基于景观服务的绿色基础设施规划与设计研究
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摘要
生态系统服务是加强生态系统和人类福祉联系的有效途径,已成为当前生态学研究的热点。然而,如何从景观角度定量化生态系统服务,以及协调多项景观服务之间的相互关系,并在有限的土地面积上合理优化绿色基础设施以满足人类福祉的需求,仍然是当前研究和景观管理实践的主要难题。本研究以北京市海淀区为研究区域,鉴定了景观服务提供的单元及其特征变化阈值,定量化绘制了景观服务的供给与需求空间分布图,研究了多项景观服务相互影响关系及其时空分布特征,探讨了基于景观服务理论的绿色基础设施规划与设计方法及其在土地整治规划中的应用,并提出了绿色基础设施建设指南,为研究区可持续景观管理和决策提供定量化参考。
(1)论文基于高分辨率遥感影像解译和实地调研,通过景观要素叠加及聚类分析,识别出海淀区城市景观、乡村景观、田园景观、山林景观和休闲景观5种一级景观特征类型。其中,前三种类型为海淀区主导景观类型,所占面积相差不大且均超过全区总面积的1/5。从空间分布上看,海淀区西部山区及中南部颐和园、圆明园、紫竹院等风景区及公园景观,均具有较高的景观重要性、容忍性、弹性和条件性,是海淀区整体形象中不可替代的标志景观,需要积极的管理和保护。而北部大部分农村地区和中部城乡交错区景观对反映全区独特景观风貌的贡献度较低。西部山前交错区域的景观趋势性高,景观管理时需特别注意该地区的景观状态和属性。
(2)景观变化阈值及其与社会经济发展之间的关系研究结果表明,当林地和公共绿地组成面积比例处于46-52%或低于46%时,山林景观将呈不稳定状态发展或转变为另一种景观类型,该范围值即为山林景观变化的阈值带。相似的,主要由非绿色基础设施和公共绿地构成的城市景观变化阈值带为43-60%；主要由非绿色基础设施和林地构成的乡村景观变化阈值带为45-60%；主要由公共绿地、林地和非绿色基础设施构成的休闲景观变化阈值带为49-62%；主要由农田、园地和林地构成的田园景观变化阈值带为37-50%。社会经济变量的微小改变均可以对绿色基础设施景观产生较大影响,且在全区和乡镇两个尺度上的影响是不一样的。总体来看,环境管理、教育和住宿餐饮指标与绿色基础设施发展呈正相关关系,而人口、租赁商服、科技投入和社会组织指标则与绿色基础设施发展呈负相关关系。
(3)景观服务供给与需求分析结果显示,研究区大部分区域的食物提供服务不能满足当地居民需求,尤以南部城区和中部偏东区域为主,这些区域同时也是PM2.5滞尘服务、生境服务和休闲美景服务需求较大的区域。北部苏家坨镇与上庄镇居民对当地食物供给服务的主观需求较高,而中部及南部城区居民则对当地食物提供依赖度不高。居民对PM2.5滞尘服务需求的认知较为统一,增加全区PM2.5滞尘服务已基本成为共识。研究区北部地区的居民比南部城区居民更容易感知到生境服务,特别是上庄水库附近的居民。除颐和园、圆明园、香山等公园、风景区外,居民对城乡公共绿地的美景服务数量和质量需求均相似。
(4)多项景观服务之间的相关性影响及其时空分布特征研究结果显示,PM25滞尘服务、生境服务和休闲美景服务三者之间存在着积极的正相关关系且不随城乡空间梯度的变化而变化,而是随距住宅房屋距离的远近而变化。当距住宅房屋距离小于2.5km时,这三种服务之间存在协同作用且随距离的增加而减少：当距住宅房屋距离大于2.5km时,这三种服务之间的协同作用随距离的增加而增加。这三种服务与食物供给服务的相关关系随距城市中心距离的增加而逐渐由相互协同关系向相互竞争转变,且在距城市中心14-16km范围内呈稳定的正相关关系。在距住宅房屋2km内,这三种服务与食物供给服务的相关关系随住宅房屋距离的增加从相互协同关系逐渐转变为相互竞争的关系；在距住宅房屋距离大于2km时,这三种服务与食物提供服务之间则几乎没有相互影响。
(5)论文在景观服务供给与需求定量化及其相互影响关系研究的基础上,确定了绿色基础设施不同级别和性质的保护区、提升区和新建区规划及设计方案。海淀区绿色基础设施规划实践表明,仅需在提升现有绿色基础设施基础上再重点新建1772.02hm2(占全区总面积的4.11%)就能满足绝大多数居民的景观服务需求。将绿色基础设施规划方案引入海淀区土地整治规划中,使景观服务落实到了土地空间上,在定量化参数基础上综合考虑了土地整治社会经济、生态环境与人类福祉的和谐发展。而基于景观服务的绿色基础设施框架则强调了设计过程的生态本底特征和人类福祉需求,不仅为整体设计提供了定量化的目标要求,同时也为场地景观设计提供了指导。
(6)论文在理论研究的基础上,提炼总结了绿色基础设施建设的基本原则和方法,为可持续景观管理和建设提供了简易的指导工具。
Ecosystem service has been a hot area of research in recent years as it is an effective way of strengthening the connections between ecosystem and human well-being. However, it is still a big challenge to quantify ecosystem service from a landscape perspective, to make a trade-off among different landscape services, and to manage green infrastructure in a limited land for improving human well-being. This study identified different landscape types and their thresholds of landscape change in the study area of Haidian District in Beijing. Landscape service supply and demand were quantitatively mapped, and relationships among different landscape services and their spatial distribution were also studied. We explored a new method of green infrastructure planning and design based on landscape service, and applied the method into land consolidation planning. Finally, a guide of green infrastructure construction was proposed to provide a quantitative reference for sustainable development management and decision-making.
(1) This study identified5landscape types, including urban landscape, rural landscape, mountain woodlands, recreation landscape and agricultural and forest landscape, through an overlay and cluster analysis of landscape elements based on high resolution remote sensing and field investigation. Urban landscape, rural landscape as well as agricultural and forest landscape were the main landscapes of Haidian, which area were almost the same and all is over1/5of the whole area of Haidian. Western mountainous area and other parks, such as Summer Palace and Purple Bamboo, had high landscape significance, tolerance, resilience and condition. These landscapes are irreplaceable landscape marks, and they should be positively managed and protected. Rural areas in the northern and peri-urban area in the middle have a small contribution of reflecting the unique characteristics of the whole district. Landscape trends in the western piedmont ecotone were high, which means that landscape regime and attributes should be pay much attention when they are managed.
(2) Thresholds of landscape change were identified as well as relationships between thresholds and social-economic variables. The results showed that, threshold of mountain woodland mainly composed by forest and public green space was between46%and52%. Threshold of urban landscape mainly composed by non-green infrastructure and public green space was between43%and60%. Threshold of rural landscape mainly composed by non-green infrastructure and forest was between45%and60%. Threshold of recreation landscapes mainly composed by public green space, forest and non-green infrastructure was between49%and62%. Threshold of agricultural and forest landscape was between37%and50%. Green infrastructure could be greatly affected by a small proportion of social-economic change, which was different in individual towns and the whole district. On the whole, environment management, education, catering and accommodation had a positive relation to green infrastructure development, while population, retinal, science&technology and social organizations had a negative relation to green infrastructure development.
(3) The analysis results of supply and demand of different landscape services showed that food production provided in most of the area doesn't meet local residents'demand, especially in southern and east-central area where PM2.s retention, habitat and scenery services were also inadequate. Residents in Sujiatuo and Shangzhuang town had a high demand for local food, while residents in middle and southern did not rely on local food. Almost all people shared an identical idea of the demand of PM2.5retention service improvement. Residents in northern were more sensitive than southern, especially residents near the reservoir area of Shangzhuang. Residents had a similar qualitative and quantitative demand of scenery service for rural and urban green infrastructure, except for parks and beauty spots, such as Summer Palace, Winter Palace and Xiangshan Park.
(4) Relationships between different landscape services and their spatial characteristics were also identified. The results showed that there existed positive correlations between PM2.5retention, habitat and scenery services, which changed along with the distance to residence to residents buildings rather than to the city center. Synergistic effects among the above three landscape services would be fading away with the increasing distance to residents' buildings when the distance was shorter than2.5km, while these synergistic effects could be enhanced with the increasing distance to residents' buildings when the distance was farther than2.5km. Correlation relationships between food production and other three landscape services will be transformed from synergistic effects to competing effects with the increasing distance to city center as well as to residents' buildings when distance was shorter than2km. Food production had sustainable positive relationships with other three services within the range of14-16km to city center, while it has no correlation relationships when distance to residents' building was farther than2km.
(5) This study planned and designed different characteristic protected area, improvement area and construction area of green infrastructure based on landscape service supply and demand maps and different relationships between landscape services.1772.02hm2green infrastructure needed to be constructed which only occupied4.11%of the whole district area to meet the human well-being demand of most local people according to green infrastructure planning of Haidian. Combining green infrastructure planning into land consolidation planning could match landscape service to different spatial area, which could promote harmonious development between social and economic, ecosystem and environment as well as human well-being. Green infrastructure design based on landscape service highlighted the importance of ecosystem characteristic and human well-being demand, which could not only provide the quantitative goal and objective but also guide landscape design during the whole design process.
(6) This study summarized several principles and method steps of green infrastructure construction based on above theoretical research, which intended to provide simple guide for sustainable landscape management.
(1)论文基于高分辨率遥感影像解译和实地调研,通过景观要素叠加及聚类分析,识别出海淀区城市景观、乡村景观、田园景观、山林景观和休闲景观5种一级景观特征类型。其中,前三种类型为海淀区主导景观类型,所占面积相差不大且均超过全区总面积的1/5。从空间分布上看,海淀区西部山区及中南部颐和园、圆明园、紫竹院等风景区及公园景观,均具有较高的景观重要性、容忍性、弹性和条件性,是海淀区整体形象中不可替代的标志景观,需要积极的管理和保护。而北部大部分农村地区和中部城乡交错区景观对反映全区独特景观风貌的贡献度较低。西部山前交错区域的景观趋势性高,景观管理时需特别注意该地区的景观状态和属性。
(2)景观变化阈值及其与社会经济发展之间的关系研究结果表明,当林地和公共绿地组成面积比例处于46-52%或低于46%时,山林景观将呈不稳定状态发展或转变为另一种景观类型,该范围值即为山林景观变化的阈值带。相似的,主要由非绿色基础设施和公共绿地构成的城市景观变化阈值带为43-60%；主要由非绿色基础设施和林地构成的乡村景观变化阈值带为45-60%；主要由公共绿地、林地和非绿色基础设施构成的休闲景观变化阈值带为49-62%；主要由农田、园地和林地构成的田园景观变化阈值带为37-50%。社会经济变量的微小改变均可以对绿色基础设施景观产生较大影响,且在全区和乡镇两个尺度上的影响是不一样的。总体来看,环境管理、教育和住宿餐饮指标与绿色基础设施发展呈正相关关系,而人口、租赁商服、科技投入和社会组织指标则与绿色基础设施发展呈负相关关系。
(3)景观服务供给与需求分析结果显示,研究区大部分区域的食物提供服务不能满足当地居民需求,尤以南部城区和中部偏东区域为主,这些区域同时也是PM2.5滞尘服务、生境服务和休闲美景服务需求较大的区域。北部苏家坨镇与上庄镇居民对当地食物供给服务的主观需求较高,而中部及南部城区居民则对当地食物提供依赖度不高。居民对PM2.5滞尘服务需求的认知较为统一,增加全区PM2.5滞尘服务已基本成为共识。研究区北部地区的居民比南部城区居民更容易感知到生境服务,特别是上庄水库附近的居民。除颐和园、圆明园、香山等公园、风景区外,居民对城乡公共绿地的美景服务数量和质量需求均相似。
(4)多项景观服务之间的相关性影响及其时空分布特征研究结果显示,PM25滞尘服务、生境服务和休闲美景服务三者之间存在着积极的正相关关系且不随城乡空间梯度的变化而变化,而是随距住宅房屋距离的远近而变化。当距住宅房屋距离小于2.5km时,这三种服务之间存在协同作用且随距离的增加而减少：当距住宅房屋距离大于2.5km时,这三种服务之间的协同作用随距离的增加而增加。这三种服务与食物供给服务的相关关系随距城市中心距离的增加而逐渐由相互协同关系向相互竞争转变,且在距城市中心14-16km范围内呈稳定的正相关关系。在距住宅房屋2km内,这三种服务与食物供给服务的相关关系随住宅房屋距离的增加从相互协同关系逐渐转变为相互竞争的关系；在距住宅房屋距离大于2km时,这三种服务与食物提供服务之间则几乎没有相互影响。
(5)论文在景观服务供给与需求定量化及其相互影响关系研究的基础上,确定了绿色基础设施不同级别和性质的保护区、提升区和新建区规划及设计方案。海淀区绿色基础设施规划实践表明,仅需在提升现有绿色基础设施基础上再重点新建1772.02hm2(占全区总面积的4.11%)就能满足绝大多数居民的景观服务需求。将绿色基础设施规划方案引入海淀区土地整治规划中,使景观服务落实到了土地空间上,在定量化参数基础上综合考虑了土地整治社会经济、生态环境与人类福祉的和谐发展。而基于景观服务的绿色基础设施框架则强调了设计过程的生态本底特征和人类福祉需求,不仅为整体设计提供了定量化的目标要求,同时也为场地景观设计提供了指导。
(6)论文在理论研究的基础上,提炼总结了绿色基础设施建设的基本原则和方法,为可持续景观管理和建设提供了简易的指导工具。
Ecosystem service has been a hot area of research in recent years as it is an effective way of strengthening the connections between ecosystem and human well-being. However, it is still a big challenge to quantify ecosystem service from a landscape perspective, to make a trade-off among different landscape services, and to manage green infrastructure in a limited land for improving human well-being. This study identified different landscape types and their thresholds of landscape change in the study area of Haidian District in Beijing. Landscape service supply and demand were quantitatively mapped, and relationships among different landscape services and their spatial distribution were also studied. We explored a new method of green infrastructure planning and design based on landscape service, and applied the method into land consolidation planning. Finally, a guide of green infrastructure construction was proposed to provide a quantitative reference for sustainable development management and decision-making.
(1) This study identified5landscape types, including urban landscape, rural landscape, mountain woodlands, recreation landscape and agricultural and forest landscape, through an overlay and cluster analysis of landscape elements based on high resolution remote sensing and field investigation. Urban landscape, rural landscape as well as agricultural and forest landscape were the main landscapes of Haidian, which area were almost the same and all is over1/5of the whole area of Haidian. Western mountainous area and other parks, such as Summer Palace and Purple Bamboo, had high landscape significance, tolerance, resilience and condition. These landscapes are irreplaceable landscape marks, and they should be positively managed and protected. Rural areas in the northern and peri-urban area in the middle have a small contribution of reflecting the unique characteristics of the whole district. Landscape trends in the western piedmont ecotone were high, which means that landscape regime and attributes should be pay much attention when they are managed.
(2) Thresholds of landscape change were identified as well as relationships between thresholds and social-economic variables. The results showed that, threshold of mountain woodland mainly composed by forest and public green space was between46%and52%. Threshold of urban landscape mainly composed by non-green infrastructure and public green space was between43%and60%. Threshold of rural landscape mainly composed by non-green infrastructure and forest was between45%and60%. Threshold of recreation landscapes mainly composed by public green space, forest and non-green infrastructure was between49%and62%. Threshold of agricultural and forest landscape was between37%and50%. Green infrastructure could be greatly affected by a small proportion of social-economic change, which was different in individual towns and the whole district. On the whole, environment management, education, catering and accommodation had a positive relation to green infrastructure development, while population, retinal, science&technology and social organizations had a negative relation to green infrastructure development.
(3) The analysis results of supply and demand of different landscape services showed that food production provided in most of the area doesn't meet local residents'demand, especially in southern and east-central area where PM2.s retention, habitat and scenery services were also inadequate. Residents in Sujiatuo and Shangzhuang town had a high demand for local food, while residents in middle and southern did not rely on local food. Almost all people shared an identical idea of the demand of PM2.5retention service improvement. Residents in northern were more sensitive than southern, especially residents near the reservoir area of Shangzhuang. Residents had a similar qualitative and quantitative demand of scenery service for rural and urban green infrastructure, except for parks and beauty spots, such as Summer Palace, Winter Palace and Xiangshan Park.
(4) Relationships between different landscape services and their spatial characteristics were also identified. The results showed that there existed positive correlations between PM2.5retention, habitat and scenery services, which changed along with the distance to residence to residents buildings rather than to the city center. Synergistic effects among the above three landscape services would be fading away with the increasing distance to residents' buildings when the distance was shorter than2.5km, while these synergistic effects could be enhanced with the increasing distance to residents' buildings when the distance was farther than2.5km. Correlation relationships between food production and other three landscape services will be transformed from synergistic effects to competing effects with the increasing distance to city center as well as to residents' buildings when distance was shorter than2km. Food production had sustainable positive relationships with other three services within the range of14-16km to city center, while it has no correlation relationships when distance to residents' building was farther than2km.
(5) This study planned and designed different characteristic protected area, improvement area and construction area of green infrastructure based on landscape service supply and demand maps and different relationships between landscape services.1772.02hm2green infrastructure needed to be constructed which only occupied4.11%of the whole district area to meet the human well-being demand of most local people according to green infrastructure planning of Haidian. Combining green infrastructure planning into land consolidation planning could match landscape service to different spatial area, which could promote harmonious development between social and economic, ecosystem and environment as well as human well-being. Green infrastructure design based on landscape service highlighted the importance of ecosystem characteristic and human well-being demand, which could not only provide the quantitative goal and objective but also guide landscape design during the whole design process.
(6) This study summarized several principles and method steps of green infrastructure construction based on above theoretical research, which intended to provide simple guide for sustainable landscape management.
引文
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