超声速自由漩涡气动窗口及其光学质量的研究
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摘要
高能气动激光器或高能化学激光器是目前高能激光武器中最有发展前途的高能激光光源之一。由于其激光工作介质是气体,而且激光腔内的压力与外界环境压强相差很大,激光束的输出窗口必须密封。由于晶体材料窗口不可避免的部分吸收作用,对于目前几十万瓦甚至兆瓦级的高能激光器来说,晶体窗口会产生热畸变甚至炸裂,从而影响输出光束质量甚至使激光器根本无法工作。自由旋涡气动窗口是利用流体微团作自由旋涡运动的离心力来平衡大气与光腔压力差,来作为高能激光束的输出窗口。
     本文研究的基本思路是对自由漩涡气动窗口原理和设计方法进行研究,利用等熵关系对自由漩涡流场进行射流设计;利用特征线方法对非对称的自由旋涡喷管进行设计。为验证设计的有效性,利用数值方法对非对称喷管流场、自由漩涡气动窗口流场进行数值研究。由于粘性的影响和实际的运行条件,由此而带来的一些问题则通过实验方法解决。
     本文首先介绍了高能激光在军事上和工业上的重要性以及气动窗口在高能激光系统中的关键作用,介绍了国内外气动窗口的研究概况和超声速自由漩涡气动窗口的独特优势。分析了气动窗口研究可能遇到的气动问题和光学问题,提出了发展超声速剪切层光学技术并应用于气动窗口研究的重要性。分析了超声速剪切层光学技术的数值研究和实验研究可能遇到的难点问题。
     研究了超声速自由旋涡气动窗口的原理和结构,对自由旋涡气动窗口流场的参数分布进行了详细推导,得到了气动窗口自由旋涡流场的压力、密度、温度和马赫数等参数在自由漩涡射流中的分布;对超声速自由漩涡气动窗口工作气体的质量流率进行了计算与讨论。提出了自由漩涡射流的设计方法和设计过程。对扩压器的压力恢复进行了分析和研究,得到了总压P_0值的选择方法。
     研究了超声速自由旋涡喷管的设计方法,这种喷管的出口参数是自由旋涡分布。利用特征线方法推导了这种自由旋涡喷管的设计过程。对喷管对称段的SSL-MLN设计方法进行了改进和优化;改进的设计方法中,吼部采用圆弧过度,改善了流场品质,同时喷管长度小。编制了自由旋涡喷管设计软件,对几种典型的自由旋涡喷管的壁面型线进行了设计;对设计的自由漩涡喷管流场进行了数值研究,数值研究表明,本文设计的喷管出口流场获得了自由漩涡射流的流动参数分布。对自由漩涡流场进行了数值研究,得到了流场的密度、马赫数、速度等参数在气动窗口中的分布。
     对超声速自由旋涡气动窗口流场的气动光学性能进行了研究,对光线在自由旋涡流场中的传播轨迹进行计算,分别求解出了光线沿着其轨迹的光程差分布,分析了自由旋涡气动窗口对透射的光束产生的气动透镜效应。为了对超声速剪切层光学性能进行优化设计,提出了超声速自由旋涡射流的压力匹配和折射率匹配剪切层的设计方法。提出并设计了两
    
     国防科学技术大学研究生院学位论文
    种类型的折射率匹配剪切层,即按照某种比例混合的无殆阴r混合气体作为自由漩涡射流的
    工作气体实现折射率匹配剪切层,和选用加热到某个温度的干燥空气作为自由漩涡射流工
    作气体实现折射率匹配剪切层。
     对超声速自由旋涡气动窗口进行了工程设计和实验研究,建立了一套超声速自由旋涡
    气动窗口的实验装置和配套的参数测量系统。对气动窗口的自由旋涡喷管、扩压器的结构
    以及各部件的相对位置进行了实验研究;对设计的气动窗口的气动结构、密封性能、启动
    性能、光学质量等进行了实验测试和分析。研究表明,本文设计的自由漩涡气动窗口经过
    调试可以在设计状态下运行,而且具有良好的启动性能和密封性能。自由漩涡气动窗口在
    设计状态下运行时,实验测得了自由漩涡射流的马赫数、皮托压力、静压随半径的分布和
    设计值很好地一致;气动窗口喷管前室压力在设计压力(IOatm)附近变化时,不会对密封
    压力造成明显的影响(这一点在激光机载应用时很重要)。当气动窗口的喷管前室压力为
    设计压力附近时,光学质量相对较好;当来流喷管前室压力明显偏离设计总压时,光学质
    量变差。为了防止气流通过侧壁边界层渗漏到光腔而引起气动窗口的气动性能和光学性
    能的下降,提出了防漏片的设计方法,研究了防漏片的厚度对气动窗口的气动性能和光学
    性能的影响。实验发现,安装防漏片后,气动窗口的密封性能和光学性能明显改善,对于
    本文设计的气动窗口来说,加上Zmm厚度的防漏片可取得一箭双雕的效果。对扩压器的研
    究表明,扩压器的形状和位置对气动窗口的性能有很大影响。对于本实验的气动窗口,只
    有选择适当扩压器参数值时,气动窗口的密封性能和光学性能才能达到设计要求。对气
    动窗口进行了激光透射实验、干涉实验、纹影实验,得到了相应的实验图像和R:等参数。
    实验表明,在喷管出口下游较远处,剪切层对沿光轴传播的光线干扰较大,射流上游区域
    剪切层较薄,对沿光轴传播的光线干扰很小;激光的远场透射光斑表明,气动窗口的射流
    剪切层流场对透射激光有一定的散焦效果。采用了纹影仪、激光透射远场光斑测量系统和
    差分干涉仪系统等作为光学质量参数的测量手段,设计了图像处理
In fields of high power laser apparatus, the high power aerodynamics laser and the high power chemical laser are the most progressing light source at present. Because the working media of laser is gas, and the pressure difference between the inner apparatus and environment of laser is large, so the window of output laser beam must be sealed. Due to the inevitable absorption of crystal window, the crystal window will be distorted even burst while the power of high energy laser apparatus is several hundred thousand watt even mega-watt, so the quality of laser beam will be influenced and the laser apparatus will not work properly. The free vortex aerodynamics window is used to be the window of high power laser beam, which takes advantage of the centripetal force of the free vortex motion of fluid.
    The fundamental thought of this paper is to research the principle the design method of free vortex aerodynamics window, then the free vortex field jet is designed with equal-entropy relation, and the asymmetry free vortex nozzle is designed with character line method. In order to validate the effectiveness of design, we applied numerical methods to research the field of asymmetry nozzle and that of free vortex aerodynamics window. Some problems will come up because of the influence of viscous and the real conditions, so the experiment method is adopted solve these problems.
    This paper contains two parts, one is the principle, design method, experiment research and test of supersonic free vortex aerodynamics window, the other is the research of optics performance in relation to jet shear layer of supersonic free vortex aerodynamics window..
    First, the importance of high power laser in military and industry and critical effect of aerodynamics window in high power laser system is introduced in this paper, also the survey of foreign research about aerodynamics window and the special advantages of supersonic free vortex window is introduced. The problem of aerodynamics and optics in researching aerodynamics window is analyzed, the importance of developing supersonic shear layer optics technique and its applications in aerodynamics window are put forward. The possible difficult problems which might be met in numerical and experimental research about supersonic shear layer optics technique are also analyzed in this paper.
    Two aerodynamics layouts of free vortex aerodynamics window geometry is put forward, then the parameter distribution of the field about free vortex aerodynamics window is deduced in detail, then we get the distribution about pressure, density, temperature and Mach number in field of aerodynamics window, the mass flow rate of the working gas in supersonic free vortex
    
    
    The design method of free vortex nozzle, in which the parameter of outlet is free vortex distribution, is put out and researched. The design process of free vortex nozzle is inferred with character line method. The SSL-MLN design method of nozzle symmetry part is improved and optimized. In the improved method, arc transition is adopted in the throat, as a result, the quality of flow field is improved and the length of nozzle is minimized. The integrative software of free vortex nozzle design and shape line of nozzle wall is edited, then the numerical simulation of the flow field of free vortex nozzle is proceed, and the result shows that the structure of flow field designed in this paper satisfied designed demand, and the flow parameter distribution of free vortex jet is achieved in the outlet of nozzle.
    The performance of aero-optic performance of free vortex flow field is researched, and the transmit trail of beam in free vortex field is simulated by numerical method, the distribution of light length difference along the trail is worked out, then the aerodynamics lens effect of beam, which is generate by the free vortex aerodynamics window, is analyzed. In order to optimized optic performance of supersonic shear layer, the pressure matched and refractive index matched design method is put out in designing supersonic free vortex aerody
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