一种宽线性高频宽可调范围的跨导运放及其滤波器应用
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摘要
进入21世纪以来，我国信息产业在生产和科研方面都大大加快了发展速度，并已成为国民经济发展的支柱产业之一。微电子技术、电子技术和计算机技术在相互渗透、相互支撑和相互促进的紧密关系中，均得到了飞速的发展。与此同时，伴随着超大规模集成电路技术的进步以及电子系统集成化趋势的迫切需求，模拟集成电路的设计方法受到日益广泛的重视。目前，低电压、低功耗的CMOS模拟电路与电流模式电路由于具有诸多的优点而成为现代超大规模集成电路技术理论工作者和设计工程师所关注的热点。而集成模拟滤波器作为模拟集成电路系统的重要组成单元，其电路设计与综合技术对于研究大规模集成电路设计方法具有重要的参考价值和实际应用价值。
本篇论文主要研究跨导运算放大器(OTA)及基于OTA-C架构的滤波器电路的原理和设计方法。首先介绍了模拟集成电路的重要性和当前国际国内的研究状况，接着介绍了MOS晶体管的模型以及由MOS晶体管所构成的几种基本集成电路单元模块，如基本电流镜和源耦差分对电路的原理及性能等，然后对CMOS跨导运算放大器的结构设计及其应用进行了深入的研究和探讨，并在归纳和分析了几种经典的跨导运算放大器的基础上，提出了一种改进型的跨导运放，使其不仅具有宽的线性输入范围，良好的频率响应特性，而且具有大范围增益线性可调的能力。最后，详细的介绍了基于OTA-C架构的高频连续时间模拟集成滤波器的设计方法，如无源LC梯形模拟法、级联法以及多环反馈法等，并对各种方法的性能与应用的特点进行了综合的研究。提供的Pspice仿真结果表明，通过应用文中所提出的改进型的跨导运算放大器，滤波器性能得到了极大的改善。
Since entering 21st century, the information industry of our country accelerate development greatly in production and scientific research, and has already become one of the pillars industry of national economic development. Microelectronic technique, electronic technology and computer technology with the close relations of mutually permeating, supporting and promoting each others, have gotten development at high speed . Meanwhile, with the progress of very large scale integration (VLSI) technology and urgent demand of the integrated trend of electronic system, the analog integrated circuit design method receives the extensive attention day by day. At present, The low voltage low power CMOS analog integrated circuit and the current mode circuit with a great deal of merits are concerned very much by theory researchers and project engineers for VLSI technology.
The integrated filter is the important composition unit of the analog integrated circuit system and its circuit design method and synthesize technology have important reference and actual using value for studying the large scale integrated
circuit.
This paper mainly researchs the prinples and the design methods of Operational- Transconductor-Amplifier(OTA) and OTA filters. At first the importance and present international and domestic research states of the analog integrated circuit are introduced , the model of MOS transistor and several kinds of basic integrated circuit unit module formed by MOS transistor are then introduced , for instance, basic current mirror and source coupled difference pairs and their principle and performance. Furthermore structure of the CMOS OTA is researched, and on the basis of summing up and analysing several kinds of classical OTA, a kind of improvement type OTA is proposed , which not only have wide linear input ranges, good frequency responds performance, but also have wide linear adjustment. At last, the design method of continuous time high frequency analog integrated OTA-C filter is introduced in detail, including passive LC ladder simulation, cascade and multiple feedback,etc. Pspice emulation results show the prop
osed OTA and OTA-C filters are feasible.
本篇论文主要研究跨导运算放大器(OTA)及基于OTA-C架构的滤波器电路的原理和设计方法。首先介绍了模拟集成电路的重要性和当前国际国内的研究状况，接着介绍了MOS晶体管的模型以及由MOS晶体管所构成的几种基本集成电路单元模块，如基本电流镜和源耦差分对电路的原理及性能等，然后对CMOS跨导运算放大器的结构设计及其应用进行了深入的研究和探讨，并在归纳和分析了几种经典的跨导运算放大器的基础上，提出了一种改进型的跨导运放，使其不仅具有宽的线性输入范围，良好的频率响应特性，而且具有大范围增益线性可调的能力。最后，详细的介绍了基于OTA-C架构的高频连续时间模拟集成滤波器的设计方法，如无源LC梯形模拟法、级联法以及多环反馈法等，并对各种方法的性能与应用的特点进行了综合的研究。提供的Pspice仿真结果表明，通过应用文中所提出的改进型的跨导运算放大器，滤波器性能得到了极大的改善。
Since entering 21st century, the information industry of our country accelerate development greatly in production and scientific research, and has already become one of the pillars industry of national economic development. Microelectronic technique, electronic technology and computer technology with the close relations of mutually permeating, supporting and promoting each others, have gotten development at high speed . Meanwhile, with the progress of very large scale integration (VLSI) technology and urgent demand of the integrated trend of electronic system, the analog integrated circuit design method receives the extensive attention day by day. At present, The low voltage low power CMOS analog integrated circuit and the current mode circuit with a great deal of merits are concerned very much by theory researchers and project engineers for VLSI technology.
The integrated filter is the important composition unit of the analog integrated circuit system and its circuit design method and synthesize technology have important reference and actual using value for studying the large scale integrated
circuit.
This paper mainly researchs the prinples and the design methods of Operational- Transconductor-Amplifier(OTA) and OTA filters. At first the importance and present international and domestic research states of the analog integrated circuit are introduced , the model of MOS transistor and several kinds of basic integrated circuit unit module formed by MOS transistor are then introduced , for instance, basic current mirror and source coupled difference pairs and their principle and performance. Furthermore structure of the CMOS OTA is researched, and on the basis of summing up and analysing several kinds of classical OTA, a kind of improvement type OTA is proposed , which not only have wide linear input ranges, good frequency responds performance, but also have wide linear adjustment. At last, the design method of continuous time high frequency analog integrated OTA-C filter is introduced in detail, including passive LC ladder simulation, cascade and multiple feedback,etc. Pspice emulation results show the prop
osed OTA and OTA-C filters are feasible.
引文
[1] 复旦大学微电子教研组．集成电路设计原理．模拟集成电路．北京：高等教育出版社，1984，5-68
[2] 李联．MOS运算放大器原理设计与应用．上海：复旦出版社，1990，1-67
[3] 赵玉山，周跃庆，王萍．电流模式电子电路．天津：天津大学出版社，2001，163-199
[4] 赵玉山．跨导型放大器原理．北京：电子工业出版社，1995，1-66
[5] 陈贵灿，邵志标，程军，林长贵．CMOS集成电路设计．西安：西安交通大学出版社，2000，2-65
[6] Phillip E. Allen, Douglas R. Holberg. CMOS模拟电路设计．第二版．北京：电子工业出版，2001，1-58
[7] Francois Krummenacher and Norbert Joehl. A 4MHz CMOS continuous-time filter with On-chip automatic tunning. IEEE Journal of solid-state circuit,1988,23(3): 750-758
[8] Vladimir I. Prodanov and Michael M.Green. A differential active load and its applications in CMOS analog circuit designs. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-Ⅱ: Analog and Digital Signal Processing, 1997,44(4):265-273
[9] M. Qu and M.A. Styblinski. Phase compensation of an OTA-C integrator for high-frequency continuous-time filters. Electronics Letters, 1993 ,29(21):1814-1816.
[10] 刘宏，董在望．一种可调高线性度跨导器．电子学报，2002，9：1282-1284
[11] Haideh khorramabadi and Paul R. Gray. high-frequency CMOS continuous-time filters. IEEE Journal of solid-state circuit, 1984,19(6):939-948
[12] 何怡刚，江金光，吴杰．通用有源电流模式滤波器．电子学报，1999，27(11)：21-24
[13] 江金光，何怡刚，吴杰．低电压高线性度宽输入范围Gm-C滤波器实现．电路与系统学报，2001，6(3)：37-41
[14] 江金光，何怡刚，吴杰．基于多输出端电流模式全差分积分器的梯形滤波器实现．电路与系统学报，2002，7(1)：5-9
[15] J.Glinianowicz, J.Jakusz ,S.Szczcpanski and Y.Sun. High-frequency two-input CMOS OTA for continuous-time filter applications. IEE Proc Circuits
Devices Syst, 2000, 147(1):13-18.
[16] Stanislaw Szcazepanski, Jacek Jakusz and Rolf Schaumann. A Linear Fully Balanced CMOS OTA for VHF Filtering Applications. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-Ⅱ :Analog and Digital Signal Processing, 1997, 44 (3) : p174-187
[17] Evert Seevinck and Roelof F.Wassenaar. A Versatile CMOS Linear Transconductor/ Square-Law Function Circuit..IEEE Journal of Solid-State circuits ,1987, 22 (3) : 1814-1815
[18] Seyed R.Zarabadilt and Mohammed Ismail. Very-High-Output-Impedance Cascode Current sources/current Mirrors/Transresistance Stages and their applications. International Journal of Circuit theory and application, 1992, 20: 639-648
[19] Jose Silva-martinez,michel S.J.Steyaert and Willy M.Csansen . A large-Signal Very Low-Distortion Transconductor for High-Frequency Continuous-Time Filters. IEEE Journal of Solid-State circuits, 1991, 26(7) : 946-954
[20] C.S.Kim, Y.H.Kim and S.B.Park. New CMOS linear transconductor .Electronics Letters, 1992,28 (21) :1962-1963
[21] Klaas Bult and Hans Wallinga. A Class of Analog CMOS Circuits Based on the Square-Law Characteristic of an MOS Transistor in Saturation. IEEE Journal of Solid-State circuits, 1987, 32 (3) : 357-364.
[22] Geert A.De Veirman and Richard G.Yamasaki . Design of a Bipolar 10-MHz Programmable Continuous-Time 0.05 Equiripple Linear Phase Filter. IEEE Journal of Solid-State circuits, 1992, 27 (3) : 324-331
[23] R.R.Torrance, T.R.Viswanathan and J.V.Hanson. CMOS Voltage to Current Transducers. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-Ⅱ:Analog and Digital Signal Processing, 1985, 32(11) :1097-1104
[24] Roberto Alini ,Andrea Baschirotto and Rinaldo Castello. TunableBiCMOS continuous-Time Filter for High-Frequency Applications. IEEE Journal of Solid-State circuits, 1992, 27 (12): 1905-1914
[25] J.Glinianowicz, J.Jakusz ,S.Szczepanski and Y.Sun. High-frequency two-input CMOS OTA for continuous-time filter applications. IEE Proc-Circuits Devices syst,2000, 147 (1) : 13-18
[26] D.H.Chiang and R.Schaumann. Performance comparison of high-order IFLF and cascade analogue integrated lowpass filters. IEE Proc-Circuits Devices syst,2000, 147(1) :19-27
[27] Slawomir koziel and Stanislaw Szczepanski. Design of Highly Linear Tunable CMOS OTA for Continuous-Time Filters. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-Ⅱ :Analog and Digital Signal Processing, 2002, 49 (2) :110-122
[28] Jose Silva-martinez, Michel S.J.Steyaert and Willy Sansen. A 10.7-MHz 68-dB SNR CMOS Continuous-Time Filter with On-Chip Automatic Tuning. IEEE Journal of Solid-State circuits, 1992, 27 (12) : 1843-1853
[29] Yichuang Sun and J.Kel. Structure Generation and Design of Multiple Loop Feedback OTA-Grounded Capacitor Filters. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-Ⅰ:Fundamental Theory and Application, 1997,44(1) : 1-8.
[30] Toumazou．C 等．开关电流-数字工艺的模拟技术．姚玉洁等译．北京：高等教育出版社，1997，12-66
[31] Toumazou．C 等．电流模式电路．姚玉洁等译．北京：高等教育出版社，1993，121-139
[32] E.Klumperink, E.v.d.Zwan and E.seevinck. CMOS Variable Transconductance circuit with constant bandwidth. Electronics Letters, 1989,25 (10) :675-676.
[33] Stanislaw, Szczpanki, Adam Wyszynski and Rolf Schaumann. HighlyLinear Voltage-Controlled CMOS Transconductors. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-Ⅰ : Fundamental Theory and Application, 1993, 40 (4) :258-262.
[34] Chin S.Park and Rolf Schaumann. Design of a 4MHz Analog Integrated CMOS Transconductance-C Bandpass Filter. IEEE Journal of Solid-State circuits, 1988, 23 (4):987-995.
[35] Tan M.A and Schauman. Simulating general-parameter LC-ladder filters for monolithic realizations with only transconductance elements and grounded capacitors. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems- Ⅱ :Analog and Digital Signal Processing, 1989, 36 (2):p300-306.
[36] Zhenhua Wang and Walter Guggenbuhl. A Voltage-Controllable Linear MOS Transconductor Using Bias Offset Technique. IEEE Journal of Solid-State circuits, 1990, 25 (1) :315-317.
[37] Peter M.Van, Peteghem Humberto. Design of a Very Linear CMOS Transconductance Input Stage for Continuous-Time Filters. IEEE Journal of Solid-State circuits, 1990, 25 (2) :497-501
[38] Pietro Andreani and Sven Mattisson. On the Use of Nauta's Transconductor in Low-Frequency CMOS gm-c Bandpass Filters. IEEE Journal of Solid-State
circuits, 2002, 37 (2) : 114-124.
[39] Jirayuth Mahattanakul and Chris Toumazou. Current-Mode Versus Voltage-Mode Gm-c Biquad Filters: what the Theory Says. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-Ⅱ :Analog and Digital Signal Processing, 1998, 45 (2) :173-185
[40] Y.Sun and J.K.Fidler. Synthesis and performance analysis of universal minimum component integrator-based IFLF OTA-grounded capacitor filter. IEE Proc Circuits Devices Syst, 1996, 143 (2) :107-114.
[41] Bram Nauta. A CMOS Transconductance-C Filter Technique for Very High Frequencies. IEEE Journal of Solid-State circuits ,1992, 27 (2) :142-153.
[42] Marc G.Degrauwe, Jozef Rijmenants. Adaptive Biasing CMOS Amplifiers. IEEE Journal of Solid-State circuits, 1982, 17 (3) :522-527.
[43] W.Martin Snelgrove and Ayal Shoval. A Balanced 0.9urn CMOS Transconductance-C Filter Tunable Over the VHF Range. IEEE Journal of Solid-State circuits, 1992, 27 (3) : 314-323.
[44] Eduard Sackinger and Walter Guggenbuhl. A High-Swing, High-Impedance MOS Cascode Circuit. IEEE Journal of Solid-State circuits, 1990, 25 (1) : 289-297.
[2] 李联．MOS运算放大器原理设计与应用．上海：复旦出版社，1990，1-67
[3] 赵玉山，周跃庆，王萍．电流模式电子电路．天津：天津大学出版社，2001，163-199
[4] 赵玉山．跨导型放大器原理．北京：电子工业出版社，1995，1-66
[5] 陈贵灿，邵志标，程军，林长贵．CMOS集成电路设计．西安：西安交通大学出版社，2000，2-65
[6] Phillip E. Allen, Douglas R. Holberg. CMOS模拟电路设计．第二版．北京：电子工业出版，2001，1-58
[7] Francois Krummenacher and Norbert Joehl. A 4MHz CMOS continuous-time filter with On-chip automatic tunning. IEEE Journal of solid-state circuit,1988,23(3): 750-758
[8] Vladimir I. Prodanov and Michael M.Green. A differential active load and its applications in CMOS analog circuit designs. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-Ⅱ: Analog and Digital Signal Processing, 1997,44(4):265-273
[9] M. Qu and M.A. Styblinski. Phase compensation of an OTA-C integrator for high-frequency continuous-time filters. Electronics Letters, 1993 ,29(21):1814-1816.
[10] 刘宏，董在望．一种可调高线性度跨导器．电子学报，2002，9：1282-1284
[11] Haideh khorramabadi and Paul R. Gray. high-frequency CMOS continuous-time filters. IEEE Journal of solid-state circuit, 1984,19(6):939-948
[12] 何怡刚，江金光，吴杰．通用有源电流模式滤波器．电子学报，1999，27(11)：21-24
[13] 江金光，何怡刚，吴杰．低电压高线性度宽输入范围Gm-C滤波器实现．电路与系统学报，2001，6(3)：37-41
[14] 江金光，何怡刚，吴杰．基于多输出端电流模式全差分积分器的梯形滤波器实现．电路与系统学报，2002，7(1)：5-9
[15] J.Glinianowicz, J.Jakusz ,S.Szczcpanski and Y.Sun. High-frequency two-input CMOS OTA for continuous-time filter applications. IEE Proc Circuits
Devices Syst, 2000, 147(1):13-18.
[16] Stanislaw Szcazepanski, Jacek Jakusz and Rolf Schaumann. A Linear Fully Balanced CMOS OTA for VHF Filtering Applications. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-Ⅱ :Analog and Digital Signal Processing, 1997, 44 (3) : p174-187
[17] Evert Seevinck and Roelof F.Wassenaar. A Versatile CMOS Linear Transconductor/ Square-Law Function Circuit..IEEE Journal of Solid-State circuits ,1987, 22 (3) : 1814-1815
[18] Seyed R.Zarabadilt and Mohammed Ismail. Very-High-Output-Impedance Cascode Current sources/current Mirrors/Transresistance Stages and their applications. International Journal of Circuit theory and application, 1992, 20: 639-648
[19] Jose Silva-martinez,michel S.J.Steyaert and Willy M.Csansen . A large-Signal Very Low-Distortion Transconductor for High-Frequency Continuous-Time Filters. IEEE Journal of Solid-State circuits, 1991, 26(7) : 946-954
[20] C.S.Kim, Y.H.Kim and S.B.Park. New CMOS linear transconductor .Electronics Letters, 1992,28 (21) :1962-1963
[21] Klaas Bult and Hans Wallinga. A Class of Analog CMOS Circuits Based on the Square-Law Characteristic of an MOS Transistor in Saturation. IEEE Journal of Solid-State circuits, 1987, 32 (3) : 357-364.
[22] Geert A.De Veirman and Richard G.Yamasaki . Design of a Bipolar 10-MHz Programmable Continuous-Time 0.05 Equiripple Linear Phase Filter. IEEE Journal of Solid-State circuits, 1992, 27 (3) : 324-331
[23] R.R.Torrance, T.R.Viswanathan and J.V.Hanson. CMOS Voltage to Current Transducers. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-Ⅱ:Analog and Digital Signal Processing, 1985, 32(11) :1097-1104
[24] Roberto Alini ,Andrea Baschirotto and Rinaldo Castello. TunableBiCMOS continuous-Time Filter for High-Frequency Applications. IEEE Journal of Solid-State circuits, 1992, 27 (12): 1905-1914
[25] J.Glinianowicz, J.Jakusz ,S.Szczepanski and Y.Sun. High-frequency two-input CMOS OTA for continuous-time filter applications. IEE Proc-Circuits Devices syst,2000, 147 (1) : 13-18
[26] D.H.Chiang and R.Schaumann. Performance comparison of high-order IFLF and cascade analogue integrated lowpass filters. IEE Proc-Circuits Devices syst,2000, 147(1) :19-27
[27] Slawomir koziel and Stanislaw Szczepanski. Design of Highly Linear Tunable CMOS OTA for Continuous-Time Filters. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-Ⅱ :Analog and Digital Signal Processing, 2002, 49 (2) :110-122
[28] Jose Silva-martinez, Michel S.J.Steyaert and Willy Sansen. A 10.7-MHz 68-dB SNR CMOS Continuous-Time Filter with On-Chip Automatic Tuning. IEEE Journal of Solid-State circuits, 1992, 27 (12) : 1843-1853
[29] Yichuang Sun and J.Kel. Structure Generation and Design of Multiple Loop Feedback OTA-Grounded Capacitor Filters. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-Ⅰ:Fundamental Theory and Application, 1997,44(1) : 1-8.
[30] Toumazou．C 等．开关电流-数字工艺的模拟技术．姚玉洁等译．北京：高等教育出版社，1997，12-66
[31] Toumazou．C 等．电流模式电路．姚玉洁等译．北京：高等教育出版社，1993，121-139
[32] E.Klumperink, E.v.d.Zwan and E.seevinck. CMOS Variable Transconductance circuit with constant bandwidth. Electronics Letters, 1989,25 (10) :675-676.
[33] Stanislaw, Szczpanki, Adam Wyszynski and Rolf Schaumann. HighlyLinear Voltage-Controlled CMOS Transconductors. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-Ⅰ : Fundamental Theory and Application, 1993, 40 (4) :258-262.
[34] Chin S.Park and Rolf Schaumann. Design of a 4MHz Analog Integrated CMOS Transconductance-C Bandpass Filter. IEEE Journal of Solid-State circuits, 1988, 23 (4):987-995.
[35] Tan M.A and Schauman. Simulating general-parameter LC-ladder filters for monolithic realizations with only transconductance elements and grounded capacitors. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems- Ⅱ :Analog and Digital Signal Processing, 1989, 36 (2):p300-306.
[36] Zhenhua Wang and Walter Guggenbuhl. A Voltage-Controllable Linear MOS Transconductor Using Bias Offset Technique. IEEE Journal of Solid-State circuits, 1990, 25 (1) :315-317.
[37] Peter M.Van, Peteghem Humberto. Design of a Very Linear CMOS Transconductance Input Stage for Continuous-Time Filters. IEEE Journal of Solid-State circuits, 1990, 25 (2) :497-501
[38] Pietro Andreani and Sven Mattisson. On the Use of Nauta's Transconductor in Low-Frequency CMOS gm-c Bandpass Filters. IEEE Journal of Solid-State
circuits, 2002, 37 (2) : 114-124.
[39] Jirayuth Mahattanakul and Chris Toumazou. Current-Mode Versus Voltage-Mode Gm-c Biquad Filters: what the Theory Says. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-Ⅱ :Analog and Digital Signal Processing, 1998, 45 (2) :173-185
[40] Y.Sun and J.K.Fidler. Synthesis and performance analysis of universal minimum component integrator-based IFLF OTA-grounded capacitor filter. IEE Proc Circuits Devices Syst, 1996, 143 (2) :107-114.
[41] Bram Nauta. A CMOS Transconductance-C Filter Technique for Very High Frequencies. IEEE Journal of Solid-State circuits ,1992, 27 (2) :142-153.
[42] Marc G.Degrauwe, Jozef Rijmenants. Adaptive Biasing CMOS Amplifiers. IEEE Journal of Solid-State circuits, 1982, 17 (3) :522-527.
[43] W.Martin Snelgrove and Ayal Shoval. A Balanced 0.9urn CMOS Transconductance-C Filter Tunable Over the VHF Range. IEEE Journal of Solid-State circuits, 1992, 27 (3) : 314-323.
[44] Eduard Sackinger and Walter Guggenbuhl. A High-Swing, High-Impedance MOS Cascode Circuit. IEEE Journal of Solid-State circuits, 1990, 25 (1) : 289-297.