冷镱原子光钟的关键技术研究
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摘要
光钟的精度已超越了当前最好的铯原了喷泉钟,这意味着光学频率标准有可能成为下一代频率标准。光钟对物理学研究、计量科学研究和高科技研究均有极大的推动力,光钟的关键技术在全球定位系统(GPS)、高速通信和深空探测等研究领域具有重要的应用价值。
本论文主要是对冷镱原子光钟的一些关键技术进行实验上的研究。首先介绍了一种用于镱原子空心阴极灯中的调制转移光谱技术,用来实现用于镱原子光钟一级冷却的399纳米激光器的频率锁定。另外,对调制转移光谱及信号进行了全面的优化,并结合原子束装置中的无多普勒技术,精确测量了镱原子399纳米跃迁谱的同位素频移和超精细结构分裂。后期,通过对两维准直光路、磁光阱光路的优化以及塞曼减速光的合理设计,最终在399纳米磁光阱中观察到冷镱原子团,用飞行时间方法测得的温度约为2毫开尔文,释放捕获法测得的原子数目约为107。其次,主要介绍了用于镱原子光钟二级冷却的556纳米激光器的频率锁定工作,这里我们采用AOM调制结合荧光探测技术；通过对MOT光路、偏振态等的优化,最终实现了556纳米磁光阱中冷原子团的装载,温度约为30微开尔文。然后,介绍了用于晶格光的759纳米激光器的频率锁定技术,通过对光晶格光路的合理设计,最终观测到了光晶格的装载信号；同时对一维光晶格构成的势阱深度进行了相关理论计算；最后,介绍了Pound-Drever-Hall技术用于实现钟态跃迁578纳米激光器的频率锁定,以及光纤的相应噪声抑制技术,最终希望在759纳米光晶格中观测到镱原子的钟态跃迁光谱。此外,对174Yb光晶格钟钟态跃迁的系统频移进行了全面分析。
The fractional frequency uncertainty of the optical clocks has gone beyond that of the current cesium fountain atomic clock. It means that the optical frequency standards may become the next generation of frequency standards. The optical clocks have a great impetμs for the physical study, scientific measurement and high technology research. The key techniques of optical clocks will have important applications in varioμs research fields, such as global positioning system, high-speed communications and deep space exploration.
We present the key techniques of a cold ytterbium atomic clock in this thesis. Firstly, an efficient and simple frequency-locking schemeμsing the modulation transfer spectroscopy technique combined with a hollow cathode lamp for ytterbium atoms is introduced. It is insensitive to the background absorption and directly provides a dispersion-like signal with a zero-crossing at line center which isμsed to lock a laser to a well-defined frequency reference with high sensitivity and high resolution. The optimum parameters for maximizing the MTS signal are presented. Combined with the Doppler-free spectroscopy in a collimated atomic beam, the isotope shifts and hyperfine splittings of all ytterbium isotopes at 399nm transition are precisely measured. Later, by optimization of two-dimensional optical molasses, magneto-optical trap and careful designment of Zeeman slower, we finally observed the cold ytterbium atomic cloud in the magneto-optical trap. The temperature of the cold atoms is about two milli-Kelvins calculatedμsing the time-of-flight method; the number is about 10', which is calculatedμsing the release and recapture method. Secondly, the frequency stabilization of 556nm laser for the second-stage Doppler cooling is introduced, here we chose the method of the frequency modulation combined with the fluorescence detection spectroscopy. By optimization of the MOT alignment, polarization and so on, we ultimately observed the loading of the 556nm atomic cloud at the center of the magneto-optical trap with a temperature of about thirty micro-Kelvins. Thirdly, a brief introduction of the three-dimensional optical lattice was presented. We introduced the frequency locking method for the lattice laser and made a theoretical analysis of the one-dimensional optical lattice potential. By carefully alignment of the lattice laser, we finally observed the loading signal of the optical lattice. Lastly, the Pound-Drever-Hall techniqueμsed to lock the clock laser frequency and fiber phase noise cancellation technique are introduced, hoping to obtain the clock transition spectroscopy in the optical lattice. In addition, we make a comprehensive analysis of the systematic frequency shifts of the clock transition.
本论文主要是对冷镱原子光钟的一些关键技术进行实验上的研究。首先介绍了一种用于镱原子空心阴极灯中的调制转移光谱技术,用来实现用于镱原子光钟一级冷却的399纳米激光器的频率锁定。另外,对调制转移光谱及信号进行了全面的优化,并结合原子束装置中的无多普勒技术,精确测量了镱原子399纳米跃迁谱的同位素频移和超精细结构分裂。后期,通过对两维准直光路、磁光阱光路的优化以及塞曼减速光的合理设计,最终在399纳米磁光阱中观察到冷镱原子团,用飞行时间方法测得的温度约为2毫开尔文,释放捕获法测得的原子数目约为107。其次,主要介绍了用于镱原子光钟二级冷却的556纳米激光器的频率锁定工作,这里我们采用AOM调制结合荧光探测技术；通过对MOT光路、偏振态等的优化,最终实现了556纳米磁光阱中冷原子团的装载,温度约为30微开尔文。然后,介绍了用于晶格光的759纳米激光器的频率锁定技术,通过对光晶格光路的合理设计,最终观测到了光晶格的装载信号；同时对一维光晶格构成的势阱深度进行了相关理论计算；最后,介绍了Pound-Drever-Hall技术用于实现钟态跃迁578纳米激光器的频率锁定,以及光纤的相应噪声抑制技术,最终希望在759纳米光晶格中观测到镱原子的钟态跃迁光谱。此外,对174Yb光晶格钟钟态跃迁的系统频移进行了全面分析。
The fractional frequency uncertainty of the optical clocks has gone beyond that of the current cesium fountain atomic clock. It means that the optical frequency standards may become the next generation of frequency standards. The optical clocks have a great impetμs for the physical study, scientific measurement and high technology research. The key techniques of optical clocks will have important applications in varioμs research fields, such as global positioning system, high-speed communications and deep space exploration.
We present the key techniques of a cold ytterbium atomic clock in this thesis. Firstly, an efficient and simple frequency-locking schemeμsing the modulation transfer spectroscopy technique combined with a hollow cathode lamp for ytterbium atoms is introduced. It is insensitive to the background absorption and directly provides a dispersion-like signal with a zero-crossing at line center which isμsed to lock a laser to a well-defined frequency reference with high sensitivity and high resolution. The optimum parameters for maximizing the MTS signal are presented. Combined with the Doppler-free spectroscopy in a collimated atomic beam, the isotope shifts and hyperfine splittings of all ytterbium isotopes at 399nm transition are precisely measured. Later, by optimization of two-dimensional optical molasses, magneto-optical trap and careful designment of Zeeman slower, we finally observed the cold ytterbium atomic cloud in the magneto-optical trap. The temperature of the cold atoms is about two milli-Kelvins calculatedμsing the time-of-flight method; the number is about 10', which is calculatedμsing the release and recapture method. Secondly, the frequency stabilization of 556nm laser for the second-stage Doppler cooling is introduced, here we chose the method of the frequency modulation combined with the fluorescence detection spectroscopy. By optimization of the MOT alignment, polarization and so on, we ultimately observed the loading of the 556nm atomic cloud at the center of the magneto-optical trap with a temperature of about thirty micro-Kelvins. Thirdly, a brief introduction of the three-dimensional optical lattice was presented. We introduced the frequency locking method for the lattice laser and made a theoretical analysis of the one-dimensional optical lattice potential. By carefully alignment of the lattice laser, we finally observed the loading signal of the optical lattice. Lastly, the Pound-Drever-Hall techniqueμsed to lock the clock laser frequency and fiber phase noise cancellation technique are introduced, hoping to obtain the clock transition spectroscopy in the optical lattice. In addition, we make a comprehensive analysis of the systematic frequency shifts of the clock transition.
引文
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