力劣势突出,结构失衡,仅产业要素和国内市场需求规模上具有一定的优势,其他因素劣势严重。(6)动力因素对竞争绩效的作用机制上,中国存在对其他国家共有趋势的一定背离。(7)动力因素对效率绩效的投入产出存在无效状态,中国动力因素应克服粗放扩张模式,注意提升精益化、专业化水平,形成高效的协同演化机制。(8)电子计算机及办公设备制造业效率绩效呈下滑态势,该产业急需实施战略调整,大力提升劳动生产率、增加值率和销售利润率等效率水平。航空航天制造业规模绩效大大落后于效率绩效,应该大力实施规模优先的发展战略,扩大产出和市场份额。
根据评价结论,本文提出了提升中国高技术产业国际竞争力的具体策略建议:(1)实施战略转型。确立效率优先,平衡发展的竞争绩效战略取向;实施技术和效率优先型外资引进战略。(2)同步调整政府、社会机构和企业等主体的作用。(3)加强技术创新,促进技术要素升级扩张。加大技术引进力度,提高技术吸收能力;加大技术创新的投入力度,提高技术创新水平;完善产学研合作的创新体系。(4)扩大国内需求,提升需求层次。(5)规范竞争结构,变革企业战略。(6)重构产业网络体系。(7)完善基础设施。(8)实施政策创新。
Since the end of the 20~(th) century,along with a series of important science discoveries and technology breakthroughs,the high-technology industry has grown rapidly and become the leading force of global economy.The countries,especially developed countries and newly industrialized countries,who gradually took the high-technology industry as their pillar industry instead of traditional industries,all pay close attention to the evolving status of international competition of high-technology industry,and adjust competitive strategy accordingly,so as to upgrade the international competitiveness of their high-technology industry.Since about twenty years ago,through severe domestic and international competition,the scale of China's high-technology industry has continuously expanded rapidly.China has become one of the largest countries of high-technology industry in the world,but the low efficiency manifests that China's high-technology industry stays in an unbalanced situation.
Michael E.Porter points out that dynamic and evolving competition is the precondition to construct a nation's industrial advantage.Currently,China is confronted with the problem of how to evolve competitive strategies to upgrade the international competitiveness of high-technology industry.As a discussion of that problem,the dissertation firstly reviews the theory of comparative advantage,the theory of competitive advantage of nations,the theory of the sources of industrial leadership based on evolutionary economics and the theory of the new competitive advantage from capabilities and innovation perspective;secondly,it constructs a canonical theoretical framework of multilayer systems,consisting of the subsystems of international competitive performance and international competitive driving factors of high-technology industry;thirdly,it constructs normative comprehensive index systems and synthetical models for evaluating international competitive performance and driving factors of high-technology industry separately;fourthly,it empirically evaluates the international competitive performance and driving factors of high-technology industry of main countries,and analyses the mechanism and efficiency of the driving factors functioning on the competitive performance extensively;finally,based on a deep discussion of the above evaluating conclusions, it brings forward some strategic and policy suggestions,which may help China's high-technology industry to upgrade its international competitiveness.
The main conclusions of the dissertation are as follows:(1) From 2000 to 2005, the comprehensive competitive performance and scale performance of China's high-technology industry had been raised in a large scale,showed a relative strong advantage.Among the sub-sections of high-technology industry,computers and office equipments manufacturing and electronic and telecommunication equipments manufacturing advanced side by side so rapidly that their comprehensive competitive performance caught up with the counterparts of USA.(2) The scores of the indices of the international competitive performance for China's high-technology industry were very skew,and efficiency performance was very low,so a marginal rise of efficiency performance score could bring more comprehensive competitive performance score than the same marginal rise of scale performance score.(3) The competitiveness of China's indigenous high-technology industry was still weak,but the efficiency performance of China's indigenous high-technology industry was higher than that of the foreign-funded enterprises in China.(4) The efficiency performance of the foreign-funded enterprises in China was low,because their performance was skewed towards scale.The growth of scale performance of China's high-technology industry since 2000 had been driven by the foreign-funded enterprises in China.(5) The comprehensive competitiveness of the driving factors of China's high-technology industry was severely poor,and its construction was unbalanced.Only production elements and domestic market demand showed some advantage,but the other factors were very poor.(6) As to the functional mechanism between driving factors and performance,China's high-technology industry showed some deviations from the common trend of the other countries' high-technology industry.(7) From an input-output perspective,the input of driving factors showed some inefficiency to the output of competitive performance,so China's driving factors must seek for lean, intensive growth and co-evolution mechanism.(8) Together with the tremendous expansion of the scale performance of computers and office equipments manufacturing,the efficiency performance slipped down,so China's computers and office equipments manufacturing must adjust its strategies to raise the labor productivity,the value added ratio and profit rate.The scale performance of China's aircraft and spacecraft manufacturing lagged far behind the efficiency performance,so China's aircraft and spacecraft manufacturing should carry out scale priority strategy to expand its production and market share.
Based on the evaluation conclusions,the dissertation puts forward the following suggestions on the competitiveness upgrading of China's high-technology industry:(1) Carrying out strategic transformation.General competitive performance strategy should turn to efficiency in priority,and giving consideration to keep balance.China's introducing foreign direct investment strategy should turn to technology and efficiency in priority.(2) Together adjusting the role of government, social institutes and enterprises.(3) Reinforcing technology innovation;and promoting the upgrade of technology elements;enhancing the introduction and absorption of foreign technology;increasing the funding in technology innovation; improving the level of technology innovation;improving the cooperative innovation system among industry,universities and research institutes.(4) Enlarging the demand scale of high-technology products;raising the level of demand sophistication.(5) Normalizing the competitive structure;transforming enterprise strategies.(6) Reconstructing the industrial networks.(7) Improving infrastructures. (8) Carrying out policy innovation.
本文得出的主要结论是:(1)中国高技术产业国际竞争综合绩效和规模绩效大幅提升,具有较强优势。其中,电子计算机及办公设备制造业和电子及通信设备制造业齐头并进,竞争绩效正快速追赶美国。(2)中国高技术产业国际竞争绩效指标得分严重偏斜,效率绩效低下。当前,提升效率绩效对综合绩效的提升更为有利。(3)中国高技术产业自主竞争力仍然较弱,但中国高技术产业的自主竞争效率绩效要优于三资企业。(4)三资企业效率绩效低下,规模偏向严重。2000年以来的中国高技术产业规模绩效的增长主要由三资企业推动,这种规模增长是高度偏斜的,因为三资企业从事的是效率较低下的业务,效率是下滑的。(5)中国高技术产业动力因素综合竞争力劣势突出,结构失衡,仅产业要素和国内市场需求规模上具有一定的优势,其他因素劣势严重。(6)动力因素对竞争绩效的作用机制上,中国存在对其他国家共有趋势的一定背离。(7)动力因素对效率绩效的投入产出存在无效状态,中国动力因素应克服粗放扩张模式,注意提升精益化、专业化水平,形成高效的协同演化机制。(8)电子计算机及办公设备制造业效率绩效呈下滑态势,该产业急需实施战略调整,大力提升劳动生产率、增加值率和销售利润率等效率水平。航空航天制造业规模绩效大大落后于效率绩效,应该大力实施规模优先的发展战略,扩大产出和市场份额。
根据评价结论,本文提出了提升中国高技术产业国际竞争力的具体策略建议:(1)实施战略转型。确立效率优先,平衡发展的竞争绩效战略取向;实施技术和效率优先型外资引进战略。(2)同步调整政府、社会机构和企业等主体的作用。(3)加强技术创新,促进技术要素升级扩张。加大技术引进力度,提高技术吸收能力;加大技术创新的投入力度,提高技术创新水平;完善产学研合作的创新体系。(4)扩大国内需求,提升需求层次。(5)规范竞争结构,变革企业战略。(6)重构产业网络体系。(7)完善基础设施。(8)实施政策创新。
Since the end of the 20~(th) century,along with a series of important science discoveries and technology breakthroughs,the high-technology industry has grown rapidly and become the leading force of global economy.The countries,especially developed countries and newly industrialized countries,who gradually took the high-technology industry as their pillar industry instead of traditional industries,all pay close attention to the evolving status of international competition of high-technology industry,and adjust competitive strategy accordingly,so as to upgrade the international competitiveness of their high-technology industry.Since about twenty years ago,through severe domestic and international competition,the scale of China's high-technology industry has continuously expanded rapidly.China has become one of the largest countries of high-technology industry in the world,but the low efficiency manifests that China's high-technology industry stays in an unbalanced situation.
Michael E.Porter points out that dynamic and evolving competition is the precondition to construct a nation's industrial advantage.Currently,China is confronted with the problem of how to evolve competitive strategies to upgrade the international competitiveness of high-technology industry.As a discussion of that problem,the dissertation firstly reviews the theory of comparative advantage,the theory of competitive advantage of nations,the theory of the sources of industrial leadership based on evolutionary economics and the theory of the new competitive advantage from capabilities and innovation perspective;secondly,it constructs a canonical theoretical framework of multilayer systems,consisting of the subsystems of international competitive performance and international competitive driving factors of high-technology industry;thirdly,it constructs normative comprehensive index systems and synthetical models for evaluating international competitive performance and driving factors of high-technology industry separately;fourthly,it empirically evaluates the international competitive performance and driving factors of high-technology industry of main countries,and analyses the mechanism and efficiency of the driving factors functioning on the competitive performance extensively;finally,based on a deep discussion of the above evaluating conclusions, it brings forward some strategic and policy suggestions,which may help China's high-technology industry to upgrade its international competitiveness.
The main conclusions of the dissertation are as follows:(1) From 2000 to 2005, the comprehensive competitive performance and scale performance of China's high-technology industry had been raised in a large scale,showed a relative strong advantage.Among the sub-sections of high-technology industry,computers and office equipments manufacturing and electronic and telecommunication equipments manufacturing advanced side by side so rapidly that their comprehensive competitive performance caught up with the counterparts of USA.(2) The scores of the indices of the international competitive performance for China's high-technology industry were very skew,and efficiency performance was very low,so a marginal rise of efficiency performance score could bring more comprehensive competitive performance score than the same marginal rise of scale performance score.(3) The competitiveness of China's indigenous high-technology industry was still weak,but the efficiency performance of China's indigenous high-technology industry was higher than that of the foreign-funded enterprises in China.(4) The efficiency performance of the foreign-funded enterprises in China was low,because their performance was skewed towards scale.The growth of scale performance of China's high-technology industry since 2000 had been driven by the foreign-funded enterprises in China.(5) The comprehensive competitiveness of the driving factors of China's high-technology industry was severely poor,and its construction was unbalanced.Only production elements and domestic market demand showed some advantage,but the other factors were very poor.(6) As to the functional mechanism between driving factors and performance,China's high-technology industry showed some deviations from the common trend of the other countries' high-technology industry.(7) From an input-output perspective,the input of driving factors showed some inefficiency to the output of competitive performance,so China's driving factors must seek for lean, intensive growth and co-evolution mechanism.(8) Together with the tremendous expansion of the scale performance of computers and office equipments manufacturing,the efficiency performance slipped down,so China's computers and office equipments manufacturing must adjust its strategies to raise the labor productivity,the value added ratio and profit rate.The scale performance of China's aircraft and spacecraft manufacturing lagged far behind the efficiency performance,so China's aircraft and spacecraft manufacturing should carry out scale priority strategy to expand its production and market share.
Based on the evaluation conclusions,the dissertation puts forward the following suggestions on the competitiveness upgrading of China's high-technology industry:(1) Carrying out strategic transformation.General competitive performance strategy should turn to efficiency in priority,and giving consideration to keep balance.China's introducing foreign direct investment strategy should turn to technology and efficiency in priority.(2) Together adjusting the role of government, social institutes and enterprises.(3) Reinforcing technology innovation;and promoting the upgrade of technology elements;enhancing the introduction and absorption of foreign technology;increasing the funding in technology innovation; improving the level of technology innovation;improving the cooperative innovation system among industry,universities and research institutes.(4) Enlarging the demand scale of high-technology products;raising the level of demand sophistication.(5) Normalizing the competitive structure;transforming enterprise strategies.(6) Reconstructing the industrial networks.(7) Improving infrastructures. (8) Carrying out policy innovation.
引文
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