广州市大气环境中醛类等挥发性有机污染物的初步研究
摘要
大气有机污染是影响城市空气质量的重要因素，挥发性有机物(VOCs)包括羰基化合物(carbonyls)是城市大气中主要的有机污染物，也是室内空气中主要的污染物。羰基化合物既是大气光化学反应的产物，又是通过光化学反应生成羟基(OH)、臭氧、过氧乙酰硝酸酯和羧酸等的前驱物，在大气光化学中起着关键的作用。大部分羰基化合物，尤其是醛类是有毒的物质，甲醛和丙烯醛还是可疑的致癌物。由于在大气化学和毒理学上的重要性，羰基化合物引起了广泛的关注，国外以有较详尽的研究报道，而在国内，有关羰基化合物的研究尚属起步阶段。
本文通过摸索建立了一套DNPH吸附管衍生/HPLC-UV分离检测方法，并在此基础上对广州某高速公路旁大气中的羰基化合物进行了分析测定。
本文还对新建住房中的甲醛的分布和大型娱乐购物中心里的挥发性有机物作了初步的研究。
初步研究表明：
1、建立的DNPH/HPLC-UV法能较好地测定大气中微量的C1～C10羰基化合物。
该方法比较精确、可靠，能同时测定C1～C10羰基化合物，比较适合用于室内外大气中微量羰基化合物的检测。
2、高速公路旁大气污染严重，地面CO_2平均浓度为1143ppm，CO为3ppm，地面的PM_(2.5)平均值为0.292mg/m~3，羰基化合物地面的平均浓度为53.8μg/m~3，浓度最高的三种化合物依次为甲醛(14.8μg/m~3)、丙酮(14.5μg/m~3)和乙醛(8.6μg/m~3)，它们占总化合物的69％。机动车是其主要的来源。
3、新装修的住房中甲醛大部分超出国家的0.08mg/m~3的标准，分析表明，新木制家俱是甲醛的主要来源。
4、室内所有检测地点的CO_2超过了国家的标准；PM_(10)超出了国家的年平均标准，大部分检测地点超出或接近国家日平均值。由于CO_2的浓度较高，商场应该加强通风。而室外PM_(10)的浓度较高，加强通风对室内PM_(10)的影响不大。
5、商场内VOCs的浓度较高，有轻度污染。商场的VOCs的来源有很大的差异，它们共同点都有室外交通的来源。VOCs来源基本上反映了商场所经营的商品(包括餐饮等)的释放源。在商场中还存在一些不明的来源。
Organic pollutants are among the most important factors influencing ambient air quality. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs),including some carbonyls,are major organic components both in indoor and outdoor air. Carbonyls,which are both primary (directly emitted) and secondary (formed in the atmosphere) atmospheric species,play a key role in atmospheric photochemistry;they are precursors of free radical,ozone,carboxylic acid and peroxyacetyl nitrates (PAN). Carbonyls particularly aldehydes are toxic chemicals,and formaldehyde and acrolein are suspected cancer agents. For their importance in atmospheric chemistry and their health impacts,carbonyls has been receiving worldwide concern,and many studies have been conducted,but there lack related studies in China especially in outdoor air.
In this paper,we present a method of DNPH cartridge sampling followed by HPLC-UV detection and quantification. This method was used for measuring carbonyls in ambient air near a highway in Guangzhou.
This paper also includes preliminary studies of formaldehyde in newly erected and decorated houses and VOCs in a shopping mall in Guangzhou.
Upon those studies,we concluded:
1. The method we developed is suitable for simultaneously measuring Cl -CIO carbonyls in atmosphere. The method detected limits of these carbonyls were 0.05 -0.15 ug/m3. It is a precise and reliable method for monitoring low levels of C1 - C10 carbonyls in indoor and outdoor air.
2. The air is seriously polluted along the highway. Average concentration of CO2,CO,PM2.5,and carbonyls were 1143ppm,3ppm,0.292 mg/m3,53.89ng/m3 respectively. The most abundant carbonyls were formaldehyde (14.8ng/m3),acetone (14.5ng/m3) and acetaldehyde (8.6g/m3),and these three compounds account for 69% of total carbonyls. Motor vehicular were the major source of carbonyls.
3. In the newly erected and decorated houses,most of indoor formaldehyde levels exceeded the guideline level of 0.080mg/m3 in China. Studies indicated the new wood furniture were the major sources of formaldehyde.
4. In the shopping mall,CO2 levels exceeded the guideline level,also PMio level near or beyond the guideline level (daily). The high CO2 levels indicated the needs of better ventilation,but enhanced ventilation would have
no effects on indoor PMio levels for the high PMio level in outdoor air. 5. In the shopping mall air was lightly polluted considering the high VOCs level. Apart from a common source from ventilation air heavily influenced by traffic emission,the sources of VOCs varied with sampling sites due to emission of shopping goods or indoor activities (like cooking). There were also some unclear sources of VOCs.
本文通过摸索建立了一套DNPH吸附管衍生/HPLC-UV分离检测方法，并在此基础上对广州某高速公路旁大气中的羰基化合物进行了分析测定。
本文还对新建住房中的甲醛的分布和大型娱乐购物中心里的挥发性有机物作了初步的研究。
初步研究表明：
1、建立的DNPH/HPLC-UV法能较好地测定大气中微量的C1～C10羰基化合物。
该方法比较精确、可靠，能同时测定C1～C10羰基化合物，比较适合用于室内外大气中微量羰基化合物的检测。
2、高速公路旁大气污染严重，地面CO_2平均浓度为1143ppm，CO为3ppm，地面的PM_(2.5)平均值为0.292mg/m~3，羰基化合物地面的平均浓度为53.8μg/m~3，浓度最高的三种化合物依次为甲醛(14.8μg/m~3)、丙酮(14.5μg/m~3)和乙醛(8.6μg/m~3)，它们占总化合物的69％。机动车是其主要的来源。
3、新装修的住房中甲醛大部分超出国家的0.08mg/m~3的标准，分析表明，新木制家俱是甲醛的主要来源。
4、室内所有检测地点的CO_2超过了国家的标准；PM_(10)超出了国家的年平均标准，大部分检测地点超出或接近国家日平均值。由于CO_2的浓度较高，商场应该加强通风。而室外PM_(10)的浓度较高，加强通风对室内PM_(10)的影响不大。
5、商场内VOCs的浓度较高，有轻度污染。商场的VOCs的来源有很大的差异，它们共同点都有室外交通的来源。VOCs来源基本上反映了商场所经营的商品(包括餐饮等)的释放源。在商场中还存在一些不明的来源。
Organic pollutants are among the most important factors influencing ambient air quality. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs),including some carbonyls,are major organic components both in indoor and outdoor air. Carbonyls,which are both primary (directly emitted) and secondary (formed in the atmosphere) atmospheric species,play a key role in atmospheric photochemistry;they are precursors of free radical,ozone,carboxylic acid and peroxyacetyl nitrates (PAN). Carbonyls particularly aldehydes are toxic chemicals,and formaldehyde and acrolein are suspected cancer agents. For their importance in atmospheric chemistry and their health impacts,carbonyls has been receiving worldwide concern,and many studies have been conducted,but there lack related studies in China especially in outdoor air.
In this paper,we present a method of DNPH cartridge sampling followed by HPLC-UV detection and quantification. This method was used for measuring carbonyls in ambient air near a highway in Guangzhou.
This paper also includes preliminary studies of formaldehyde in newly erected and decorated houses and VOCs in a shopping mall in Guangzhou.
Upon those studies,we concluded:
1. The method we developed is suitable for simultaneously measuring Cl -CIO carbonyls in atmosphere. The method detected limits of these carbonyls were 0.05 -0.15 ug/m3. It is a precise and reliable method for monitoring low levels of C1 - C10 carbonyls in indoor and outdoor air.
2. The air is seriously polluted along the highway. Average concentration of CO2,CO,PM2.5,and carbonyls were 1143ppm,3ppm,0.292 mg/m3,53.89ng/m3 respectively. The most abundant carbonyls were formaldehyde (14.8ng/m3),acetone (14.5ng/m3) and acetaldehyde (8.6g/m3),and these three compounds account for 69% of total carbonyls. Motor vehicular were the major source of carbonyls.
3. In the newly erected and decorated houses,most of indoor formaldehyde levels exceeded the guideline level of 0.080mg/m3 in China. Studies indicated the new wood furniture were the major sources of formaldehyde.
4. In the shopping mall,CO2 levels exceeded the guideline level,also PMio level near or beyond the guideline level (daily). The high CO2 levels indicated the needs of better ventilation,but enhanced ventilation would have
no effects on indoor PMio levels for the high PMio level in outdoor air. 5. In the shopping mall air was lightly polluted considering the high VOCs level. Apart from a common source from ventilation air heavily influenced by traffic emission,the sources of VOCs varied with sampling sites due to emission of shopping goods or indoor activities (like cooking). There were also some unclear sources of VOCs.
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