农村剩余劳动力转移方式及其影响因素实证研究
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摘要
自2004年初以来,我国农民工短缺现象呈现不断漫延之势,这使得采取有效措施缓解农民工短缺成为我国经济社会持续发展无法回避的现实问题。因为,农民工短缺实质上就是农村剩余劳动力异地就业无法满足经济社会发展的需要,要真正解决农民工短缺问题,就不能不厘清到底是哪些因素制约着我国农村劳动力的异地就业。所以,本文以山东省为例,在抽样调查的基础上,研究了农村剩余劳动力本地转移和异地就业的现状及其影响因素。
从发展趋势来说,随着经济的发展,改革开放的不断深入,异地就业的农村剩余劳动力所占的比例不断提高。就当前来看,在全国范围内,农村剩余劳动力就地转移的人数多于异地就业的人数,山东也不例外。
在抽样调查的基础上,对山东省农村剩余劳动力就地转移、异地就业的现状进行了描述分析。分析显示农村要素市场、家庭因素、劳动者的个体特征、区域经济发展水平、收入水平、务农时间和外出就业目的在农村剩余劳动力转移方式方面存在差异。
如果以就地转移为参照系,通过最优尺度回归分析,结果显示:就业途径、土地处置方式、劳动者在家庭中的身份、受教育程度、外出就业的收入水平、非农就业目的的影响是正的。务农时间、年龄、经济发展水平高对农村剩余劳动力转移方式的选择有负影响。家庭规模对农村剩余劳动力就地转移、异地就业的选择有一定的影响,但并不显著。性别对农村剩余劳动力转移方式选择的影响不明显。
通过以上分析可以使我们得出如下结论:农村要素市场的发育有助于促进农村剩余劳动力的异地就业,但是我国农村要素市场极不发达;劳动者的的家庭身份是制约农村剩余劳动力异地就业的又一个重要因素;受教育程度高的劳动力倾向于异地就业;经济发展水平提高使农村异地就业劳动力供给减少是客观经济规律;外出就业的收入水平是异地就业的巨大的激励因素;无论是就地转移劳动力还是异地就业劳动力,大多以增加收入为目的,而期望转入城市生活的农村转移剩余劳动力偏好异地就业,这意味着,通过提高农村剩余劳动力转入城市生活的期望值对促进农村剩余劳动力的异地就业意义重大。
针对当前存在的农村剩余劳动力异地就业的主要制约因素,提出促进农村剩余劳动力异地就业的政策建议:建立和完善农村要素市场;采取多种转移方式,拓宽转移渠道;加强教育,提高劳动者素质;提高农民工的工资水平和福利待遇;积极转变思想观念,大力培育农民的现代意识。
Since the beginning of 2004, the shortage of the rural migrant workers has turned to be pervasive in our country. So it is an unavoidable fact for the sustainable development of the economy to adopt effective measures to solve the shortage.The reason for the shortage is that the rural surplus labor employed in allopatric places can not meet the needs of the social and economic development. It is necessary to check out which factors restrict the allopatric employment in our country so as to solve the shortage completely. For this reason, taking examples in Shandong Province, the paper mainly concerns the research on the current situation of the local transference and the allopatric employment and its influencing factors on the basis of the spot check.
According to the tendency, the proportion of the rural surplus labor for the allopatric employment is continuously increasing along the economic development and the further adoption of the opening-up policy. From the current situation all over the country, the number of the rural surplus labor is more than the one for the allopatric employment and the phenomenon also occurs in Shandong without exception.
On the basis of the spot check about the rural surplus labor in Shandong, the paper introduces and analyzes the current situation about the local transference and allopatric employment. It illustrates the differences among gricultural production agent markets, family factor, the individual characteristics of labors, the development levels for regional economy, income, farming time and purposes for the allopatric employment in the aspect of the ways of transferring the rural surplus labor.
Taking the local transference as the frame of reference and analyzing with the model of regression of optimal scaling, the paper finds that the influence of these factors, including employment channels, treatment to lands, the position of labors in their families, the education status, the income levels for allopatric employment and non-agricultural employment is positive. The factors including the farming time, the age and the economic development have negative influence on ways of the transference for rural surplus labors. And the size of the families has certain influence on choosing the local transference or the allopatric employment, but not remarkable. And the gender of labors has no distinct effect on choosing the transference ways.
In accordance to the above-mentioned analysis, the conclusion includes that, the growth of the agricultural agent market is helpful for enhancing the allopatric employment but the agricultural agent market in our country is immature; the position of labor in their families is another factor restricting the allopatric employment of the rural surplus labors; labors on higher education status tend to the allopatric employment;It is the objective economic law that the improvement of the economy reduces the supply for the rural labor for allopatric employment; the income level of the allopatric labors is the prompting factor for the allopatric employment; labors, choosing either the local transference or allopatric employment aim at increasing their income; and some rural surplus labors who expect to transfer into the city life prefer the allopatric employment, so it is meaningful for enhancing the alopatric employment of the rural surplus labor to arouse their expectation for the transference to the city life.
In illusion to the main restrictive factors to the allopatric employment of the rural surplus labors, the author puts forward some suggestions for enhancing the allopatric employment of the rural surplus labors. These suggestions are to build and improve the agricultural agent markets, to adopt various transference ways for broadening transference channels, to strenghten education and improve the quality of labors, to increase the labors’income and their welfare treatment ,to alter labors’mind and make great efforts to cultivate the farmers’modern consciousness.
从发展趋势来说,随着经济的发展,改革开放的不断深入,异地就业的农村剩余劳动力所占的比例不断提高。就当前来看,在全国范围内,农村剩余劳动力就地转移的人数多于异地就业的人数,山东也不例外。
在抽样调查的基础上,对山东省农村剩余劳动力就地转移、异地就业的现状进行了描述分析。分析显示农村要素市场、家庭因素、劳动者的个体特征、区域经济发展水平、收入水平、务农时间和外出就业目的在农村剩余劳动力转移方式方面存在差异。
如果以就地转移为参照系,通过最优尺度回归分析,结果显示:就业途径、土地处置方式、劳动者在家庭中的身份、受教育程度、外出就业的收入水平、非农就业目的的影响是正的。务农时间、年龄、经济发展水平高对农村剩余劳动力转移方式的选择有负影响。家庭规模对农村剩余劳动力就地转移、异地就业的选择有一定的影响,但并不显著。性别对农村剩余劳动力转移方式选择的影响不明显。
通过以上分析可以使我们得出如下结论:农村要素市场的发育有助于促进农村剩余劳动力的异地就业,但是我国农村要素市场极不发达;劳动者的的家庭身份是制约农村剩余劳动力异地就业的又一个重要因素;受教育程度高的劳动力倾向于异地就业;经济发展水平提高使农村异地就业劳动力供给减少是客观经济规律;外出就业的收入水平是异地就业的巨大的激励因素;无论是就地转移劳动力还是异地就业劳动力,大多以增加收入为目的,而期望转入城市生活的农村转移剩余劳动力偏好异地就业,这意味着,通过提高农村剩余劳动力转入城市生活的期望值对促进农村剩余劳动力的异地就业意义重大。
针对当前存在的农村剩余劳动力异地就业的主要制约因素,提出促进农村剩余劳动力异地就业的政策建议:建立和完善农村要素市场;采取多种转移方式,拓宽转移渠道;加强教育,提高劳动者素质;提高农民工的工资水平和福利待遇;积极转变思想观念,大力培育农民的现代意识。
Since the beginning of 2004, the shortage of the rural migrant workers has turned to be pervasive in our country. So it is an unavoidable fact for the sustainable development of the economy to adopt effective measures to solve the shortage.The reason for the shortage is that the rural surplus labor employed in allopatric places can not meet the needs of the social and economic development. It is necessary to check out which factors restrict the allopatric employment in our country so as to solve the shortage completely. For this reason, taking examples in Shandong Province, the paper mainly concerns the research on the current situation of the local transference and the allopatric employment and its influencing factors on the basis of the spot check.
According to the tendency, the proportion of the rural surplus labor for the allopatric employment is continuously increasing along the economic development and the further adoption of the opening-up policy. From the current situation all over the country, the number of the rural surplus labor is more than the one for the allopatric employment and the phenomenon also occurs in Shandong without exception.
On the basis of the spot check about the rural surplus labor in Shandong, the paper introduces and analyzes the current situation about the local transference and allopatric employment. It illustrates the differences among gricultural production agent markets, family factor, the individual characteristics of labors, the development levels for regional economy, income, farming time and purposes for the allopatric employment in the aspect of the ways of transferring the rural surplus labor.
Taking the local transference as the frame of reference and analyzing with the model of regression of optimal scaling, the paper finds that the influence of these factors, including employment channels, treatment to lands, the position of labors in their families, the education status, the income levels for allopatric employment and non-agricultural employment is positive. The factors including the farming time, the age and the economic development have negative influence on ways of the transference for rural surplus labors. And the size of the families has certain influence on choosing the local transference or the allopatric employment, but not remarkable. And the gender of labors has no distinct effect on choosing the transference ways.
In accordance to the above-mentioned analysis, the conclusion includes that, the growth of the agricultural agent market is helpful for enhancing the allopatric employment but the agricultural agent market in our country is immature; the position of labor in their families is another factor restricting the allopatric employment of the rural surplus labors; labors on higher education status tend to the allopatric employment;It is the objective economic law that the improvement of the economy reduces the supply for the rural labor for allopatric employment; the income level of the allopatric labors is the prompting factor for the allopatric employment; labors, choosing either the local transference or allopatric employment aim at increasing their income; and some rural surplus labors who expect to transfer into the city life prefer the allopatric employment, so it is meaningful for enhancing the alopatric employment of the rural surplus labor to arouse their expectation for the transference to the city life.
In illusion to the main restrictive factors to the allopatric employment of the rural surplus labors, the author puts forward some suggestions for enhancing the allopatric employment of the rural surplus labors. These suggestions are to build and improve the agricultural agent markets, to adopt various transference ways for broadening transference channels, to strenghten education and improve the quality of labors, to increase the labors’income and their welfare treatment ,to alter labors’mind and make great efforts to cultivate the farmers’modern consciousness.
引文
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