越橘等3种小浆果的品质评价及重金属元素分析
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摘要
本试验在我国越橘、黑穗醋栗和树莓3种小浆果主产区采集果实样本,进行了生产原料的品质和重金属检测。系统地分析比较了3种小浆果果实的感官品质和营养成份,分别测定了土壤和果实中Pb、Cd、Hg、As含量,并对土壤和果实中重金属污染状况进行了分析与评价,研究土壤中重金属污染及其对果实安全的影响,讨论了土壤与果实中重金属含量间的相关性。本研究为制定越橘等小浆果相应的生产技术规程和检测标准提供了依据。主要试验结果表明:
1所测果实感官品质良好。越橘品种中蓝丰、S_(13)、康维尔和爱国者属于大果品种,北村、蓝丰、美登、北空、粉蓝和爱国者被有较厚果粉,果实呈悦目的亮蓝色;黑穗醋栗品种中,不劳得各方面表现最好。
2由果实中糖酸来评价果实的风味。总体表现为矮丛越橘风味好于半高丛越橘、高丛越橘和兔眼越橘;黑穗醋栗果实中酸含量较高,并且口感发涩;树莓中红树莓的风味要好于黄树莓和黑树莓。
3 3种小浆果果实中营养物质的含量差异极显著。其中Vc含量表现为黑穗醋栗＞树莓＞越橘;果实中蛋白质含量和可溶性固形物含量都表现为,黑穗醋栗要高于树莓和蓝莓。
4 3种小浆果中含有大量对人体有益的矿质元素,其中K和Ca的含量相对较高,尤以黑穗醋栗品种如早生黑、黑珍珠的钾含量最高,相对于越橘品种要高3倍左右。
5由果实中重金属检测得知:沈阳所采树莓品种早红果实中Cd的含量略高于国家标准。其它品种果实中重金属含量均在国家标准限值范围之内。
6土壤中重金属含量检测。从各样点的综合污染指数来看,以国家土壤环境质量二级标准作为评价标准,在4个所测土壤中,农大园土的综合污染指数大于0.7小于1,属警戒级,污染水平尚清洁;其余3个土样的污染指数均小于0.7,为安全级,污染水平为清洁。
7土壤中重金属元素之间有一定的相关性。农大园土中,As与Cd、Hg之间有显著相关性,其它元素之间相关性均不显著;庄河园土中重金属元素之间均有显著相关性;威海园土中只有Cd与Pb之间呈极显著相关,其它元素之间相关性不显著。
8果园土壤和果实各重金属元素之间存在着一定的相关性,但不同地区果实和土壤中重金属元素之间的相关性有所不同。
Three kinds of small fruit including blueberry、black currant and raspberry were collected in the small fruit-producing areas in some provinces.Determinations of quality and heavy metals in the three kinds of small fruit were studied in this paper.The sensory quality and nutrition characters of the three kinds of small fruit were analyzed and compared.And we analyzed for the concentration of Pb、Cd、Hg、As to estimate the pollution.We also discussed the relation between heavy metal content in berries and that in soil.This paper also discussed the correlation among various heavy metals element contents in the orchard soil and between the soil's and fruit's content.These studies provided a theoretical foundation for constitute the regulation of the three kinds of small fruit production.The main results were as follows:
1 The sensory quality of the three kinds of small fruit was all good.About blueberry, 'Bluecrop','S_(13)','Coville' and 'Patroit' were bigger than other kinds of blueberry.The peel of 'Northcountry'、'Bluecrop'、'Blomidon'、'Northsky'、'Powerblue'and 'Patroit' had more fruit power,so the color of peel about these kinds blueberry were bright blue.'Brodrop' were the best variety about sensory quality in black currant.
2 The flavor quality was evaluated by the content of sugar and acid in berries.Low-bush blueberry was better than half-high blueberry、high-bush blueberry and Rabbit-eye blueberry. The content of acid in black currant was higher and the berries of black currant tasted astringent.Red raspberry was better than yellow and black raspberry.
3 The content of Vc showed that black currant＞raspberry＞blueberry.The content of protein and SSC in black currant was higher than blueberry and raspberry.
4 There were many mineral elementals which were good for people in the three kinds of small fruit.The content of K and Ca were higher.Especially the kinds of black currant 'Fertodi' and 'Ben Lomond' had the higher content of K in these tested small fruit.They were 3 times than blueberry.
5 The content of heavy metals in berries showed that the content of Cd in raspberry 'Boyne' from Shenyang were higher than the industry standard,the others all measured up the standard.
6 The content of heavy metals in soil.From the comprehensive pollution index of all samples using Secondary Standard of GB15618-1995 as assessment standard,the comprehensive pollution index of sample Jilin Agriculture University was more than 0.7 and less than 1, which indicated that pollution degree was on alert,pollution level was still clean.The other samples
7 There were correlation among various heavy metals element contents in the orchard soil.As and Cd、Hg had evident correlation and other heavy metals element didn't have evident correlation in the soil of JLAU.Every heavy metals element had evident correlation in the soil of Zhuanghe.Only Cd and Pb had extremely evident correlation in the soil of Weihai.
8 There was correlation between the soil's and the fruit's heavy metals element contents.But the correlation was different between soil and fruit in different place.
1所测果实感官品质良好。越橘品种中蓝丰、S_(13)、康维尔和爱国者属于大果品种,北村、蓝丰、美登、北空、粉蓝和爱国者被有较厚果粉,果实呈悦目的亮蓝色;黑穗醋栗品种中,不劳得各方面表现最好。
2由果实中糖酸来评价果实的风味。总体表现为矮丛越橘风味好于半高丛越橘、高丛越橘和兔眼越橘;黑穗醋栗果实中酸含量较高,并且口感发涩;树莓中红树莓的风味要好于黄树莓和黑树莓。
3 3种小浆果果实中营养物质的含量差异极显著。其中Vc含量表现为黑穗醋栗＞树莓＞越橘;果实中蛋白质含量和可溶性固形物含量都表现为,黑穗醋栗要高于树莓和蓝莓。
4 3种小浆果中含有大量对人体有益的矿质元素,其中K和Ca的含量相对较高,尤以黑穗醋栗品种如早生黑、黑珍珠的钾含量最高,相对于越橘品种要高3倍左右。
5由果实中重金属检测得知:沈阳所采树莓品种早红果实中Cd的含量略高于国家标准。其它品种果实中重金属含量均在国家标准限值范围之内。
6土壤中重金属含量检测。从各样点的综合污染指数来看,以国家土壤环境质量二级标准作为评价标准,在4个所测土壤中,农大园土的综合污染指数大于0.7小于1,属警戒级,污染水平尚清洁;其余3个土样的污染指数均小于0.7,为安全级,污染水平为清洁。
7土壤中重金属元素之间有一定的相关性。农大园土中,As与Cd、Hg之间有显著相关性,其它元素之间相关性均不显著;庄河园土中重金属元素之间均有显著相关性;威海园土中只有Cd与Pb之间呈极显著相关,其它元素之间相关性不显著。
8果园土壤和果实各重金属元素之间存在着一定的相关性,但不同地区果实和土壤中重金属元素之间的相关性有所不同。
Three kinds of small fruit including blueberry、black currant and raspberry were collected in the small fruit-producing areas in some provinces.Determinations of quality and heavy metals in the three kinds of small fruit were studied in this paper.The sensory quality and nutrition characters of the three kinds of small fruit were analyzed and compared.And we analyzed for the concentration of Pb、Cd、Hg、As to estimate the pollution.We also discussed the relation between heavy metal content in berries and that in soil.This paper also discussed the correlation among various heavy metals element contents in the orchard soil and between the soil's and fruit's content.These studies provided a theoretical foundation for constitute the regulation of the three kinds of small fruit production.The main results were as follows:
1 The sensory quality of the three kinds of small fruit was all good.About blueberry, 'Bluecrop','S_(13)','Coville' and 'Patroit' were bigger than other kinds of blueberry.The peel of 'Northcountry'、'Bluecrop'、'Blomidon'、'Northsky'、'Powerblue'and 'Patroit' had more fruit power,so the color of peel about these kinds blueberry were bright blue.'Brodrop' were the best variety about sensory quality in black currant.
2 The flavor quality was evaluated by the content of sugar and acid in berries.Low-bush blueberry was better than half-high blueberry、high-bush blueberry and Rabbit-eye blueberry. The content of acid in black currant was higher and the berries of black currant tasted astringent.Red raspberry was better than yellow and black raspberry.
3 The content of Vc showed that black currant＞raspberry＞blueberry.The content of protein and SSC in black currant was higher than blueberry and raspberry.
4 There were many mineral elementals which were good for people in the three kinds of small fruit.The content of K and Ca were higher.Especially the kinds of black currant 'Fertodi' and 'Ben Lomond' had the higher content of K in these tested small fruit.They were 3 times than blueberry.
5 The content of heavy metals in berries showed that the content of Cd in raspberry 'Boyne' from Shenyang were higher than the industry standard,the others all measured up the standard.
6 The content of heavy metals in soil.From the comprehensive pollution index of all samples using Secondary Standard of GB15618-1995 as assessment standard,the comprehensive pollution index of sample Jilin Agriculture University was more than 0.7 and less than 1, which indicated that pollution degree was on alert,pollution level was still clean.The other samples
7 There were correlation among various heavy metals element contents in the orchard soil.As and Cd、Hg had evident correlation and other heavy metals element didn't have evident correlation in the soil of JLAU.Every heavy metals element had evident correlation in the soil of Zhuanghe.Only Cd and Pb had extremely evident correlation in the soil of Weihai.
8 There was correlation between the soil's and the fruit's heavy metals element contents.But the correlation was different between soil and fruit in different place.
引文
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