北京城区东南部降雨与径流水质分析与评价
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摘要
摘 要
北京市是水资源严重短缺地区，人均水资源年占有量不足 300 m3，是全国人
均值的 1/8，世界人均值的 1／30。随着城市化的发展和人民生活水平的提高，
水的供需矛盾日益突出。近年来，可用水资源量逐年减少，而仍有大量暴雨径流
出境而未加有效利用。城市化发展又使暴雨洪峰增加，加大了河道防洪负担。为
了缓解北京市水资源短缺和城市河道防洪设计流量不断增加的困难，重视雨水利
用具有重要的现实意义。
从 2002 年 6 月到 2003 年 9 月，对北京城区东南部汛期天然降雨、屋顶径流、
人行道径流、机动车道径流、绿地径流等进行了 16 次取样化验，取样总数 416
个。依照《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838-2002）确定水质监测指标 20 项，经
分析初步发现：来自不同下垫面的径流水质在降水某一时刻前后水质变化较大，
之前水质污染程度远远超过之后污染程度；城区屋面雨水径流受到相当程度的污
染，城区道路路面雨水径流污染严重，路面径流污染物含量明显高于屋面和绿地
径流中的污染物含量，径流的污染物主要为有机污染物和悬浮物固体污染；在降
雨产流的过程，各污染物浓度随着降雨产流历程虽然变化有起伏，但变化总的趋
势是降雨初期污染物的浓度高，随着降雨历时的延长，浓度逐渐下降；后期除个
别指标外能达到地表水Ⅲ类水体标准。
Beijing is facing the serious problem of water scarcity. The quantity of water
resources per capita and year is less than 300m3. This amounts to 1/8 of the national
average and 1/30 of the international average. With the development of urbanization
and the improvement of the people’s living standard, the contradiction against water
supply and water demand is becoming more and more serious. Besides water shortage,
Beijing is also seriously affected by local floods. In recent years, available water
resource capacity reduces year and year, but still the storm water in large amount have
not been effectively controlled and reasonably used. The development of urbanization
increased the storm flood peak, burdened the flood protection pressure. In order to
alleviate water resources shortage and to reduce flooding, and to give more attention
on the rainwater use has great and practical meaning.
In the present study, the precipitation at Beijing city was studied during the
period from June 2002 to September 2003. 416 samples were collected at Beijing
University of Technology which is an urban area in the SE of the city with no major
industrial activities and minimum traffic density. Sixteen times of chemical tests were
conducted for the natural precipitation, runoff from house roofs, runoff from traffic
roads, and runoff from greenbelts etc. According to the environmental quality
standards for surface water (GB3838-2002), 20 items of water quality indexes were
measured. The results show that the water quality in runoff from different soil
surfaces changes litter during initial raining period, then the water polluted extent
before is much heavier than that after. Strom water runoff collected from roofs of
Beijing city zone has been polluted to a rather severe degree. Road surface runoff is
polluted seriously. Pollutants concentrations in road surface runoff are significantly
higher than those in roof and lawn runoff. Major pollutants of runoff are organic
substance and suspend solids. Although the concentration of the pollutants changed
along with the surface runoff process, the variety tendency of concentration of the
pollutants is higher in the initial stage of runoff. As the precipitation time go last with
time by, the concentration of the pollutants drop gradually. The concentrations of
pollutants at final stages, except organic pollutants, belong to the group Ⅲ according
to the environmental quality standards for surface water (GB3838-2002).
北京市是水资源严重短缺地区，人均水资源年占有量不足 300 m3，是全国人
均值的 1/8，世界人均值的 1／30。随着城市化的发展和人民生活水平的提高，
水的供需矛盾日益突出。近年来，可用水资源量逐年减少，而仍有大量暴雨径流
出境而未加有效利用。城市化发展又使暴雨洪峰增加，加大了河道防洪负担。为
了缓解北京市水资源短缺和城市河道防洪设计流量不断增加的困难，重视雨水利
用具有重要的现实意义。
从 2002 年 6 月到 2003 年 9 月，对北京城区东南部汛期天然降雨、屋顶径流、
人行道径流、机动车道径流、绿地径流等进行了 16 次取样化验，取样总数 416
个。依照《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838-2002）确定水质监测指标 20 项，经
分析初步发现：来自不同下垫面的径流水质在降水某一时刻前后水质变化较大，
之前水质污染程度远远超过之后污染程度；城区屋面雨水径流受到相当程度的污
染，城区道路路面雨水径流污染严重，路面径流污染物含量明显高于屋面和绿地
径流中的污染物含量，径流的污染物主要为有机污染物和悬浮物固体污染；在降
雨产流的过程，各污染物浓度随着降雨产流历程虽然变化有起伏，但变化总的趋
势是降雨初期污染物的浓度高，随着降雨历时的延长，浓度逐渐下降；后期除个
别指标外能达到地表水Ⅲ类水体标准。
Beijing is facing the serious problem of water scarcity. The quantity of water
resources per capita and year is less than 300m3. This amounts to 1/8 of the national
average and 1/30 of the international average. With the development of urbanization
and the improvement of the people’s living standard, the contradiction against water
supply and water demand is becoming more and more serious. Besides water shortage,
Beijing is also seriously affected by local floods. In recent years, available water
resource capacity reduces year and year, but still the storm water in large amount have
not been effectively controlled and reasonably used. The development of urbanization
increased the storm flood peak, burdened the flood protection pressure. In order to
alleviate water resources shortage and to reduce flooding, and to give more attention
on the rainwater use has great and practical meaning.
In the present study, the precipitation at Beijing city was studied during the
period from June 2002 to September 2003. 416 samples were collected at Beijing
University of Technology which is an urban area in the SE of the city with no major
industrial activities and minimum traffic density. Sixteen times of chemical tests were
conducted for the natural precipitation, runoff from house roofs, runoff from traffic
roads, and runoff from greenbelts etc. According to the environmental quality
standards for surface water (GB3838-2002), 20 items of water quality indexes were
measured. The results show that the water quality in runoff from different soil
surfaces changes litter during initial raining period, then the water polluted extent
before is much heavier than that after. Strom water runoff collected from roofs of
Beijing city zone has been polluted to a rather severe degree. Road surface runoff is
polluted seriously. Pollutants concentrations in road surface runoff are significantly
higher than those in roof and lawn runoff. Major pollutants of runoff are organic
substance and suspend solids. Although the concentration of the pollutants changed
along with the surface runoff process, the variety tendency of concentration of the
pollutants is higher in the initial stage of runoff. As the precipitation time go last with
time by, the concentration of the pollutants drop gradually. The concentrations of
pollutants at final stages, except organic pollutants, belong to the group Ⅲ according
to the environmental quality standards for surface water (GB3838-2002).
引文
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Production in the Mexico Valley. Pro. Water Harvesting Symp. Phonem ix AZ. ARS.
W- 22 USDA, 1975:315~320
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Management in the City of Bergen, Norway. Water Science and Technology. 1998,
38(10):123~130
10 Morten Grum, R.Hans Aalderink. A Statistical Approach to Urban Runoff Pollution
Modeling. Water Science and Technology. 1997, 36(5):117~124
11 Patrick L. Brezonik, Teresa H. Stadelmann. Analysis and Predictive Models of
Stormwater Runoff Volumes, Loads, and Pollutant Concentrations from
Watersheds in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area, Minnesota, USA. Water
Research. 2002, 36(7):1743~1757
12 Zhang Haiping, Kiyoshi Yamada. Simulation of Nonpoint Source Pollutant
Loadings from Urban Area during Rainfall: an Application of a Physically-based
Distributed Model. Water Science and Technology. 1998, 38(10):199~206
13 I. K. Tsanis. Estimation of Toxic Contaminant Mean Concentrations from
Stormwater Quality Data. Advances in Engineering Software. 2000,
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14 Ana Tomanovic, Cedo Maksimovic. Improved Modelling of Suspended Solids
Discharge from Asphalt Surface during Storm Event. Water Science and
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15 Molly K.a Leecaster, Kennetha Schiff; Liesl L. Tiefenthaler. Assessment of
Efficient Sampling Designs for Urban Stormwater Monitoring. Water Research.
2002, 36(6):1556~1564
16 Ana Deletic. The First Flush Load of Urban Surface Runoff. Water Research. 1998,
32(8):2462~2470
17 A.Saxena, U. C. Kulshrestha, N. Kumar, K. M. Kumari, S. S. Srivastava.
Characterization of Precipitation at Agra. Atmospheric Environment. 1996,
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Characterization of Rainwater at a Developing Urban Habitat of Northern India.
Atmospheric Environment. 2004, 69(3~4):135~145
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21 Idrees F. Al-Momani, O. Yavuz Ataman,et al. Chemical Composition of
Precipitation near an Industrial Area at Izmir, Turkey. Atmospheric Environment.
1995, 29(10):1131~1143
22 Semra G. Tuncel, Sevgi Ung?r. Rain Water Chemistry in Ankara, Turkey.
Atmospheric Environment. 1996, 30(16):2721~2727
23 M. Zunckel, C. Saizar, J. Zarauz. Rainwater Composition in Northeast Uruguay.
Atmospheric Environment. 2003, 37(12):1601~1611
24 D. Migliavacca, E.C. Teixeira, M. Pires, J. Fachel. Study of Chemical Elements in
Atmospheric Precipitation in South Brazil. Atmospheric Environment. 2004,
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25 Barnabe Ngabe, Terry F. Bidleman, Geoffrey I. Scott. Polycyclic Aromatic
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(2):30~31
2 刘昌明，李丽娟. 雨水利用与水源研究. 气象出版社，2001:7~10
3 北京市水利局. 北京市水资源公报. 2000，2001 年
4 刘树坤. 21 世纪的中国水问题. 全国城市水利学术讨论论文集. 1998
5 任杨俊，李建军，赵俊侠. 国内外雨水资源利用研究综述. 水土保持学报. 2000，
14(1):88~92
6 M. G. Anaya, J. S. Tovar. Different Soil Treatments for Harvesting Water for Radish
Production in the Mexico Valley. Pro. Water Harvesting Symp. Phonem ix AZ. ARS.
W- 22 USDA, 1975:315~320
7 丁跃元. 德国的雨水利用技术. 北京水利. 2002，(6):38~40
8 杨文磊. 雨水利用在日本. 水利天地. 2001，(8):30
9 Sveinn T. Thorolfsson. A New Direction in the Urban Runoff and Pollution
Management in the City of Bergen, Norway. Water Science and Technology. 1998,
38(10):123~130
10 Morten Grum, R.Hans Aalderink. A Statistical Approach to Urban Runoff Pollution
Modeling. Water Science and Technology. 1997, 36(5):117~124
11 Patrick L. Brezonik, Teresa H. Stadelmann. Analysis and Predictive Models of
Stormwater Runoff Volumes, Loads, and Pollutant Concentrations from
Watersheds in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area, Minnesota, USA. Water
Research. 2002, 36(7):1743~1757
12 Zhang Haiping, Kiyoshi Yamada. Simulation of Nonpoint Source Pollutant
Loadings from Urban Area during Rainfall: an Application of a Physically-based
Distributed Model. Water Science and Technology. 1998, 38(10):199~206
13 I. K. Tsanis. Estimation of Toxic Contaminant Mean Concentrations from
Stormwater Quality Data. Advances in Engineering Software. 2000,
31(3):207~215
14 Ana Tomanovic, Cedo Maksimovic. Improved Modelling of Suspended Solids
Discharge from Asphalt Surface during Storm Event. Water Science and
- 62 -
参考文献
Technology. 1996, 33(4~5):363~369
15 Molly K.a Leecaster, Kennetha Schiff; Liesl L. Tiefenthaler. Assessment of
Efficient Sampling Designs for Urban Stormwater Monitoring. Water Research.
2002, 36(6):1556~1564
16 Ana Deletic. The First Flush Load of Urban Surface Runoff. Water Research. 1998,
32(8):2462~2470
17 A.Saxena, U. C. Kulshrestha, N. Kumar, K. M. Kumari, S. S. Srivastava.
Characterization of Precipitation at Agra. Atmospheric Environment. 1996,
30(20):3405~3412
18 Gur Sumiran Satsangi, A. Lakhani, et al. Composition of Rain Water at a Semi-arid
Rural Site in India. Atmospheric Environment. 1998, 32(21):3783~3793
19 Puja Khare, Ankkur Goel, Devendra Patel, Jairaj Behari. Chemical
Characterization of Rainwater at a Developing Urban Habitat of Northern India.
Atmospheric Environment. 2004, 69(3~4):135~145
20 G. P. Hu, R. Balasubramanian, C. D. Wu. Chemical Characterization of Rainwater
at Singapore. Chemosphere. 2003, 51(8):747~755
21 Idrees F. Al-Momani, O. Yavuz Ataman,et al. Chemical Composition of
Precipitation near an Industrial Area at Izmir, Turkey. Atmospheric Environment.
1995, 29(10):1131~1143
22 Semra G. Tuncel, Sevgi Ung?r. Rain Water Chemistry in Ankara, Turkey.
Atmospheric Environment. 1996, 30(16):2721~2727
23 M. Zunckel, C. Saizar, J. Zarauz. Rainwater Composition in Northeast Uruguay.
Atmospheric Environment. 2003, 37(12):1601~1611
24 D. Migliavacca, E.C. Teixeira, M. Pires, J. Fachel. Study of Chemical Elements in
Atmospheric Precipitation in South Brazil. Atmospheric Environment. 2004,
38(11):1641~1656
25 Barnabe Ngabe, Terry F. Bidleman, Geoffrey I. Scott. Polycyclic Aromatic
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