基于QFD与工效学方法的产品开发与评价技术研究
|
摘要
对于用户需求的辨识是产品开发流程中的关键步骤,真实有效的用户需求信息是产品成功的基础,好的设计应当在体现产品基本功能的同时,又能让消费者从中得到愉悦与舒适的体验。在产品整个设计过程中,想要最大程度满足用户需求,两个方面十分关键:一是如何将最大多数顾客显性和潜在的需要恰当转化为设计的初始条件;二是如何将设计要求(初始条件)转化为可用于生产的图纸或文档。因此,设计能否获得成功,取决于于设计者与工程师对于顾客需求的分析和把握,以及如何将用户需求合理恰当地表达到产品特征当中。只有同时解决设计中这两个主要方面,才能制造出真正令顾客满意的产品。
本文基于以上认识,对现有的产品质量功能开发架构做了改进,将工效学理论融入对于用户需求属性以及产品设计属性的识别当中,更加客观有效地挖掘用户需求信息与产品设计信息,建立了客观工效学实验与主观满意度评测相结合的产品开发体系,并选取了手持电动工具典型产品进行案例应用,验证了方法的有效性,为产品设计师与工程师提供了更为清晰而有效的开发与评价手段。
本文主要研究内容包括:
1、基于工效学及用户满意度理论,选择手持电动工具为切入点,更深入对用户需求信息进行辨识,通过因子分析等统计学方法来进行数据分析,优化数据结构,萃取有效变量,最终确立各项用户需求属性的优先度。同时依据经典的满意度模型重新划分用户需求属性类别,建立起面向手持电动工具的多维满意度模型。
2、选取了手持电钻这一典型产品进行案例应用,利用工效学理论,建立人体变量与产品变量间的相关矩阵,通过专家知识确定相对重要的产品设计属性。同时结合已经确立的用户需求属性进行关联耦合分析,获得了产品设计属性的优先度顺序,明确了相对重要的设计属性要素。
3、针对手持工具的操作特点,进行了手部抓握操作工效学实验研究,分析了手部压力分布特征以及相关肌群的最大负荷。总结了抓握直径变化对于手部压力分布的影响,同时为后续手持电钻操作实验打下基础。
4、以手持电钻为例进行了工效学实验研究,利用工效学方法测定了用户在钻孔作业中各项生理指标(尺桡偏角、sEMG、FSRs)与心理指标(Borg负荷量表)的参数变化,同时获得了产品工作效能的相关指标(钻孔速度与精确度)参数,通过数据分析提取了有效的实验数据,对五款产品进行客观评测。
5、针对产品进行主观满意度评测,进而结合客观工效学实验对相关指标进行替换融合,完成了综合评价体系的构建。通过不同评价指标间的对比分析,对产品进行多维评价,并尝试建立了面向手持电动工具的工效学综合评价系统。
In general, identification of customer needs is the first and the most important step in the development of any product. Reliable and comprehensive user needs is crucial for developing usable products as well as fundamental to market success. How to satisfy user needs, there are two fold characters should be done. First, how to transform most of the user needs to design attributes. Second, how to transform the design attribute to manufacture documents.
Based on the knowledge above, this thesis developed a multidisciplinary design approach for integrating ergonomics and engineering design technology (QFD). A modified HoQ (House of Quality) matrix adapted from QFD was proposed and utilized to systematically identify the critical ergonomic design elements corresponding to users' functional requirements as well as affective needs. A case study of electric drill design was conducted to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed design methodology. In order to verify the research hypothesis following efforts are performed:
1. Elicit comprehensive user needs and expectation related to user satisfaction by extensive ergonomics knowledge. Identify user needs and expectations related to user satisfaction and prioritize them by questionnaire and statistical analysis.
2. Assess the design priority of product attributes of the electric hand tool by correlating weighted user needs with product design attributes. Finally, identify the important ergonomic design elements of electric hand tool regarding to user satisfaction.
3. Based on the character of electric hand tool, an ergonomics experiment was conducted to analyze the hand force distribute and the sEMG signal. Concluded the influence of grab diameter on FSRs, which was prepared for the ergonomics experiment on electric drill operating.
4. Evaluate the design attributes of electric hand tools on ergonomic effectiveness in terms of biomechanical, physiological, and psychophysical aspects of user with two experiments. Assess qualitatively the impacts of design attributes of electric hand tool on users' subjective preference or expectation.
5. Develop an integrated design priority evaluation method by incorporating objective performance measures with subjective evaluation measures so as to identify the overall priority of design alternatives of an electric hand tool.
本文基于以上认识,对现有的产品质量功能开发架构做了改进,将工效学理论融入对于用户需求属性以及产品设计属性的识别当中,更加客观有效地挖掘用户需求信息与产品设计信息,建立了客观工效学实验与主观满意度评测相结合的产品开发体系,并选取了手持电动工具典型产品进行案例应用,验证了方法的有效性,为产品设计师与工程师提供了更为清晰而有效的开发与评价手段。
本文主要研究内容包括:
1、基于工效学及用户满意度理论,选择手持电动工具为切入点,更深入对用户需求信息进行辨识,通过因子分析等统计学方法来进行数据分析,优化数据结构,萃取有效变量,最终确立各项用户需求属性的优先度。同时依据经典的满意度模型重新划分用户需求属性类别,建立起面向手持电动工具的多维满意度模型。
2、选取了手持电钻这一典型产品进行案例应用,利用工效学理论,建立人体变量与产品变量间的相关矩阵,通过专家知识确定相对重要的产品设计属性。同时结合已经确立的用户需求属性进行关联耦合分析,获得了产品设计属性的优先度顺序,明确了相对重要的设计属性要素。
3、针对手持工具的操作特点,进行了手部抓握操作工效学实验研究,分析了手部压力分布特征以及相关肌群的最大负荷。总结了抓握直径变化对于手部压力分布的影响,同时为后续手持电钻操作实验打下基础。
4、以手持电钻为例进行了工效学实验研究,利用工效学方法测定了用户在钻孔作业中各项生理指标(尺桡偏角、sEMG、FSRs)与心理指标(Borg负荷量表)的参数变化,同时获得了产品工作效能的相关指标(钻孔速度与精确度)参数,通过数据分析提取了有效的实验数据,对五款产品进行客观评测。
5、针对产品进行主观满意度评测,进而结合客观工效学实验对相关指标进行替换融合,完成了综合评价体系的构建。通过不同评价指标间的对比分析,对产品进行多维评价,并尝试建立了面向手持电动工具的工效学综合评价系统。
In general, identification of customer needs is the first and the most important step in the development of any product. Reliable and comprehensive user needs is crucial for developing usable products as well as fundamental to market success. How to satisfy user needs, there are two fold characters should be done. First, how to transform most of the user needs to design attributes. Second, how to transform the design attribute to manufacture documents.
Based on the knowledge above, this thesis developed a multidisciplinary design approach for integrating ergonomics and engineering design technology (QFD). A modified HoQ (House of Quality) matrix adapted from QFD was proposed and utilized to systematically identify the critical ergonomic design elements corresponding to users' functional requirements as well as affective needs. A case study of electric drill design was conducted to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed design methodology. In order to verify the research hypothesis following efforts are performed:
1. Elicit comprehensive user needs and expectation related to user satisfaction by extensive ergonomics knowledge. Identify user needs and expectations related to user satisfaction and prioritize them by questionnaire and statistical analysis.
2. Assess the design priority of product attributes of the electric hand tool by correlating weighted user needs with product design attributes. Finally, identify the important ergonomic design elements of electric hand tool regarding to user satisfaction.
3. Based on the character of electric hand tool, an ergonomics experiment was conducted to analyze the hand force distribute and the sEMG signal. Concluded the influence of grab diameter on FSRs, which was prepared for the ergonomics experiment on electric drill operating.
4. Evaluate the design attributes of electric hand tools on ergonomic effectiveness in terms of biomechanical, physiological, and psychophysical aspects of user with two experiments. Assess qualitatively the impacts of design attributes of electric hand tool on users' subjective preference or expectation.
5. Develop an integrated design priority evaluation method by incorporating objective performance measures with subjective evaluation measures so as to identify the overall priority of design alternatives of an electric hand tool.
引文
[1]Love T.Philosophy of Design:a metatheoretical structure for design theory.Design Studies,2000,21(3):293
[2]Love T.Constructing a Coherent Crossdisciplinary Body of Theory about Designing and Designs:some philosophical issues.Design Studies,2002,23(3):345-36-313
[3]Liddament T.The Computationalist Paradigm in Design Research.Design studies,1999,20(1):41-56.
[4]Gero J S.Computational Models of Innovative and Creative Design Process.Technological Forecasting and social Change,2000,64(2):183-196.
[5]Rosenman MA,Gero J S.Purpose and Function in Design:from the socio-cultural to the techno-physical.Design Studies,1998,19(2):161-186.
[6]Kim H,Querin OM,Steven GP.On the Development of Structural Optimisation and Its Relevance in Engineering Design.Design studies.2002.23(1):85-102.
[7]Somadeepti N,Suzanne H,Thomas E,杨磊 主译.柯达实用工效学设计.化学工业出版社.2007
[8]Ho E S S A,Lai Y J,Chang S I.An integrated group decision-making approach to quality function deployment.IIE Transactions,1999,(31):553-567
[9]车阿大,林志航.质量功能配置的多目标规划模型.计算机集成制造系统,1998,6:26-30.
[10]崔勇.产品设计的模糊质量功能配置技术研究[工学博士学位论文].哈尔滨工业大学,2006.
[11]华尔天.产品满意度理论及在机电产品创新设计中的应用[博士学位论文].上海大学,2006.
[12]Kreng V B,L.T.P.QFD-based modular product design with linear integer programming-a case study.J.Eng.Design,2004,15(3):261-284.
[13]Anderson.E.W.Foundations of the American Customer Satisfaction Index.Total Quality Management,2000,11(7):869-882
[14]Cardozo,R.N.An Experimental Study of Customer Effort Expectation and Satisfaction.Journal of Marketing Research,1965,(2):244-249.
[15]Cristiano J J,L.J.K.,White C C.Key factors in the successful application of quality function deployment(QFD).IEEE Transaction on Engineering Management,2001,48(1):81-95.
[16]林志航.计算机辅助质量系统.机械工业出版社,1997.
[17]林志航.产品设计与制造质量工程.机械工业出版社,2005.
[18]刘鸿恩.改进的质量功能展开.系统工程理论方法应用,1995,4(4):49-53.
[19]Fomell,C.B.,EL.Two Structural Equation Models:LISREL and PLS Applied to Consumer Exit-Voice Theory.Journal of Research,1992,14(11):440-452
[20]Iranmanesh S H,S.M.H.An investigation of rank reserval when using fuzzy importance levels in QFD analysis.International Journal of Reliability,2003,10(2):185-203.
[21]Tseng M M,Jiao J X.Computer-aided requirement management for product definition:A methodology and implementation[J].Concurr Eng Res Appl 1998,6(2):145-160.
[22]Huage P L,Stauffer L A.A method for eliciting knowledge form customers[M].Design and Methodology,Del-vo1.53,1993:73-81.
[23]Yan W,Chen C H,Khoo L P.A radical basis function neural network multicultural factors evaluation engine for product concept development[J].Expert System,2001,8(5):219-232.
[24]Chen C H,Khoo L P,Yan W.A strategy for acquiring customer requirement pattems using laddering technique and ART2 neural network[J].Adv Eng Inf,2002,16(3):229-240.
[25]Jiao J X,Zhang Y Y.Product portfolio identification based on association rule mining[J].Computer Aided Design,2005,37(3):149-172.
[26]Chan L K,Wu M L.Quality function deployment:a comprehensive review of its concepts and methods(J].Quality Engineering,2002,15(1):23-35.
[27]Chan L K,Wu M L.Prioritizing the technical measures in quality function deployment.Quality Engineering[J].1998,10(3):467-79.
[28]Chan L K,Kao H P,Ng A,Wu M L.Rating the importance of customer needs in quality function deployment by fuzzy and entropy methods[J].International Journal of Production Research,1999,37(11):2499-2518.
[29]Chan L K,Wu M L.A systematic approach to quality function deployment with a full illustrative example[J].Omega,2005,33(1):119-139
[30]Dawson D,Askin R Cx Optimal new product design using quality function deployment with empirical value functions[J].Quality and Reliability Engineering International,1999,15(1):17-32.
[31]孔造杰,郝永敬,王云峰.一种扩展的质量功能配置模型[J].系统工程理论与实践, 2001,21(8):111-114
[32]孔造杰,郝永敬.用权重概率综合系数法确定QFD中用户要求重要性[[J].计算机集成制造系统[[J].2001,7(2):65-67+72.
[33]Han C H,Kim J K,Choi,S H.Prioritizing engineering characteristics in quality function deployment with incomplete information:A linear partial ordering approach [J].International Journal of Production Economics,2004,91(3):235-249.
[34]Kwong C K,Bai H.importance weights fuzzy AHP customer approach to the requirements in deployment[J].Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing,2002determination of quality function 13(1):367-377.
[35]Hauser J R,Clausing D.The house of quality[J].Harvard Business Review,1988,66(3):63-73.
[36]Cohen L.Quality function deployment-how to make QFD for you[M].Addison-Wesley Publishing Company,Reading,MA,1995.
[37]刘鸿恩.改进的质量功能展开理论框架.系统工程理论与实践,1996,3:63-67.
[38]刘鸿恩,张列平等.改进的质量功能展开系统方法.系统工程理论与实践,2000,2:58-62.
[39]刘鸿恩,张列平等.质量功能展开(QFD)理论与方法-研究进展综述.系统工程,2000,18(2):1-15
[40]李延来.基于粗糙集的产品规划质量屋构建研究,2006
[41]刘杰成,李翔.设计理念之变.武汉理工大学学报,2004,17(1):130-131.
[42]袁修干,庄达民.人机工程.北京航空航天大学出版社,2002.3
[43]刘伟.人机工程技术研究的现状及发展趋势.海淀走读大学学报.2003,64(4):77-81
[44]M.D.johnson.A framework for comparing customer satisfaction across individuals and broduct categories,journal of Economic Psvchologv,1991,12:267-286.
[45]苗敬毅.顾客满意度的Bayes估计.统计与理论方法,2004,19(2):35-39.
[46]邵家骏.质量功能展开.机械工业出版社,2004.
[47]檀润华.发明问题解决理论.科学出版社,2004.
[48]吴昭同,余忠华,陈文华等(2004).保质设计.北京,机械工业出版社.
[49]谢友柏.现代设计与知识获取.中国机械工程.1996.(6):36-41.
[50]谢友柏.现代设计理论和方法的研究.机械工程学报.2004.40(4):1-9.
[51]翟丽.质量功能展开技术及其应用综述.管理工程学报.2000.14(1):52-60.
[52]张芃,李晓超,李启明,王金萍.国际产业转移的动向及我国的选择.统计研究. 2004.(4):3-7.
[53]N,C.Engineering Design Models:strategies for product design.Chichester,1991.
[54]Temponi C,Y.J.,Tiao W A.House of quality;A fuzzy logic-based requirements analysis.European Journal of Operational Research,1999,(117):340-354
[55]Wang,J.Fuzzy outranking approach to prioritize design requirements in quality function deployment.INT.J.PROD.RES,1999,37(4):899-916.
[56]Zaim S,S.M.The methodology of quality function deployment with crisp and fuzzy approaches and an application in the Turkish shampoo industry.Journal of Economic and Social Research.4(1):27-53
[57]邓树勋,王健,乔德才.运动生理学.高等教育出版社,2005,P32-68
[58]郑秀瑗.现代运动生物力学.国防工业出版社,2006,P87-120
[59]Armstrong,T.J.,Bir,C.,Foulke,J.,Martin,B.Fines,L,and Sjogaard.G.Muscle responses to simulated torque reactions of hand-held power tools.Ergonomics,1999,42:146-159.
[60]Armstrong,T.J.,Foulke,J.A.,Joseph,B.S.,and Goldstein,S.A.Investigation of cumulative trauma disorders in a poultry processing plant.American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal,1982,43:103-116.
[61]戴文涛,张非若,王正伦,杨磊.重复性伸腕作业劳动负荷与前臂伸肌的表面肌电特征.中华劳动卫生职业病杂志,2006,24(4):201-204
[62]丁嘉顺,王正伦,张海央,杨磊.手臂静态姿势和反复性操作负荷的肌电测定分析.中华劳动卫生职业病杂志,2004,22(6):406-409.
[63]方红光,王健.不同负荷引起的腰部肌肉表面肌电信号变化特征.生物物理学报,2004,20(5):394-398.
[64]葛树旺,陈松林,付圣灵,朱宏宇,宋昱,杨磊.手臂静态姿势负荷的肌电实验研究.工业与职业病,2008,34(4):220-223.
[65]焦伟国,瓮长水,王娜,朱才兴,刘立明,成忠实.健康青年握力与人体计量资料的相关性.中国康复理论与实践,2008,14(4):347-348.
[66]景慧丽.主成分分析和因子分析比较.学术探讨,2008,(8):254-255.
[67]刘学宗,张建,于书彦.关于量表的信度和效度.首都医科大学学报,2001,22(4):314-317
[68]Borg,G.Psychophysical scaling with applications in physical work and perception of exertion.Scandinavian Journal of Work,Environment,and Health,1990,16(1):55-58.
[69]郑宇扬.气动式钉枪握持较适条件评量之研究[硕士学位论文].朝阳科技大学。2007
[70]张慧姝.手电钻人机设计研究.包装工程,2008,29(9):102-103.
[71]CheoI Lee,Ergonomics Design and evaluation using a multidisciplinary approach:Application to hand tools,Ph.D.Dissertation,The Pennsylvania State University,UMI,2005.
[72]罗正清,方志刚.常用客户满意度研究模型及其优缺点分析.贵州财经学院学报,2002,6:14.17.
[73]Govers,C.P.M.QFD not just a tool but a way of quality management.International Journal of Production Economics,2001,69:151-159.
[74]Hall,C.External pressure at the hand during object handling and work with tools.International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics,1997,20:191-206.
[75]束苇.依人体工程学设计的手电钻.电动工具,2004,(2):12-15.
[76]王笃明,王健,葛列众.静态负荷诱发肌肉疲劳时表面肌电信号—变化与主观疲
劳感之间的关系.航天医学与医学工程,2004,17(3):201-204.
[77]王文博,陈秀芝.多指标综合评价中主成分分析和因子分析方法的比较.统计与信息论坛,21(5):19-22.
[78]王学民.主成分分析因子分析应用中值得注意的问题.知识丛林,2007,(6):142-143
[79]Hsu,S.H.and Chen,Y.H.Evaluation of bent-handled files,International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics,1998,No.25,pp.1-10.
[80]Woodson,W.E.Human factors design handbook,New York,1981,McGraw-hill
[81]R.W.Schoenmarklin and W.S.Marras.Efferts of handle angle and work orientation
on hammering:I:wrist motion and hammering performance,Human Factors,1089,pp.391-411.
[82]蔚二文,陈维毅.表面肌电图在肌肉功能评估中的应用.大众科技,2007,(95):120-122.
[83]吴小鹰,侯文生,郑小林,王洪,查敏.上臂表面肌电信号与肘关节角度的相关性研究.航天医学与医学工程,2007,20(4):259-263.
[84]吴小鹰,侯文生,郑小林,许蓉,彭承琳.腕长伸肌表面肌电与握力大小的相关性研究.仪器仪表学报,2008,29(8):1605-1608.
[85]谢正文,吴超.近十年我国人机工程学应用研究进展.工业安全与环保,2005,31(3):52-53.
[86]Bonapace,L.,The ergonomics of pleasure.In:Green,W.S.and Jordan,EW.(Eds.),Human Factors in Product Design:Current Practice and Future Trends.Taylor and Francis,London,1999,234-248.
[87]Bonapace,L.Linking product properties to pleasure:the Sensorial Quality Assessment Method-SEQUAM.In:Green,W.S.and Jordan,P.W.(Eds.),Pleasure with Products:Beyond Usability.Taylor and Francis,London.,2002,189-217.
[88]叶匡时.高科技、高繁度、高感度.CRB,2007,(9):150.
[89]银建华,苗杰.主成分分析和因子分析在评价体系中的应用.昌吉学院学报,2009,(2):103-107.
[90]余建英,何旭宏.数据统计分析与spss应用,人民邮电出版社,2003
[91]《量化研究与统计分析—spss 中文视窗版数据分析范例解析》邱皓政 重庆大学出版社2009
[92]Cochran,D.J.,Batra,S.,Bishu,R.R.,and Riley M.W.The effects of gloves and handle size on maximal torque.Proceedings of 1 Oth Congress of the International Ergonomics Association,,1988,254-256.
[93]Cochran,D.J.,and Riley,M.W.An evaluating Proceedings of Human Factors Society 26~(th),1982,408-412.
[94]Somadeepti N.Chengalur,Suzanne H.Rodgers,Thomas E.Bernard.Kodak's ergonomics design for people at work.2006,8
[95]Jia-Hua Lin,Raymond W.McGorry.Predicting subjective perceptions of powered tool torque reactions.Applied Ergonomics,2009,47-55
[96]Khalil,T.M.Design tools and machines to fit the man.Industrial Engineering,1972,32-35.
[97]Khalil,T.M.An electromyographic methodology for the evaluation of industrial design.Human Factors,1973,15(3):257-264.
[98]Sara A.Winges,Stephanie E.Eonta,John F.Soechting,Martha Flanders.Multi-Digit Control of Contact Forces During Rotation of a Hand-Held Object.Journal of Neurophysiology,2008,1846-1856
[99]Arun Garga,Kurt Hegmannb,Jay Kapellusch.Short-cycle overhead work and
shoulder girdle muscle fatigue.International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 2006,581-597
[100]林嗣豪,唐文娟,王志明,王绵珍.工作场所肌肉工效学负荷对肌肉骨骼功能的影响.中华劳动卫生职业病杂志,2009,Vo127-2
[101]MEDL A.,FLOTZ1NGER D.,PFURTSCHELLER G.Hilbert-transform based predictions of hand movements from EEG measurements.Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society,Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE.1992,6:2539-2540.
[102]Grant,K.A.,Habes,D.J.,and Steward,L.L.An analysis of handle designs for reducing manual effort:the influence of grip diameter.International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics,1992,10:199-206.
[103]Griffin,A.and Hauser,J.R.Voice of the customer.Marketing Science Institute Report,1992,92-106.
[104]Arnedt J.T.,Ainsley M.Geddes C.,et al.Comparative Sensitivity of a Simulated Driving Task to Self-report,Physiological,and other Performance Measures during Prolonged Wakefulness.Journal of Psychosomatic Research.2005,(58):61-71
[105]Kecklund G,Akerstedt T.Sleepiness in long distance truck driving:an ambulatory EEG study of night driving,Ergonomics,1993,36:1007-1017
[106]M.M.Macchi,Z.Boulos,T.Ranney,et al.Effects of an afternoon nap on nighttime alertness and performance in long-haul drivers,Acc.Anal.Prey.2002,34:825-834.
[107]Lal S.K.L.,Craig A.Driver fatigue:electroencephalography and psychological assessment,Psychophysiology 39(2002),pp.313-321
[108]Kramer A F.Physiological metrics of mental workload:a review of recent progress[A].In:Damos D L.Multiple～ task performanc[M].London:Taylor &Francis,1991.279-328
[109]陈信宏,许凤火.装订机握把与手掌使用舒适度之研究.工业设计.2003,p.186-193
[110]许胜雄.非动力手工具人因接口安全卫生指引,劳工卫生研究,1986
[111]Luttmann,A.,Jager,M.,Lauring,W.Electromyographical indicationof muscular fatigue in occupational field studies.International Journal oflndurnal Ergonomics,1999,Vol.25,No.2000,pp645-660.
[112]Cobb,S.,Forbes,A.,Electromyographic studies of muscular fatiguein man.Americal Journal of Physiology,1923,Vol.65,pp234-251.
[113]Hagg,GM.,Suurkula,J.,Liew,M.,A worksite method for shouldermuscle fatigue measurements using EMG,test contractions and zerocrossing technique.Ergonomics, 1987, Vol 30,pp1541-1551.
[114] Luttmann, A., Jager, M., Discrimination between fatigue-induced andforce-related EMG changes in occupational field studies. In: Kumar, S. Ed.Advances in Occupational Ergonomics and Safety 2. IOS Press, 1998, Amsterdam:pp218-221.
[115] Luttmann, A., Jager, M., Laurig, W., Surface electromyography inwork-physiological field studies for the analysis of muscular strain andfatigue. In: Wallinga, W., Boom,H.B.K., deVries, J. Eds.Electrophysiological Kinesiology. Elsevier Science Publishers,1998, Amsterdam:pp301-304.
[116] Sjogaard, G., Exercise-induced muscle fatigue: The significance of potassium.Acta.Physiologica, 1990, Vol. 140, Suppl., pp593.
[117] Hermens, H.J., V. Bruggen, T.A.M., Baten, C.T.M., Rutten, W.L.C., Boom,H.B.K.,Themedian frequency of the surface EMG power spectrumin relation to motor unit firing and action potential properties. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 1992, Vol.2, pp15-25
[118] Hall, N.B. and Bernett, E.M. Empirical assessment of handrail diameters. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1956, 40: 381-382.
[119] Jordan, P. W. The four pleasures: taking human factors beyond usability, Proceedings of the 13th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association, Tampere, Finland, 1997, 2: 364-366.
[120] Jordan, P. W. Human factors for pleasure in product use.Applied Ergonomics, 1998,29-33.
[121] Khalid, H.M. and Helander, M.G. A framework for affective customer needs in product design. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomic Science, 2004, 5 (1): 27-42.
[122] Shin, J.S. and Kim, K.J. Complexity reduction of a design problem in QFD using decomposition. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 2000,11 (4): 339-354.
[123] Kim, K.J. Determining optimal design characteristic levels in QFD. Quality Engineering, 1997, 10 (2):295-307.
[124] Lee, M.W, Yun, M.H., Jung, E.S., and Freivalds, A. High Touch: ergonomics in a conceptual design process-Case studies of a remote controller and personal telephones.International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics , 1997,19: 239-248.
[125] Lee, M.W, Yun, M.H., and Han, S.H. High Touch-an innovative scheme for new product development: case studies 1994-1998. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 2001. 27:271-283.
[126] Mital, A. Effect of body posture and common hand tools on peak torque exertion capabilities. Applied Ergonomics, 1986,17(2):87-96.
[127] Mital, A. and Channaveeraiah C. Peak volitional torques for wrenches and screwdrivers. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 1988, 3: 41-64.
[128] Shih, Y. C. and Wang, M. J.J. Evaluating the effects of interface factors on the torque exertion capabilities of operating handwheels. Applied Ergonomics, 1997,28(6):375-382.
[129] Chung, M.K., Lee, I. and Yeo, Y.S., Physiological workload evaluation of screw driving tasks in automobile assembly jobs, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 2001, V28:181-188.
[130] Forsman, M., Cyren, H., Moller, T., Kadefors, R., and Mathiassen, S.E. Activity in five muscles during joint securing using pneumatic nutrunners, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, ,2002, V29:21-32.
[131] Li, K.W., Ergonomic design and evaluation of wire-tying hand tools, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 2002, V30:149-161.
[132] Mirka, G.A., Shivers, C., Smith, C., and Taylor, J., Ergonomic interventions for the furniture manufacturing industry. Part II-Handtools, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 2002, V29:275-287.
[133] Oh, S.A. and Radwin, R.G., The effects of power hand tool dynamics and workstation design on handle kinematics and muscle activity, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 1997, V20:59-74.
[134] Schulze, J.H. Lawrence, Congleton J. Jerome, Koppa J. Rodger and Huchingson Dale R., International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 1994,16 (1995) 175-189.
[135] Chunlei Chai, Research on the Technology of Ergonomics Design based on Driving Posture Prediction Model, Dissertation Submitted to Zhejiang University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 2005.
[136] Margareta Nordin, Basic Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System, 2001.
[137] Byun, S.N, A computer simulation using a multivariate biomechanical posture prediction model for manual material handling tasks, Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 1991.
[138] Hsiang, M. S. and Ayoub, M. M., Development of methodology in biomechanical simulation of manual lifting, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 1994. 13,271-288
[139]Sepulveda,E,Wells,D.M.and Vaughan,C.L.,A neural network representation of electromyography and joint dynamics in human gait,Journal of Biomechanics,1993,26,101-109.
[140]Yamaguchi,G.T.,Performing whole-body simulation of gait with 3-D,dynamic musculoskeletal models,in J.M.Winters and S.L-Y.Woo(eds.),Multiple Muscle Systems:Biomechanics and Movement Organization(Springer-Verlag,New York),,1990,663-679.
[141]Simon HA.武夷山译.人工科学.北京商务印书馆,1987.
[142]Yamaguchi,G.T.Moran,D.W.and Si,A computationally efficient method for solving the redundant problem in biomechanics,Journal of Biomechanics,1995,8,999-1005.
[143]Zhang,X.,Development of a three-dimensional dynamic posture prediction model for seated operator motion simulation,Ph.D.Dissertation,The University of Michigan,Ann.1997.
[144]Pandy,M.G.and Berme,N.,Synthesis of human walking:a three-dimensional model for single support,Part 2:pathological gait,Proceedings of ASME Winter Annual Meeting(American Society of Mechanical Engineering,New York),13-18.
[145]陈彦助,充电式电动手工具辅助手柄改善设计[硕士学位论文].台湾国立屏东科技大学,2005
[146]侯悦民,季林红,金德闻.设计的科学属性及核心.科学技术与辩证法.2007,Vo124(3):23-28.
[2]Love T.Constructing a Coherent Crossdisciplinary Body of Theory about Designing and Designs:some philosophical issues.Design Studies,2002,23(3):345-36-313
[3]Liddament T.The Computationalist Paradigm in Design Research.Design studies,1999,20(1):41-56.
[4]Gero J S.Computational Models of Innovative and Creative Design Process.Technological Forecasting and social Change,2000,64(2):183-196.
[5]Rosenman MA,Gero J S.Purpose and Function in Design:from the socio-cultural to the techno-physical.Design Studies,1998,19(2):161-186.
[6]Kim H,Querin OM,Steven GP.On the Development of Structural Optimisation and Its Relevance in Engineering Design.Design studies.2002.23(1):85-102.
[7]Somadeepti N,Suzanne H,Thomas E,杨磊 主译.柯达实用工效学设计.化学工业出版社.2007
[8]Ho E S S A,Lai Y J,Chang S I.An integrated group decision-making approach to quality function deployment.IIE Transactions,1999,(31):553-567
[9]车阿大,林志航.质量功能配置的多目标规划模型.计算机集成制造系统,1998,6:26-30.
[10]崔勇.产品设计的模糊质量功能配置技术研究[工学博士学位论文].哈尔滨工业大学,2006.
[11]华尔天.产品满意度理论及在机电产品创新设计中的应用[博士学位论文].上海大学,2006.
[12]Kreng V B,L.T.P.QFD-based modular product design with linear integer programming-a case study.J.Eng.Design,2004,15(3):261-284.
[13]Anderson.E.W.Foundations of the American Customer Satisfaction Index.Total Quality Management,2000,11(7):869-882
[14]Cardozo,R.N.An Experimental Study of Customer Effort Expectation and Satisfaction.Journal of Marketing Research,1965,(2):244-249.
[15]Cristiano J J,L.J.K.,White C C.Key factors in the successful application of quality function deployment(QFD).IEEE Transaction on Engineering Management,2001,48(1):81-95.
[16]林志航.计算机辅助质量系统.机械工业出版社,1997.
[17]林志航.产品设计与制造质量工程.机械工业出版社,2005.
[18]刘鸿恩.改进的质量功能展开.系统工程理论方法应用,1995,4(4):49-53.
[19]Fomell,C.B.,EL.Two Structural Equation Models:LISREL and PLS Applied to Consumer Exit-Voice Theory.Journal of Research,1992,14(11):440-452
[20]Iranmanesh S H,S.M.H.An investigation of rank reserval when using fuzzy importance levels in QFD analysis.International Journal of Reliability,2003,10(2):185-203.
[21]Tseng M M,Jiao J X.Computer-aided requirement management for product definition:A methodology and implementation[J].Concurr Eng Res Appl 1998,6(2):145-160.
[22]Huage P L,Stauffer L A.A method for eliciting knowledge form customers[M].Design and Methodology,Del-vo1.53,1993:73-81.
[23]Yan W,Chen C H,Khoo L P.A radical basis function neural network multicultural factors evaluation engine for product concept development[J].Expert System,2001,8(5):219-232.
[24]Chen C H,Khoo L P,Yan W.A strategy for acquiring customer requirement pattems using laddering technique and ART2 neural network[J].Adv Eng Inf,2002,16(3):229-240.
[25]Jiao J X,Zhang Y Y.Product portfolio identification based on association rule mining[J].Computer Aided Design,2005,37(3):149-172.
[26]Chan L K,Wu M L.Quality function deployment:a comprehensive review of its concepts and methods(J].Quality Engineering,2002,15(1):23-35.
[27]Chan L K,Wu M L.Prioritizing the technical measures in quality function deployment.Quality Engineering[J].1998,10(3):467-79.
[28]Chan L K,Kao H P,Ng A,Wu M L.Rating the importance of customer needs in quality function deployment by fuzzy and entropy methods[J].International Journal of Production Research,1999,37(11):2499-2518.
[29]Chan L K,Wu M L.A systematic approach to quality function deployment with a full illustrative example[J].Omega,2005,33(1):119-139
[30]Dawson D,Askin R Cx Optimal new product design using quality function deployment with empirical value functions[J].Quality and Reliability Engineering International,1999,15(1):17-32.
[31]孔造杰,郝永敬,王云峰.一种扩展的质量功能配置模型[J].系统工程理论与实践, 2001,21(8):111-114
[32]孔造杰,郝永敬.用权重概率综合系数法确定QFD中用户要求重要性[[J].计算机集成制造系统[[J].2001,7(2):65-67+72.
[33]Han C H,Kim J K,Choi,S H.Prioritizing engineering characteristics in quality function deployment with incomplete information:A linear partial ordering approach [J].International Journal of Production Economics,2004,91(3):235-249.
[34]Kwong C K,Bai H.importance weights fuzzy AHP customer approach to the requirements in deployment[J].Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing,2002determination of quality function 13(1):367-377.
[35]Hauser J R,Clausing D.The house of quality[J].Harvard Business Review,1988,66(3):63-73.
[36]Cohen L.Quality function deployment-how to make QFD for you[M].Addison-Wesley Publishing Company,Reading,MA,1995.
[37]刘鸿恩.改进的质量功能展开理论框架.系统工程理论与实践,1996,3:63-67.
[38]刘鸿恩,张列平等.改进的质量功能展开系统方法.系统工程理论与实践,2000,2:58-62.
[39]刘鸿恩,张列平等.质量功能展开(QFD)理论与方法-研究进展综述.系统工程,2000,18(2):1-15
[40]李延来.基于粗糙集的产品规划质量屋构建研究,2006
[41]刘杰成,李翔.设计理念之变.武汉理工大学学报,2004,17(1):130-131.
[42]袁修干,庄达民.人机工程.北京航空航天大学出版社,2002.3
[43]刘伟.人机工程技术研究的现状及发展趋势.海淀走读大学学报.2003,64(4):77-81
[44]M.D.johnson.A framework for comparing customer satisfaction across individuals and broduct categories,journal of Economic Psvchologv,1991,12:267-286.
[45]苗敬毅.顾客满意度的Bayes估计.统计与理论方法,2004,19(2):35-39.
[46]邵家骏.质量功能展开.机械工业出版社,2004.
[47]檀润华.发明问题解决理论.科学出版社,2004.
[48]吴昭同,余忠华,陈文华等(2004).保质设计.北京,机械工业出版社.
[49]谢友柏.现代设计与知识获取.中国机械工程.1996.(6):36-41.
[50]谢友柏.现代设计理论和方法的研究.机械工程学报.2004.40(4):1-9.
[51]翟丽.质量功能展开技术及其应用综述.管理工程学报.2000.14(1):52-60.
[52]张芃,李晓超,李启明,王金萍.国际产业转移的动向及我国的选择.统计研究. 2004.(4):3-7.
[53]N,C.Engineering Design Models:strategies for product design.Chichester,1991.
[54]Temponi C,Y.J.,Tiao W A.House of quality;A fuzzy logic-based requirements analysis.European Journal of Operational Research,1999,(117):340-354
[55]Wang,J.Fuzzy outranking approach to prioritize design requirements in quality function deployment.INT.J.PROD.RES,1999,37(4):899-916.
[56]Zaim S,S.M.The methodology of quality function deployment with crisp and fuzzy approaches and an application in the Turkish shampoo industry.Journal of Economic and Social Research.4(1):27-53
[57]邓树勋,王健,乔德才.运动生理学.高等教育出版社,2005,P32-68
[58]郑秀瑗.现代运动生物力学.国防工业出版社,2006,P87-120
[59]Armstrong,T.J.,Bir,C.,Foulke,J.,Martin,B.Fines,L,and Sjogaard.G.Muscle responses to simulated torque reactions of hand-held power tools.Ergonomics,1999,42:146-159.
[60]Armstrong,T.J.,Foulke,J.A.,Joseph,B.S.,and Goldstein,S.A.Investigation of cumulative trauma disorders in a poultry processing plant.American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal,1982,43:103-116.
[61]戴文涛,张非若,王正伦,杨磊.重复性伸腕作业劳动负荷与前臂伸肌的表面肌电特征.中华劳动卫生职业病杂志,2006,24(4):201-204
[62]丁嘉顺,王正伦,张海央,杨磊.手臂静态姿势和反复性操作负荷的肌电测定分析.中华劳动卫生职业病杂志,2004,22(6):406-409.
[63]方红光,王健.不同负荷引起的腰部肌肉表面肌电信号变化特征.生物物理学报,2004,20(5):394-398.
[64]葛树旺,陈松林,付圣灵,朱宏宇,宋昱,杨磊.手臂静态姿势负荷的肌电实验研究.工业与职业病,2008,34(4):220-223.
[65]焦伟国,瓮长水,王娜,朱才兴,刘立明,成忠实.健康青年握力与人体计量资料的相关性.中国康复理论与实践,2008,14(4):347-348.
[66]景慧丽.主成分分析和因子分析比较.学术探讨,2008,(8):254-255.
[67]刘学宗,张建,于书彦.关于量表的信度和效度.首都医科大学学报,2001,22(4):314-317
[68]Borg,G.Psychophysical scaling with applications in physical work and perception of exertion.Scandinavian Journal of Work,Environment,and Health,1990,16(1):55-58.
[69]郑宇扬.气动式钉枪握持较适条件评量之研究[硕士学位论文].朝阳科技大学。2007
[70]张慧姝.手电钻人机设计研究.包装工程,2008,29(9):102-103.
[71]CheoI Lee,Ergonomics Design and evaluation using a multidisciplinary approach:Application to hand tools,Ph.D.Dissertation,The Pennsylvania State University,UMI,2005.
[72]罗正清,方志刚.常用客户满意度研究模型及其优缺点分析.贵州财经学院学报,2002,6:14.17.
[73]Govers,C.P.M.QFD not just a tool but a way of quality management.International Journal of Production Economics,2001,69:151-159.
[74]Hall,C.External pressure at the hand during object handling and work with tools.International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics,1997,20:191-206.
[75]束苇.依人体工程学设计的手电钻.电动工具,2004,(2):12-15.
[76]王笃明,王健,葛列众.静态负荷诱发肌肉疲劳时表面肌电信号—变化与主观疲
劳感之间的关系.航天医学与医学工程,2004,17(3):201-204.
[77]王文博,陈秀芝.多指标综合评价中主成分分析和因子分析方法的比较.统计与信息论坛,21(5):19-22.
[78]王学民.主成分分析因子分析应用中值得注意的问题.知识丛林,2007,(6):142-143
[79]Hsu,S.H.and Chen,Y.H.Evaluation of bent-handled files,International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics,1998,No.25,pp.1-10.
[80]Woodson,W.E.Human factors design handbook,New York,1981,McGraw-hill
[81]R.W.Schoenmarklin and W.S.Marras.Efferts of handle angle and work orientation
on hammering:I:wrist motion and hammering performance,Human Factors,1089,pp.391-411.
[82]蔚二文,陈维毅.表面肌电图在肌肉功能评估中的应用.大众科技,2007,(95):120-122.
[83]吴小鹰,侯文生,郑小林,王洪,查敏.上臂表面肌电信号与肘关节角度的相关性研究.航天医学与医学工程,2007,20(4):259-263.
[84]吴小鹰,侯文生,郑小林,许蓉,彭承琳.腕长伸肌表面肌电与握力大小的相关性研究.仪器仪表学报,2008,29(8):1605-1608.
[85]谢正文,吴超.近十年我国人机工程学应用研究进展.工业安全与环保,2005,31(3):52-53.
[86]Bonapace,L.,The ergonomics of pleasure.In:Green,W.S.and Jordan,EW.(Eds.),Human Factors in Product Design:Current Practice and Future Trends.Taylor and Francis,London,1999,234-248.
[87]Bonapace,L.Linking product properties to pleasure:the Sensorial Quality Assessment Method-SEQUAM.In:Green,W.S.and Jordan,P.W.(Eds.),Pleasure with Products:Beyond Usability.Taylor and Francis,London.,2002,189-217.
[88]叶匡时.高科技、高繁度、高感度.CRB,2007,(9):150.
[89]银建华,苗杰.主成分分析和因子分析在评价体系中的应用.昌吉学院学报,2009,(2):103-107.
[90]余建英,何旭宏.数据统计分析与spss应用,人民邮电出版社,2003
[91]《量化研究与统计分析—spss 中文视窗版数据分析范例解析》邱皓政 重庆大学出版社2009
[92]Cochran,D.J.,Batra,S.,Bishu,R.R.,and Riley M.W.The effects of gloves and handle size on maximal torque.Proceedings of 1 Oth Congress of the International Ergonomics Association,,1988,254-256.
[93]Cochran,D.J.,and Riley,M.W.An evaluating Proceedings of Human Factors Society 26~(th),1982,408-412.
[94]Somadeepti N.Chengalur,Suzanne H.Rodgers,Thomas E.Bernard.Kodak's ergonomics design for people at work.2006,8
[95]Jia-Hua Lin,Raymond W.McGorry.Predicting subjective perceptions of powered tool torque reactions.Applied Ergonomics,2009,47-55
[96]Khalil,T.M.Design tools and machines to fit the man.Industrial Engineering,1972,32-35.
[97]Khalil,T.M.An electromyographic methodology for the evaluation of industrial design.Human Factors,1973,15(3):257-264.
[98]Sara A.Winges,Stephanie E.Eonta,John F.Soechting,Martha Flanders.Multi-Digit Control of Contact Forces During Rotation of a Hand-Held Object.Journal of Neurophysiology,2008,1846-1856
[99]Arun Garga,Kurt Hegmannb,Jay Kapellusch.Short-cycle overhead work and
shoulder girdle muscle fatigue.International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 2006,581-597
[100]林嗣豪,唐文娟,王志明,王绵珍.工作场所肌肉工效学负荷对肌肉骨骼功能的影响.中华劳动卫生职业病杂志,2009,Vo127-2
[101]MEDL A.,FLOTZ1NGER D.,PFURTSCHELLER G.Hilbert-transform based predictions of hand movements from EEG measurements.Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society,Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE.1992,6:2539-2540.
[102]Grant,K.A.,Habes,D.J.,and Steward,L.L.An analysis of handle designs for reducing manual effort:the influence of grip diameter.International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics,1992,10:199-206.
[103]Griffin,A.and Hauser,J.R.Voice of the customer.Marketing Science Institute Report,1992,92-106.
[104]Arnedt J.T.,Ainsley M.Geddes C.,et al.Comparative Sensitivity of a Simulated Driving Task to Self-report,Physiological,and other Performance Measures during Prolonged Wakefulness.Journal of Psychosomatic Research.2005,(58):61-71
[105]Kecklund G,Akerstedt T.Sleepiness in long distance truck driving:an ambulatory EEG study of night driving,Ergonomics,1993,36:1007-1017
[106]M.M.Macchi,Z.Boulos,T.Ranney,et al.Effects of an afternoon nap on nighttime alertness and performance in long-haul drivers,Acc.Anal.Prey.2002,34:825-834.
[107]Lal S.K.L.,Craig A.Driver fatigue:electroencephalography and psychological assessment,Psychophysiology 39(2002),pp.313-321
[108]Kramer A F.Physiological metrics of mental workload:a review of recent progress[A].In:Damos D L.Multiple～ task performanc[M].London:Taylor &Francis,1991.279-328
[109]陈信宏,许凤火.装订机握把与手掌使用舒适度之研究.工业设计.2003,p.186-193
[110]许胜雄.非动力手工具人因接口安全卫生指引,劳工卫生研究,1986
[111]Luttmann,A.,Jager,M.,Lauring,W.Electromyographical indicationof muscular fatigue in occupational field studies.International Journal oflndurnal Ergonomics,1999,Vol.25,No.2000,pp645-660.
[112]Cobb,S.,Forbes,A.,Electromyographic studies of muscular fatiguein man.Americal Journal of Physiology,1923,Vol.65,pp234-251.
[113]Hagg,GM.,Suurkula,J.,Liew,M.,A worksite method for shouldermuscle fatigue measurements using EMG,test contractions and zerocrossing technique.Ergonomics, 1987, Vol 30,pp1541-1551.
[114] Luttmann, A., Jager, M., Discrimination between fatigue-induced andforce-related EMG changes in occupational field studies. In: Kumar, S. Ed.Advances in Occupational Ergonomics and Safety 2. IOS Press, 1998, Amsterdam:pp218-221.
[115] Luttmann, A., Jager, M., Laurig, W., Surface electromyography inwork-physiological field studies for the analysis of muscular strain andfatigue. In: Wallinga, W., Boom,H.B.K., deVries, J. Eds.Electrophysiological Kinesiology. Elsevier Science Publishers,1998, Amsterdam:pp301-304.
[116] Sjogaard, G., Exercise-induced muscle fatigue: The significance of potassium.Acta.Physiologica, 1990, Vol. 140, Suppl., pp593.
[117] Hermens, H.J., V. Bruggen, T.A.M., Baten, C.T.M., Rutten, W.L.C., Boom,H.B.K.,Themedian frequency of the surface EMG power spectrumin relation to motor unit firing and action potential properties. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 1992, Vol.2, pp15-25
[118] Hall, N.B. and Bernett, E.M. Empirical assessment of handrail diameters. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1956, 40: 381-382.
[119] Jordan, P. W. The four pleasures: taking human factors beyond usability, Proceedings of the 13th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association, Tampere, Finland, 1997, 2: 364-366.
[120] Jordan, P. W. Human factors for pleasure in product use.Applied Ergonomics, 1998,29-33.
[121] Khalid, H.M. and Helander, M.G. A framework for affective customer needs in product design. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomic Science, 2004, 5 (1): 27-42.
[122] Shin, J.S. and Kim, K.J. Complexity reduction of a design problem in QFD using decomposition. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 2000,11 (4): 339-354.
[123] Kim, K.J. Determining optimal design characteristic levels in QFD. Quality Engineering, 1997, 10 (2):295-307.
[124] Lee, M.W, Yun, M.H., Jung, E.S., and Freivalds, A. High Touch: ergonomics in a conceptual design process-Case studies of a remote controller and personal telephones.International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics , 1997,19: 239-248.
[125] Lee, M.W, Yun, M.H., and Han, S.H. High Touch-an innovative scheme for new product development: case studies 1994-1998. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 2001. 27:271-283.
[126] Mital, A. Effect of body posture and common hand tools on peak torque exertion capabilities. Applied Ergonomics, 1986,17(2):87-96.
[127] Mital, A. and Channaveeraiah C. Peak volitional torques for wrenches and screwdrivers. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 1988, 3: 41-64.
[128] Shih, Y. C. and Wang, M. J.J. Evaluating the effects of interface factors on the torque exertion capabilities of operating handwheels. Applied Ergonomics, 1997,28(6):375-382.
[129] Chung, M.K., Lee, I. and Yeo, Y.S., Physiological workload evaluation of screw driving tasks in automobile assembly jobs, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 2001, V28:181-188.
[130] Forsman, M., Cyren, H., Moller, T., Kadefors, R., and Mathiassen, S.E. Activity in five muscles during joint securing using pneumatic nutrunners, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, ,2002, V29:21-32.
[131] Li, K.W., Ergonomic design and evaluation of wire-tying hand tools, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 2002, V30:149-161.
[132] Mirka, G.A., Shivers, C., Smith, C., and Taylor, J., Ergonomic interventions for the furniture manufacturing industry. Part II-Handtools, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 2002, V29:275-287.
[133] Oh, S.A. and Radwin, R.G., The effects of power hand tool dynamics and workstation design on handle kinematics and muscle activity, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 1997, V20:59-74.
[134] Schulze, J.H. Lawrence, Congleton J. Jerome, Koppa J. Rodger and Huchingson Dale R., International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 1994,16 (1995) 175-189.
[135] Chunlei Chai, Research on the Technology of Ergonomics Design based on Driving Posture Prediction Model, Dissertation Submitted to Zhejiang University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 2005.
[136] Margareta Nordin, Basic Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System, 2001.
[137] Byun, S.N, A computer simulation using a multivariate biomechanical posture prediction model for manual material handling tasks, Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 1991.
[138] Hsiang, M. S. and Ayoub, M. M., Development of methodology in biomechanical simulation of manual lifting, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 1994. 13,271-288
[139]Sepulveda,E,Wells,D.M.and Vaughan,C.L.,A neural network representation of electromyography and joint dynamics in human gait,Journal of Biomechanics,1993,26,101-109.
[140]Yamaguchi,G.T.,Performing whole-body simulation of gait with 3-D,dynamic musculoskeletal models,in J.M.Winters and S.L-Y.Woo(eds.),Multiple Muscle Systems:Biomechanics and Movement Organization(Springer-Verlag,New York),,1990,663-679.
[141]Simon HA.武夷山译.人工科学.北京商务印书馆,1987.
[142]Yamaguchi,G.T.Moran,D.W.and Si,A computationally efficient method for solving the redundant problem in biomechanics,Journal of Biomechanics,1995,8,999-1005.
[143]Zhang,X.,Development of a three-dimensional dynamic posture prediction model for seated operator motion simulation,Ph.D.Dissertation,The University of Michigan,Ann.1997.
[144]Pandy,M.G.and Berme,N.,Synthesis of human walking:a three-dimensional model for single support,Part 2:pathological gait,Proceedings of ASME Winter Annual Meeting(American Society of Mechanical Engineering,New York),13-18.
[145]陈彦助,充电式电动手工具辅助手柄改善设计[硕士学位论文].台湾国立屏东科技大学,2005
[146]侯悦民,季林红,金德闻.设计的科学属性及核心.科学技术与辩证法.2007,Vo124(3):23-28.