低渗透油层水力压裂三维裂缝数值模拟研究
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摘要
大庆外围油田葡萄花和扶杨油层属于低渗透油层,自然产能低,压裂工艺是最有效提高单井产量的措施,也是增加储量的关键技术,但是,由于低渗透油层的构造和岩性复杂,传统压裂设计方法不适合施工的要求,使裂缝起裂和延伸不易预测与控制,改造强度低,效果差,措施成功率低。为此本文运用损伤力学和断裂力学方法深入研究大庆外围油田低渗透油层水力压裂裂缝的起裂机理与延伸规律,对大庆外围油田的有效开发具有重要意义和实用价值。
进行压裂设计必须要考虑油藏储层地质特征及岩石力学性能,文中以敖南油田葡萄花油层为例系统研究了储层的沉积、构造及岩性等特征,进行了力学性能参数及地应力场的测定,它为三维水力压裂数值模拟奠定了基础。
本文弥补了不考虑流固耦合效应以及岩石材料非线性影响的研究缺陷,根据岩石力学、渗流力学、弹塑性力学,建立了低渗透油层射孔地应力力学模型,采用有限元方法,考虑动态效应下,获得了低渗透油层在钻井-固井-射孔-压裂不同阶段的地应力分布状态。通过实际井验证,起裂压力误差率为3.5%,证明了模型较为合理。在此基础上,分析了射孔参数以及射孔眼的污染程度对起裂压力及起裂位置的影响,提出了较为合理的射孔方案,为提高低渗透储层水力压裂效果提供了前期保障。
水力压裂过程具有惯性和速度、岩体破坏与发展、流体和固体耦合等特征,是材料非线性、几何非线性与结构动力学的耦合问题,本文通过力学分析,在考虑流固耦合效应、岩石的材料非线性效应以及裂缝扩展的动态效应基础上,建立了低渗透油层水力压裂三维裂缝动态扩展的力学模型,根据岩石力学、渗流力学及有限元理论,建立了低渗透岩体应力平衡方程,及考虑非达西渗流条件下的流体渗流平衡方程,并获得了流固耦合方程的有限元格式。在储层岩石预设定裂缝表面采用损伤力学理论与断裂力学理论相结合的方法建立了岩石材料的损伤判据及破坏后裂缝的演化方程,并嵌入到岩体的流固耦合方程中,运用Newton-Raphson法、载荷增量法以及线性搜索法进行求解,实现了低渗透油层三维裂缝形成过程的动态描述。为了检验低渗透油层三维水力裂缝数值模拟方法及理论的正确性,对肇38-271井进行了模拟计算,裂缝形态的平均误差率为10.7%,满足工程精度要求,证明了模拟方法的正确性。
利用低渗透油层水力压裂的三维裂缝的数值模拟方法定性研究了岩石的力学性能、射孔参数、施工参数、压裂液粘度及滤失系数等因素对裂缝扩展形态的影响,为制定低渗透油层水力压裂施工工艺提供了依据。
隔层是低渗透油层中控制裂缝高度以及影响裂缝形态的主要参数,它也是制定水力压裂措施的主要依据,为此,利用低渗透油层水力压裂的三维裂缝的数值模拟方法重点分析了隔层与储层地应力差、弹性模量差以及隔层厚度对裂缝扩展的影响,为低渗透油层中隔层的封隔效果进行了定性的理论指导,以有效的提高油层的动用程度及压裂效果。
随着我国低渗透油气田的大量开发,具有一套能适用于现场实际使用的三维水力裂缝几何形态的预测软件是非常需要和迫切的,本文采用有限元方法建立的低渗透油层水力压裂的三维裂缝动态扩展的数值模拟方法和技术,为低渗透薄差储层水力压裂设计提供较为可靠和准确的预测手段,提高了低渗透油层水力压裂措施的成功率。因此,此项技术具有重要的意义和广阔的应用前景。
Putaohua formations and Fuyang formations of Daqing peripheral oilfields are a low-permeability reservoir, naturally low productivity. Hydraulic fracturing technology is potential to increasing per-well production and can increase oil reserves. However, because of the complex lithology and structure of the low-permeability reservoir, the traditional fracturing design method is't suitable for construction requirements, and is difficult to predict and control the fracture. Further the poor effect and success low. Fracture breakdown mechanism and extension law of Daqing peripheral low-permeability reservoir is researched using damage mechanics and fracture mechanics, which is of great significance and benefit for the development of Daqing peripheral oilfields.
Reservoir geological features and rock mechanical properties have to be taken into consideration in the process of fracturing design. In this paper, sedimentary, structure, lithology and reservoir characteristics of Putaohua reservoir in Aonan oilfield are researched, and the mechanical properties parameters and determination of geostress field are tested which is basis for three-dimensional hydraulic fracturing numerical simulation.
The perforation geostress mechanical model of low permeability reservoir is built according to the rock mechanics, seepage mechanics, elastic-plastic mechanics, considering solid-fluid coupling and rock material nonlinearity. Adopting the transient analysis, low-permeability reservoir geostress distribution of different stages is obtained using the finite element, such as drilling - cementing - perforation -fracturing. By Calculating the actual well, the error rate of breakdown pressure between test and calculation is 3.5 percent. It is proved that the model is reasonable. On this basis, analyzed the perforation parameters and the perforation eye pollution effect on breakdown pressure and location. Proposing reasonable perforation scheme, provide prophase guarantee for hydraulic fracturing effect to low-permeability reservoir.
The features of hydraulic fracturing have inertia and speed, the rock mass failure and development, fluid-solid coupling, the process is a couple problems of material non-linear, geometry non-linear and structural dynamics. Through mechanical analysis, the 3-D fracture mechanical model of low permeability reservoir is established, considering solid-fluid coupling, material non-linear, dynamic effect of fracture propagation. The stress equilibrium equations of rock masses and the fluid seepage equilibrium equations under condition of non-darcy flow is established according to rock mechanics, seepage mechanics. Using finite element theory, Finite Element Scheme of fluid-solid coupling is obtained. Damage criterion and evolution equation of fracture extension is established on the preset fracture surface of the reservoir rock using the combination damage mechanics with fracture mechanics, which is embedded into the fluid-solid coupling equation to solve using the Newton-Raphson method, load incremental method and the linear search method, finally realize the dynamic description of 3-D fracture of the low-permeability reservoir. In order to test the correctness of low-permeability reservoir 3-D hydraulic fracture numerical simulation method and theory, calculation is carried on Zhao 38-271 Well.The mean error rate of fracture size is 10.7 percent, meets the requirements of engineering precision, which proves the correctness of the simulation.
In order to make a reasonable process of the hydraulic fracturing for low-permeability reservoir, qualitatively analyze some factors influence on fracture propagation form using low-permeability reservoir 3-D hydraulic fracture numerical simulation method, such as mechanical properties of the rock, perforation parameters, construction parameters ,the fracturing fluid viscosity, filtration coefficient and so on.
Interlayer is main parameter of controlling fracture height and affecting fracture form in low-permeability reservoir, as well as the main basis of making hydraulic fracturing measures. Therefore, emphatically analyze some factors influence on fracture propagation form using low-permeability reservoir 3-D hydraulic fracture numerical simulation method, such as the geostress difference, modulus of elasticity difference and interlayer height, which make the theoretical guidance for isolation effect of the low-permeability reservoir to effectively improve producing degree of oil reservoir and fracturing effect.
With the great development of low-permeability oil and gas, the prediction software that suitable for using to 3-D hydraulic fracture geometry form is much needed and exigent. Using the finite element method, the low-permeability reservoir 3-D hydraulic fracture numerical simulation method and techniques can provide more reliable and accurate predicted means for hydraulic fracturing design, which improve hydraulic fracturing success rate to the low-permeability reservoir. As a result, this technology has very important significance and wide application prospect.
进行压裂设计必须要考虑油藏储层地质特征及岩石力学性能,文中以敖南油田葡萄花油层为例系统研究了储层的沉积、构造及岩性等特征,进行了力学性能参数及地应力场的测定,它为三维水力压裂数值模拟奠定了基础。
本文弥补了不考虑流固耦合效应以及岩石材料非线性影响的研究缺陷,根据岩石力学、渗流力学、弹塑性力学,建立了低渗透油层射孔地应力力学模型,采用有限元方法,考虑动态效应下,获得了低渗透油层在钻井-固井-射孔-压裂不同阶段的地应力分布状态。通过实际井验证,起裂压力误差率为3.5%,证明了模型较为合理。在此基础上,分析了射孔参数以及射孔眼的污染程度对起裂压力及起裂位置的影响,提出了较为合理的射孔方案,为提高低渗透储层水力压裂效果提供了前期保障。
水力压裂过程具有惯性和速度、岩体破坏与发展、流体和固体耦合等特征,是材料非线性、几何非线性与结构动力学的耦合问题,本文通过力学分析,在考虑流固耦合效应、岩石的材料非线性效应以及裂缝扩展的动态效应基础上,建立了低渗透油层水力压裂三维裂缝动态扩展的力学模型,根据岩石力学、渗流力学及有限元理论,建立了低渗透岩体应力平衡方程,及考虑非达西渗流条件下的流体渗流平衡方程,并获得了流固耦合方程的有限元格式。在储层岩石预设定裂缝表面采用损伤力学理论与断裂力学理论相结合的方法建立了岩石材料的损伤判据及破坏后裂缝的演化方程,并嵌入到岩体的流固耦合方程中,运用Newton-Raphson法、载荷增量法以及线性搜索法进行求解,实现了低渗透油层三维裂缝形成过程的动态描述。为了检验低渗透油层三维水力裂缝数值模拟方法及理论的正确性,对肇38-271井进行了模拟计算,裂缝形态的平均误差率为10.7%,满足工程精度要求,证明了模拟方法的正确性。
利用低渗透油层水力压裂的三维裂缝的数值模拟方法定性研究了岩石的力学性能、射孔参数、施工参数、压裂液粘度及滤失系数等因素对裂缝扩展形态的影响,为制定低渗透油层水力压裂施工工艺提供了依据。
隔层是低渗透油层中控制裂缝高度以及影响裂缝形态的主要参数,它也是制定水力压裂措施的主要依据,为此,利用低渗透油层水力压裂的三维裂缝的数值模拟方法重点分析了隔层与储层地应力差、弹性模量差以及隔层厚度对裂缝扩展的影响,为低渗透油层中隔层的封隔效果进行了定性的理论指导,以有效的提高油层的动用程度及压裂效果。
随着我国低渗透油气田的大量开发,具有一套能适用于现场实际使用的三维水力裂缝几何形态的预测软件是非常需要和迫切的,本文采用有限元方法建立的低渗透油层水力压裂的三维裂缝动态扩展的数值模拟方法和技术,为低渗透薄差储层水力压裂设计提供较为可靠和准确的预测手段,提高了低渗透油层水力压裂措施的成功率。因此,此项技术具有重要的意义和广阔的应用前景。
Putaohua formations and Fuyang formations of Daqing peripheral oilfields are a low-permeability reservoir, naturally low productivity. Hydraulic fracturing technology is potential to increasing per-well production and can increase oil reserves. However, because of the complex lithology and structure of the low-permeability reservoir, the traditional fracturing design method is't suitable for construction requirements, and is difficult to predict and control the fracture. Further the poor effect and success low. Fracture breakdown mechanism and extension law of Daqing peripheral low-permeability reservoir is researched using damage mechanics and fracture mechanics, which is of great significance and benefit for the development of Daqing peripheral oilfields.
Reservoir geological features and rock mechanical properties have to be taken into consideration in the process of fracturing design. In this paper, sedimentary, structure, lithology and reservoir characteristics of Putaohua reservoir in Aonan oilfield are researched, and the mechanical properties parameters and determination of geostress field are tested which is basis for three-dimensional hydraulic fracturing numerical simulation.
The perforation geostress mechanical model of low permeability reservoir is built according to the rock mechanics, seepage mechanics, elastic-plastic mechanics, considering solid-fluid coupling and rock material nonlinearity. Adopting the transient analysis, low-permeability reservoir geostress distribution of different stages is obtained using the finite element, such as drilling - cementing - perforation -fracturing. By Calculating the actual well, the error rate of breakdown pressure between test and calculation is 3.5 percent. It is proved that the model is reasonable. On this basis, analyzed the perforation parameters and the perforation eye pollution effect on breakdown pressure and location. Proposing reasonable perforation scheme, provide prophase guarantee for hydraulic fracturing effect to low-permeability reservoir.
The features of hydraulic fracturing have inertia and speed, the rock mass failure and development, fluid-solid coupling, the process is a couple problems of material non-linear, geometry non-linear and structural dynamics. Through mechanical analysis, the 3-D fracture mechanical model of low permeability reservoir is established, considering solid-fluid coupling, material non-linear, dynamic effect of fracture propagation. The stress equilibrium equations of rock masses and the fluid seepage equilibrium equations under condition of non-darcy flow is established according to rock mechanics, seepage mechanics. Using finite element theory, Finite Element Scheme of fluid-solid coupling is obtained. Damage criterion and evolution equation of fracture extension is established on the preset fracture surface of the reservoir rock using the combination damage mechanics with fracture mechanics, which is embedded into the fluid-solid coupling equation to solve using the Newton-Raphson method, load incremental method and the linear search method, finally realize the dynamic description of 3-D fracture of the low-permeability reservoir. In order to test the correctness of low-permeability reservoir 3-D hydraulic fracture numerical simulation method and theory, calculation is carried on Zhao 38-271 Well.The mean error rate of fracture size is 10.7 percent, meets the requirements of engineering precision, which proves the correctness of the simulation.
In order to make a reasonable process of the hydraulic fracturing for low-permeability reservoir, qualitatively analyze some factors influence on fracture propagation form using low-permeability reservoir 3-D hydraulic fracture numerical simulation method, such as mechanical properties of the rock, perforation parameters, construction parameters ,the fracturing fluid viscosity, filtration coefficient and so on.
Interlayer is main parameter of controlling fracture height and affecting fracture form in low-permeability reservoir, as well as the main basis of making hydraulic fracturing measures. Therefore, emphatically analyze some factors influence on fracture propagation form using low-permeability reservoir 3-D hydraulic fracture numerical simulation method, such as the geostress difference, modulus of elasticity difference and interlayer height, which make the theoretical guidance for isolation effect of the low-permeability reservoir to effectively improve producing degree of oil reservoir and fracturing effect.
With the great development of low-permeability oil and gas, the prediction software that suitable for using to 3-D hydraulic fracture geometry form is much needed and exigent. Using the finite element method, the low-permeability reservoir 3-D hydraulic fracture numerical simulation method and techniques can provide more reliable and accurate predicted means for hydraulic fracturing design, which improve hydraulic fracturing success rate to the low-permeability reservoir. As a result, this technology has very important significance and wide application prospect.
引文
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