基于地下SLF/ELF辐射源的地面及电离层电磁场特性的研究
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摘要
地震前电磁辐射异常现象越来越受到地震专家们的关注，并已经被很多的震例所证实。地震电磁辐射是直接来自于震源的信息，它是地震短临预报的非常重要的前兆手段，它的频谱主要集中在超低频（SLF）和极低频（ELF）频段。目前，对地震孕育期间的电磁辐射源产生的机理及其频谱特性还没有非常清楚的认识，但由于地层的吸收衰减性质，只有甚低频（VLF）以下的频率分量才能渗透出地面，被地面以上的接收设备接收到。所以地震辐射源与地下SLF/ELF辐射源有很大的相关性。但是为了把监测到的电磁辐射用于地震预测预报，需要解决以下几个关键问题：①电磁辐射是否是辐射异常?②电磁辐射来自何方?③电磁辐射比正常背景大多少？
为了解决以上几个关键问题，本文研究的主要思路是：首先为了从地基和空间测得的SLF/ELF电磁信息中提出可能的地下辐射源的位置，必须研究地下SLF/ELF辐射源在地面和空间产生电磁场的传播特性。因为SLF/ELF频段的电波波长很长，天线长度比波长小得多，所以把辐射源理想化为电偶极子。由于地层是高损耗媒质，由侧面波传播理论可知，地下水平电偶极子比垂直电偶极子在地面以上激起电磁场的强度要大得多，故把地下SLF/ELF辐射源理想化为水平电偶极子。把地面和电离层理想化，进行理论计算，并和实测的数据进行比对，确定地下SLF/ELF辐射源的位置。其次，为了能识别收到的电磁信号是背景干扰还是出现了异常，需要了解正常条件下大气噪声随昼夜、季节和地域的统计分布规律。本文的主要研究内容如下：
1.分析研究了地基SLF/ELF辐射源在各向同性地-电离层波导中产生场的传播特性。国内外学者对SLF频段已进行了多年的研究，既有理论又有实验，并得到了证实。但国内外大多数学者只是把应用于SLF频段的算法移植到ELF频段。本文提出了两种既能用于SLF频段又能用于ELF频段的新算法，即加速收敛算法和数值积分算法，进行了理论计算。结果表明，不仅验证了现有的SLF算法，并为进一步研究地下SLF/ELF辐射源在地面和电离层电磁场的传播特性提供了良好的理论基础。
2.对地下SLF/ELF辐射源在各向同性地-电离层波导中产生场的传播特性进行了分析和讨论，并验证了舒曼谐振现象。以往主要针对长波地下应急通信，传播距离短，辐射源埋深浅，釆用平面半空间模型。本文基于地震辐射源与地下SLF/ELF辐射源的相关性，将SLF/ELF辐射源理想化为水平电偶极子，把地面和电离层理想化，釆用球面模型进行分析计算。与传统方法相比，获得了更接近实际的整个地-电离层波导中电磁场的空间分布规律。由于地下SLF/ELF辐射源在地面和电离层电磁场的表达式是球谐级数形式，不仅运算复杂，而且速度很慢。所以本文提出了一种适用于非理想导电条件下SLF/ELF频段的加速收敛算法。计算结果表明，该算法能快速有效地进行分析计算，不仅验证了它的正确性，还进一步验证了侧面波传播理论。
3.研究了地下ELF线辐射源在各向同性地-电离层波导中产生场的空间分布规律。它可由地下ELF点辐射源产生的场进行叠加。分别计算和讨论了地下单条和两条ELF线辐射源在地面上产生电磁场的场强空间分布图，用色标表示了场强值在空间分布的强弱。
4.分别对地下SLF/ELF辐射源在各向同性和异性电离层中产生场的传播特性进行了分析和讨论。本文对地层、大气层和电离层进行了整体研究，分析研究了深埋于地下的SLF/ELF辐射源所产生的电磁场从地层、大气层到达卫星的传播全过程，改进了传统的分段研究的局限性，提高了认识和掌握SLF/ELF电磁波的传播机理和空间分布规律的全面性，并确立了对SLF/ELF电磁波的传播机理和空间分布规律研究的可逆性。
5.通过对南极地区的观测数据进行分析，并结合本文检索和收集到的国外公开发表的文献和非公开发行的AD报告以及全球VLF频段的大气噪声的统计分布规律，分析及预测了全球SLF/ELF频段的大气噪声的统计分布规律。
The abnormal phenomenon of the electromagnetic radiation before the earthquake getsthe more and more attention of the seismologists, and it has been verified by manyearthquake examples. The earthquake electromagnetic radiation is the information directlycoming from the earthquake source, and it is a very important precursor means of theearthquake short-term and imminent forecasting. The frequency spectrum of theelectromagnetic radiation mainly concentrates in the super low frequency (SLF) andextremely low frequency (ELF) bands. At present, the generation mechanism andfrequency spectrum characteristic of the electromagnetic radiator are not still extremelyclear during the earthquake breeding period. Only the frequency components below verylow frequency (VLF) can seep the ground, and can be received by the receiving apparatuson the ground because the stratum is a highly lossy medium. So the relevance of theearthquake radiator and the underground SLF/ELF radiator is very big. But in order to putthe monitored electromagnetic radiation to the earthquake prediction and forecasting, itneeds to solve the following several key problems:①Whether is the electromagneticradiation the abnormity?②Where does the electromagnetic radiation come from?③How much is the electromagnetic radiation larger than the normal background?
In order to solve above several key problems, the detailed studying process of thisdissertation is as follows: Firstly, in order to ascertain the possible position of theunderground radiator from the measured SLF/ELF electromagnetic information on thegroundsill and in the space, the propagation characteristic of the electromagnetic fieldsexcited by the underground SLF/ELF radiator on the ground and in the space must bestudied. Because the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave is very long, and the lengthof the antenna is less than the wavelength, the radiator can be idealized as an electricdipole. Because the stratum is a high absorption and attenuation medium, and it is known by the trapped surface wave propagation theory that the electromagnetic field intensityexcited by an underground horizontal electric dipole (HED) is much larger than thatexcited by an underground vertical electric dipole (VED), the underground SLF/ELFradiator can be idealized as a HED. It is calculated by idealizing the ground and theionosphere, and it is contrasted with the actually measured data to ascertain the position ofthe underground SLF/ELF radiator. Secondly, it needs to know the statistical distributionrules of the atmospheric noise along the day and night, the seasons and the regions inorder to distinguish the received electromagnetic signal to be the background interferenceor the abnormity. The mainly studying contents of this dissertation are as follows:
1. The propagation characteristic of the fields excited by the SLF/ELF radiator on thegroundsill in the isotropic earth-ionosphere waveguide has been analyzed and studied. Ithas been studied for many years in SLF frequency band by the domestic and foreignscholars, and it has both the theories and the experiments, and it has been obtained theconfirmation. But the algorithms applied in the SLF frequency band are only used to theELF frequency band by the domestic and foreign scholars. In the dissertation, two kinds ofalgorithms have been proposed, namely the speeding numerical convergence algorithmand the numerical integral algorithm, which are not only suitable for SLF frequency bandbut also suitable for ELF frequency band. Moreover, the theoretical calculation has alsobeen made. The results indicate that it has not only confirmed the existing SLF algorithms,but also provided the good studying foundation in order to further study the characteristicof the ground and the ionosphere electromagnetic fields excited by the undergroundSLF/ELF radiator.
2. The propagation characteristic of the fields excited by the underground SLF/ELFradiator in the isotropic earth-ionosphere waveguide has been analyzed and discussed, andSchumann resonance has also been confirmed. Formerly it mainly aims at theunderground emergency communication of the long wave. Because the propagationdistance is short, and the depth of the radiator is fairly shallow, the model of the plane halfspace is used. In the dissertation, it is based on the relevance of the earthquake radiatorand the underground SLF/ELF radiator. The SLF/ELF radiator is idealized as thehorizontal electric dipole, and the ground and the ionosphere are idealized, and it isanalyzed and calculated by the spherical model. The spatial distribution rules of theelectromagnetic fields in the whole earth-ionosphere waveguide have been obtained bycomparing with the traditional method. Because the expressions of the ground and theionosphere electromagnetic fields excited by the underground SLF/ELF radiator are theform of the spherical harmonic series, and their calculation is not only complex but alsothe speed is very slow, a speeding numerical convergence algorithm has been proposed in the dissertation, which is suitable for the SLF/ELF frequency band under the non-idealelectric conductor condition. The results indicate that the analysis and the calculation canbe fast and effectively carried on by this algorithm. The accuracy of this algorithm has notonly been confirmed, but also the theory of the lateral wave has further been confirmed.
3. The spatial distribution rules of the fields excited by the underground ELF lineradiator in the isotropic earth-ionosphere waveguide have been studied. It may be the sumof the fields excited by the underground ELF point radiator. The spatial field intensitydistribution of the electromagnetic fields excited by the underground ELF single linearradiator and two linear radiators has been calculated and discussed, respectively, and thestrong and weak distribution of the spatial field intensity values is expressed by the colorcode.
4. The propagation characteristic of the fields excited by the underground SLF/ELFradiator in the isotropic and anisotropic ionosphere has been respectively analyzed anddiscussed. The stratum, the atmosphere and the ionosphere are seen as a whole to bestudied in the dissertation. The whole propagation process of the electromagnetic fieldsexcited by the underground deeply buried SLF/ELF radiator from the stratum and theatmosphere to the satellite has been analyzed and studied. The limitation of the traditionalpartition research has been improved, and it has been enhanced to comprehensively knowand grasp the propagation mechanism and the spatial distribution of the SLF/ELFelectromagnetic wave. Moreover, the invertibility of studying the propagation mechanismand the spatial distribution of the SLF/ELF electromagnetic wave has been established.
5. Statistical distribution rules of the global SLF/ELF atmospheric noise have beenanalyzed and predicted by analyzing the Antarctic observed data and unifying the overseaspublicly published literatures and unpublished AD reports retrieved and collected in thedissertation as well as the statistical distribution rules of the global VLF atmosphericnoise.
为了解决以上几个关键问题，本文研究的主要思路是：首先为了从地基和空间测得的SLF/ELF电磁信息中提出可能的地下辐射源的位置，必须研究地下SLF/ELF辐射源在地面和空间产生电磁场的传播特性。因为SLF/ELF频段的电波波长很长，天线长度比波长小得多，所以把辐射源理想化为电偶极子。由于地层是高损耗媒质，由侧面波传播理论可知，地下水平电偶极子比垂直电偶极子在地面以上激起电磁场的强度要大得多，故把地下SLF/ELF辐射源理想化为水平电偶极子。把地面和电离层理想化，进行理论计算，并和实测的数据进行比对，确定地下SLF/ELF辐射源的位置。其次，为了能识别收到的电磁信号是背景干扰还是出现了异常，需要了解正常条件下大气噪声随昼夜、季节和地域的统计分布规律。本文的主要研究内容如下：
1.分析研究了地基SLF/ELF辐射源在各向同性地-电离层波导中产生场的传播特性。国内外学者对SLF频段已进行了多年的研究，既有理论又有实验，并得到了证实。但国内外大多数学者只是把应用于SLF频段的算法移植到ELF频段。本文提出了两种既能用于SLF频段又能用于ELF频段的新算法，即加速收敛算法和数值积分算法，进行了理论计算。结果表明，不仅验证了现有的SLF算法，并为进一步研究地下SLF/ELF辐射源在地面和电离层电磁场的传播特性提供了良好的理论基础。
2.对地下SLF/ELF辐射源在各向同性地-电离层波导中产生场的传播特性进行了分析和讨论，并验证了舒曼谐振现象。以往主要针对长波地下应急通信，传播距离短，辐射源埋深浅，釆用平面半空间模型。本文基于地震辐射源与地下SLF/ELF辐射源的相关性，将SLF/ELF辐射源理想化为水平电偶极子，把地面和电离层理想化，釆用球面模型进行分析计算。与传统方法相比，获得了更接近实际的整个地-电离层波导中电磁场的空间分布规律。由于地下SLF/ELF辐射源在地面和电离层电磁场的表达式是球谐级数形式，不仅运算复杂，而且速度很慢。所以本文提出了一种适用于非理想导电条件下SLF/ELF频段的加速收敛算法。计算结果表明，该算法能快速有效地进行分析计算，不仅验证了它的正确性，还进一步验证了侧面波传播理论。
3.研究了地下ELF线辐射源在各向同性地-电离层波导中产生场的空间分布规律。它可由地下ELF点辐射源产生的场进行叠加。分别计算和讨论了地下单条和两条ELF线辐射源在地面上产生电磁场的场强空间分布图，用色标表示了场强值在空间分布的强弱。
4.分别对地下SLF/ELF辐射源在各向同性和异性电离层中产生场的传播特性进行了分析和讨论。本文对地层、大气层和电离层进行了整体研究，分析研究了深埋于地下的SLF/ELF辐射源所产生的电磁场从地层、大气层到达卫星的传播全过程，改进了传统的分段研究的局限性，提高了认识和掌握SLF/ELF电磁波的传播机理和空间分布规律的全面性，并确立了对SLF/ELF电磁波的传播机理和空间分布规律研究的可逆性。
5.通过对南极地区的观测数据进行分析，并结合本文检索和收集到的国外公开发表的文献和非公开发行的AD报告以及全球VLF频段的大气噪声的统计分布规律，分析及预测了全球SLF/ELF频段的大气噪声的统计分布规律。
The abnormal phenomenon of the electromagnetic radiation before the earthquake getsthe more and more attention of the seismologists, and it has been verified by manyearthquake examples. The earthquake electromagnetic radiation is the information directlycoming from the earthquake source, and it is a very important precursor means of theearthquake short-term and imminent forecasting. The frequency spectrum of theelectromagnetic radiation mainly concentrates in the super low frequency (SLF) andextremely low frequency (ELF) bands. At present, the generation mechanism andfrequency spectrum characteristic of the electromagnetic radiator are not still extremelyclear during the earthquake breeding period. Only the frequency components below verylow frequency (VLF) can seep the ground, and can be received by the receiving apparatuson the ground because the stratum is a highly lossy medium. So the relevance of theearthquake radiator and the underground SLF/ELF radiator is very big. But in order to putthe monitored electromagnetic radiation to the earthquake prediction and forecasting, itneeds to solve the following several key problems:①Whether is the electromagneticradiation the abnormity?②Where does the electromagnetic radiation come from?③How much is the electromagnetic radiation larger than the normal background?
In order to solve above several key problems, the detailed studying process of thisdissertation is as follows: Firstly, in order to ascertain the possible position of theunderground radiator from the measured SLF/ELF electromagnetic information on thegroundsill and in the space, the propagation characteristic of the electromagnetic fieldsexcited by the underground SLF/ELF radiator on the ground and in the space must bestudied. Because the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave is very long, and the lengthof the antenna is less than the wavelength, the radiator can be idealized as an electricdipole. Because the stratum is a high absorption and attenuation medium, and it is known by the trapped surface wave propagation theory that the electromagnetic field intensityexcited by an underground horizontal electric dipole (HED) is much larger than thatexcited by an underground vertical electric dipole (VED), the underground SLF/ELFradiator can be idealized as a HED. It is calculated by idealizing the ground and theionosphere, and it is contrasted with the actually measured data to ascertain the position ofthe underground SLF/ELF radiator. Secondly, it needs to know the statistical distributionrules of the atmospheric noise along the day and night, the seasons and the regions inorder to distinguish the received electromagnetic signal to be the background interferenceor the abnormity. The mainly studying contents of this dissertation are as follows:
1. The propagation characteristic of the fields excited by the SLF/ELF radiator on thegroundsill in the isotropic earth-ionosphere waveguide has been analyzed and studied. Ithas been studied for many years in SLF frequency band by the domestic and foreignscholars, and it has both the theories and the experiments, and it has been obtained theconfirmation. But the algorithms applied in the SLF frequency band are only used to theELF frequency band by the domestic and foreign scholars. In the dissertation, two kinds ofalgorithms have been proposed, namely the speeding numerical convergence algorithmand the numerical integral algorithm, which are not only suitable for SLF frequency bandbut also suitable for ELF frequency band. Moreover, the theoretical calculation has alsobeen made. The results indicate that it has not only confirmed the existing SLF algorithms,but also provided the good studying foundation in order to further study the characteristicof the ground and the ionosphere electromagnetic fields excited by the undergroundSLF/ELF radiator.
2. The propagation characteristic of the fields excited by the underground SLF/ELFradiator in the isotropic earth-ionosphere waveguide has been analyzed and discussed, andSchumann resonance has also been confirmed. Formerly it mainly aims at theunderground emergency communication of the long wave. Because the propagationdistance is short, and the depth of the radiator is fairly shallow, the model of the plane halfspace is used. In the dissertation, it is based on the relevance of the earthquake radiatorand the underground SLF/ELF radiator. The SLF/ELF radiator is idealized as thehorizontal electric dipole, and the ground and the ionosphere are idealized, and it isanalyzed and calculated by the spherical model. The spatial distribution rules of theelectromagnetic fields in the whole earth-ionosphere waveguide have been obtained bycomparing with the traditional method. Because the expressions of the ground and theionosphere electromagnetic fields excited by the underground SLF/ELF radiator are theform of the spherical harmonic series, and their calculation is not only complex but alsothe speed is very slow, a speeding numerical convergence algorithm has been proposed in the dissertation, which is suitable for the SLF/ELF frequency band under the non-idealelectric conductor condition. The results indicate that the analysis and the calculation canbe fast and effectively carried on by this algorithm. The accuracy of this algorithm has notonly been confirmed, but also the theory of the lateral wave has further been confirmed.
3. The spatial distribution rules of the fields excited by the underground ELF lineradiator in the isotropic earth-ionosphere waveguide have been studied. It may be the sumof the fields excited by the underground ELF point radiator. The spatial field intensitydistribution of the electromagnetic fields excited by the underground ELF single linearradiator and two linear radiators has been calculated and discussed, respectively, and thestrong and weak distribution of the spatial field intensity values is expressed by the colorcode.
4. The propagation characteristic of the fields excited by the underground SLF/ELFradiator in the isotropic and anisotropic ionosphere has been respectively analyzed anddiscussed. The stratum, the atmosphere and the ionosphere are seen as a whole to bestudied in the dissertation. The whole propagation process of the electromagnetic fieldsexcited by the underground deeply buried SLF/ELF radiator from the stratum and theatmosphere to the satellite has been analyzed and studied. The limitation of the traditionalpartition research has been improved, and it has been enhanced to comprehensively knowand grasp the propagation mechanism and the spatial distribution of the SLF/ELFelectromagnetic wave. Moreover, the invertibility of studying the propagation mechanismand the spatial distribution of the SLF/ELF electromagnetic wave has been established.
5. Statistical distribution rules of the global SLF/ELF atmospheric noise have beenanalyzed and predicted by analyzing the Antarctic observed data and unifying the overseaspublicly published literatures and unpublished AD reports retrieved and collected in thedissertation as well as the statistical distribution rules of the global VLF atmosphericnoise.
引文
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