基于生态友好的北运河闸坝调度与清污轮灌模式研究
|
摘要
针对北运河流域水资源短缺、污染严重、生态退化、清水资源不足、再生水利用率偏低等问题,开展河流闸坝生态调度与生态友好的清污轮灌模式研究,以助于保护流域水环境质量、维护河流生态健康、高效利用各类水资源,以达到水资源可持续利用和经济社会可持续发展的目标,对北运河社会经济发展具有深远而重大的现实意义。本文主要研究内容与成果如下：
(1)提出北运河闸坝生态调度模型,研究北运河闸坝生态调度模式
提出了河流生态调度概念,针对北运河现状调度方案及存在问题,进行闸坝生态调度的理论研究。在阐述北运河闸坝生态调度意义与可行性的基础上,制定出分时期(丰水期、平水期、枯水期)的闸坝生态调度准则与控泄方案。建立了河流水动力学模型和水质模型,通过耦合水动力学——水质模型构建了北运河闸坝生态调度模型。模拟北运河现状年、丰水年、平水年、枯水年和特枯水年的常规和生态调度工况,分析其水动力学特性和水质特性,进而总结出闸坝生态调度对流域水生态环境的改善起到积极作用的结论。
(2)改进通用SWAT模型,构建农田非点源污染模型
收集研究区域基础数据资料,构建SWAT模型所需空间数据库和属性数据库。针对本文研究内容,分析了通用SWAT模型存在的不匹配性,并运用C#语言进行了改进,建立了北运河下游的农田非点源污染模型。
(3)制定不同的清污轮灌情景,研究北运河下游生态友好的灌溉模式
在广泛调查研究区农业灌溉现状和灌溉制度的基础上,综合考虑多种因素,制定当地主产作物和主要种植模式下的清污轮灌情景。利用改进的SWAT模型模拟不同灌溉定额条件下的清污轮灌情景,研究农田氮磷流失特征,得到北运河下游现状灌溉水源情况下的生态友好型清污轮灌模式。
(4)制定非点源污染的适应性对策
针对北运河流域农业生产活动中普遍存在的化肥施用过量、并已造成农田非点源污染的现状,提出从源头控制、过程阻断、末端治理3方面入手,制定出控制农田非点源污染的措施。
(5)北运河闸坝调度与清污轮灌模式综合效益评价
构建河流闸坝调度与清污轮灌模式综合效益评价模型。建立河流闸坝调度和清污轮灌模式的综合评价指标体系,采用层次分析法确定指标权重,结合模糊数学理论和Delphi法构建模糊综合评价模型。并对北运河闸坝生态调度和生态友好型清污轮灌模式的综合效益进行了评价。
With the shortage of water resources, heavily polluted, deterioration of ecological environment and the low utilization ratio of recycled water in the North Canal River basin, it's conducive to protect water environmental quality, to maintain water ecological health of rivers and to efficiently use different kinds of water resources though carrying out the researches of river dam ecological regulation and clean-waste water rotation irrigation model based on the theory of eco-friendly. And in this way, final sustainable use of water resources and sustainable developments of economic and society can be achieved. It is of great practical significance for the economic and social development in the North Canal River basin. The main contents of this paper are as follows:
(1) Building ecological regulation model by sluice dam and studying the ecological regulation by sluice dam of North Canal River
In this paper, it's firstly proposed the concept of river ecological regulation, aiming at North Canal River's current situation of management plans and problems, and conducting theory study on ecological regulation. After elaborating on the significance of the ecological regulation and feasibility of the schedule of North Canal River, it formulates standards of ecological regulation in different periods, including abundant season, medium season and dry period, and puts forward ecological regulation control and discharge schemes. This paper established a water dynamic model and the water quality model of North Canal River, and by the coupling model of water dynamic-quality models, it can form the model of the ecological regulation by sluice dam of North Canal River. Under this model, according to ecological regulation control and discharge schemes, it can simulate conditions of normal operations and ecological operations in present year, abundant year, medium year, dry year and extremely dry year. Based on these results and the analysis of the water dynamics and quality characteristics, it can indicate that the river dam ecological regulation has played a positive role on improving the aquatic environment.
(2) Structuring agricultural non-point source pollution model with the use of improved SWAT model
When building the SWAT model, it needs to collect a lot of basic data in the study area to establish a variety of space and property databases required. For this study, it first analyzes the general existence of the mismatched in the common SWAT model, that is to say, the simulation results by a short series exist large deviations, and can not be achieved the simulation of irrigation more than one water source during the periods of crop growth. Afterwards, used in C#program, the SWAT model has been improved and established the agricultural non-point source pollution model in the downstream of North Canal River.
(3) Researching on eco-friendly irrigation mode in North Canal River downstream and coming up with different eco-friendly water rotation irrigation scenes
Through analyzing current problems in irrigation based on extensive researches on the present irrigation status and irrigation programs in the study area, the paper lays down clean-waste water rotation irrigation scenes of winter wheat and summer maize continuous mode, also, the two crops are the local primary production and the main crop planting patterns. With the utilization of the improved SWAT model to simulate scenes of different irrigation scheduling, studying the characteristics of rainfall, runoff, the loss of agricultural runoff of nitrogen and phosphorus and nitrogen leakage, the paper confirms irrigation mode of eco-friendly clean-waste water rotation irrigation under the status of present water sources in the river downstream.
(4) Working out adaptation strategies of agricultural non-point source pollution in accordance with the current situation in the North Canal River basin
In this paper, due to the common situations of excessive fertilizer application and having caused agricultural non-point source pollution in the basin agricultural production, it comes up with control measures of agricultural non-point source pollution from the three angles of source control, process blocking and the end of governance.
(5) Comprehensive benefits evaluation of ecological regulation by sluice dam and eco-friendly irrigation mode of North Canal River
When building the comprehensive benefits evaluation system, it's important to make certain the comprehensive benefit evaluation indexes. In this paper, it uses the analytic hierarchy process to determine the weights, and then combines with the fuzzy mathematical theory and Delphi method to build the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model. Here, it can evaluate the benefits of the ecological regulation by sluice dam and eco-friendly irrigation mode of North Canal River.
(1)提出北运河闸坝生态调度模型,研究北运河闸坝生态调度模式
提出了河流生态调度概念,针对北运河现状调度方案及存在问题,进行闸坝生态调度的理论研究。在阐述北运河闸坝生态调度意义与可行性的基础上,制定出分时期(丰水期、平水期、枯水期)的闸坝生态调度准则与控泄方案。建立了河流水动力学模型和水质模型,通过耦合水动力学——水质模型构建了北运河闸坝生态调度模型。模拟北运河现状年、丰水年、平水年、枯水年和特枯水年的常规和生态调度工况,分析其水动力学特性和水质特性,进而总结出闸坝生态调度对流域水生态环境的改善起到积极作用的结论。
(2)改进通用SWAT模型,构建农田非点源污染模型
收集研究区域基础数据资料,构建SWAT模型所需空间数据库和属性数据库。针对本文研究内容,分析了通用SWAT模型存在的不匹配性,并运用C#语言进行了改进,建立了北运河下游的农田非点源污染模型。
(3)制定不同的清污轮灌情景,研究北运河下游生态友好的灌溉模式
在广泛调查研究区农业灌溉现状和灌溉制度的基础上,综合考虑多种因素,制定当地主产作物和主要种植模式下的清污轮灌情景。利用改进的SWAT模型模拟不同灌溉定额条件下的清污轮灌情景,研究农田氮磷流失特征,得到北运河下游现状灌溉水源情况下的生态友好型清污轮灌模式。
(4)制定非点源污染的适应性对策
针对北运河流域农业生产活动中普遍存在的化肥施用过量、并已造成农田非点源污染的现状,提出从源头控制、过程阻断、末端治理3方面入手,制定出控制农田非点源污染的措施。
(5)北运河闸坝调度与清污轮灌模式综合效益评价
构建河流闸坝调度与清污轮灌模式综合效益评价模型。建立河流闸坝调度和清污轮灌模式的综合评价指标体系,采用层次分析法确定指标权重,结合模糊数学理论和Delphi法构建模糊综合评价模型。并对北运河闸坝生态调度和生态友好型清污轮灌模式的综合效益进行了评价。
With the shortage of water resources, heavily polluted, deterioration of ecological environment and the low utilization ratio of recycled water in the North Canal River basin, it's conducive to protect water environmental quality, to maintain water ecological health of rivers and to efficiently use different kinds of water resources though carrying out the researches of river dam ecological regulation and clean-waste water rotation irrigation model based on the theory of eco-friendly. And in this way, final sustainable use of water resources and sustainable developments of economic and society can be achieved. It is of great practical significance for the economic and social development in the North Canal River basin. The main contents of this paper are as follows:
(1) Building ecological regulation model by sluice dam and studying the ecological regulation by sluice dam of North Canal River
In this paper, it's firstly proposed the concept of river ecological regulation, aiming at North Canal River's current situation of management plans and problems, and conducting theory study on ecological regulation. After elaborating on the significance of the ecological regulation and feasibility of the schedule of North Canal River, it formulates standards of ecological regulation in different periods, including abundant season, medium season and dry period, and puts forward ecological regulation control and discharge schemes. This paper established a water dynamic model and the water quality model of North Canal River, and by the coupling model of water dynamic-quality models, it can form the model of the ecological regulation by sluice dam of North Canal River. Under this model, according to ecological regulation control and discharge schemes, it can simulate conditions of normal operations and ecological operations in present year, abundant year, medium year, dry year and extremely dry year. Based on these results and the analysis of the water dynamics and quality characteristics, it can indicate that the river dam ecological regulation has played a positive role on improving the aquatic environment.
(2) Structuring agricultural non-point source pollution model with the use of improved SWAT model
When building the SWAT model, it needs to collect a lot of basic data in the study area to establish a variety of space and property databases required. For this study, it first analyzes the general existence of the mismatched in the common SWAT model, that is to say, the simulation results by a short series exist large deviations, and can not be achieved the simulation of irrigation more than one water source during the periods of crop growth. Afterwards, used in C#program, the SWAT model has been improved and established the agricultural non-point source pollution model in the downstream of North Canal River.
(3) Researching on eco-friendly irrigation mode in North Canal River downstream and coming up with different eco-friendly water rotation irrigation scenes
Through analyzing current problems in irrigation based on extensive researches on the present irrigation status and irrigation programs in the study area, the paper lays down clean-waste water rotation irrigation scenes of winter wheat and summer maize continuous mode, also, the two crops are the local primary production and the main crop planting patterns. With the utilization of the improved SWAT model to simulate scenes of different irrigation scheduling, studying the characteristics of rainfall, runoff, the loss of agricultural runoff of nitrogen and phosphorus and nitrogen leakage, the paper confirms irrigation mode of eco-friendly clean-waste water rotation irrigation under the status of present water sources in the river downstream.
(4) Working out adaptation strategies of agricultural non-point source pollution in accordance with the current situation in the North Canal River basin
In this paper, due to the common situations of excessive fertilizer application and having caused agricultural non-point source pollution in the basin agricultural production, it comes up with control measures of agricultural non-point source pollution from the three angles of source control, process blocking and the end of governance.
(5) Comprehensive benefits evaluation of ecological regulation by sluice dam and eco-friendly irrigation mode of North Canal River
When building the comprehensive benefits evaluation system, it's important to make certain the comprehensive benefit evaluation indexes. In this paper, it uses the analytic hierarchy process to determine the weights, and then combines with the fuzzy mathematical theory and Delphi method to build the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model. Here, it can evaluate the benefits of the ecological regulation by sluice dam and eco-friendly irrigation mode of North Canal River.
引文
[1]北京市人民政府.北京城市总体规划(2004年～2020年)[R].北京：北京市人民政府,2005.
[2]北运河流域水系综合治理工作协调小组.北运河流域水系综合治理规划[R].北京：北运河流域水系综合治理工作协调小组,2009.
[3]蔡其华.充分考虑河流生态保护因素完善水库调度的方式[J].中国水利,2006,3(2)：14-17.
[4]曹文志,洪华生,等.AGNPS在我国东南亚热带地区的检验[J].环境科学学报,2002,2(4)：537-540.
[5]陈明洪,方红卫,刘军梅.多闸坝分汉河流的洪水实时模拟和调度[J].水利水电科技进展,2011,31(2)：11-15,27.
[6]陈南祥.复杂系统水资源合理配置理论与实践[博士学位论文].西安：西安理工大学,2006.
[7]陈西平.计算降雨及农田径流污染负荷的三峡库区模型[J].中国环境科学,1992,12(1)：48-52.
[8]陈育权.模拟及岸线整治的水动力学方法研究[硕士学位论文].天津：天津大学,2007.
[9]陈志恺.21世纪中国水资源持续开发利用问题[J].中国工程科学,2002,2(3)：7-11.
[10]崔键,马友华,等.农业面源污染的特性及防治对策[J].中国农学通报,2006,22(1)：335-340.
[1]]丁桑岚.环境评价概论[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2001.
[12]董良早.平衡施肥技术[J].现代农业科技,2010,(13)：314,316.
[13]董哲仁,孙东亚,赵进勇.水库多目标生态调度[J].水利水电技术,2007,38(1)：28-32.
[14]董哲仁.生态水工学的工程理念[J].中国水利,2003,(1)：63-66.
[15]董哲仁.生态水工学——人类与自然和谐的工程学[J].水利水电技术,2003,34(1)：14-16,25.
[16]方子云.中国水利百科全书 环境水利分册[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2004.
[17]冯尚友,王先甲.水资源持续利用与管理导论[M].北京：科学出版社.2000.
[18]傅春,冯尚友.水资源持续利用(生态水利)原理的探讨[J].水科学进展,2000,11(4)：436-440.
[19]高永胜,王淑英.对水库生态调度问题的研究[J].人民黄河,2009,31(11)：12-13,24.
[20]高永胜.河流健康生命评价与修复技术研究[博士学位论文].北京：中国水利水电科学研究院水资源所,2006.
[21]郭正鑫.基于GIS流域水质水量联合调控系统的实现与应用[硕士学位论文].山东：山东师范大学,2009.
[22]郝芳华,程红光,杨胜天.非点源污染模型——理论方法与应用[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2006.
[23]郝芳华.流域非点源污染分布式模拟研究[博十学位论文].北京：北京师范大学,2003.
[24]华北水利水电学院.国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项：北运河水系水量水质联合调 度关键技术与示范研究课题——北运河河流生态需水保障方案研究[R].郑州：华北水利水电学院,2011.
[25]华北水利水电学院.国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项：北运河水系水量水质联合调度关键技术与示范研究课题—基于分质水资源优化调配的北运河河流水系生态适应性管理模式研究[R].郑州：华北水利水电学院,2011.
[26]华北水利水电学院.国家专题：粮食生产面源污染与对策[R].郑州：华北水利水电学院,2011.
[27]黄强,王增发,等.城市供水水源联合优化调度研究[J].水利学报,1999(5)：57-62.
[28]黄爽,张仁铎,等,石家庄污灌区污水灌溉技术的研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2003,22(5)：29-34.
[29]惠二青,刘贯群,等.适用于中大尺度流域的非点源污染模型[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(3)：552-556.
[30]贾海峰,程声通.水库调度与营养物消减关系的探讨[J].环境科学,2001,22(4)：104-107.
[31]金菊良,魏一鸣,丁晶.基于改进层次分析法的模糊综合评价模型[J].水利学报,2004,35(3)： 65-70.
[32]金蜡华.水环境数值模拟与可视化技术[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2004.
[33]靳贤福,任志谋,张琦.水资源存在问题及其对策[J].甘肃农业.2001,(1)：20-22.
[34]康杰伟.SWAT模型运行结构及文件系统研究[硕士学位论文].南京：南京师范大学,2008.
[35]蓝明菊.富营养化污水灌溉对土壤物理性质的影响研究[硕士学位论文].新疆：石河子大学,2010.
[36]李怀恩,沈晋,刘玉生.流域非点源污染模型的建立与应用实例[J].环境科学学报,1997,17(2)：141-147.
[37]李森照,罗金发,孟维奇,等.中国污水灌溉与环境质量控制[M].气象出版社,1995.
[38]李硕.GIS和遥感辅助下流域模拟的空间离散化与参数化研究与应用[博士学位论文].南京：南京师范大学,2002.
[39]李雪萍.国内外水资源优化配置研究概述[J].海河水利,2002(5)：13-15.
[40]梁团豪,谢新民,等.西辽河流域水资源合理配置研究[J].中国水利水[电科学研究院学报,2009,7(4)：291-295.
[41]廖晓勇,刘学军,等.农田生态系统中士壤氮素行为的研究现状与展望[J].西南农业学报,2001,14(3)：94-98.
[42]刘昌明,陈志恺.中国水资源现状和供需发展趋势分析[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2001.
[43]刘吕明,何希吾,等.中国21世纪水问题方略[M].北京：科学出版社,1998.
[44]刘枫,王华东,等.流域非点源污染的量化识别方法及其在于桥水库流域的应用[J].地理学报,1988,43(4)：329-339.
[45]刘润堂,许建中.我国污水灌溉现状、问题及其对策[J].中国水利,2002,(10)：123-125.
[46]刘旺.水资源可持续利用评价研究[J].四川师范大学学报(自然科学版),1999,22(4)：453-456.
[47]刘治理,马光文,等.大型水库运行方式的模糊层次分析研究[J].水利学报,2008,39(8)：1017-1021.
[48]柳毓梅.农业非点源污染研究——以普兰店大沙河流域为例[硕士学位论文].大连：辽宁师范大学,2007.
[49]陆垂裕.污水灌溉条件平士壤氮素转化运移数值模型及模拟[博士学位论文].武汉：武汉大学,2004.
[50]栾震宇.河网水量水质调度分析研究[硕十学位论文].南京：南京水利科学研究院,2007.
[51]雒文生.河流水文学[M].北京：水利电力出版社,1992.
[52]马建琴,邱林,等.区域农业水资源可持续利用多目标优化管理模型及其应用[J].华北水利水电学院学报,2004,25(3)：5-8.
[53]钮新强,谭培伦.三峡工程生态调度的若干探讨[J].中国水利,2006,(14)：8-10,24.
[54]潘家铮,张泽祯.中国北方地区水资源的合理配置和南水北调问题[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2001.
[55]庞靖鹏.非点源污染分布式模拟[博士学位论文].北京：北京师范大学,2007.
[56]齐学斌.不同潜水埋深污水灌溉氮素运移及对作物影响试验研究[博十学位论文].西安：西北农林科技大学,2008.
[57]秦福来.基于SWAT模型的非点源污染模拟研究[硕士学位论文].北京：首都师范大学,2006.
[58]清华大学.国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项：北运河水系水量水质联合调度关键技术与示范研究课题——北运河流域水量水质联合调度决策支持系统关键技术与集成研究[R].北京：清华大学,2011.
[59]邱林,王文川,徐冬梅.GIS在灌区水资源调度管理中的应用[J].华北水利水电学院学报,2005,26(1)：7-9.
[60]曲树国,刘洪霞,赵海军.山东省河道闸坝生态调度原则和调度方式探讨[J].山东水利,2009,(7)：57-59.
[61]曲树国,武甲庆,刘战军.山东省河道闸坝生态调度探讨[A].山东省水资源生态调度学术研讨会论文集[C].2007.
[62]荣琨,陈兴伟,等.晋江西溪流域土地利用变化对非点源污染影响的SWAT模拟[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(7)：1488-1493.
[63]阮仁良.平原河网地区水资源调度改善水质的机理和实践研究[博士学位论文].上海：华东师范大学,2003.
[64]沈晓东,王腊春,谢顺平.基于栅格数据的流域降雨径流模型.地理学报[J].1995,5(3)264-269.
[65]水利部海河水利委员会水文局.海河流域水清防汛调度手册北三河分册[R].天津：水利部海河水利委员会水文局,2007.
[66]孙晓艳.淮河干流(鲁台子至田家庵河段)一维水质模拟[硕士学位论文].合肥：合肥工业大学,2007.
[67]索丽生.我国可持续发展水资源战略[J].学会月刊,2001,(11)：15-16.
[68]索丽生.闸坝与生态[J].中国水利,2006,(11)：5-8.
[69]唐德善.大流域水资源多目标优化分配模型研究[J].河海大学学报,1992,20(6)：40-47.
[70]唐德善.黄河流域多目标优化配水模型[J].河海大学学报,1994,22(1)：46-52.
[71]汪尚朋.污水农业灌溉安全性评价的研究[硕十学位论文].武汉：武汉大学,2005.
[72]王浩,陈敏建,等.西北地区水资源合理配置和承载能力研究[M].郑州：黄河水利出版社.2003.
[73]王浩.我国水资源合理配置的现状和未来[J].水利水电技术,2006,37(2)：7-14.
[74]王堪甲,周振立.西安市污灌区农业生态环境问题及解决途径[[J].农业环境保护,1995,14(2)：89-91
[75]王培.基于GIS的SWAT模型在农业面源污染模拟中的应用[硕士学位论文].合肥：安徽农业大学,2008.
[76]王少丽.农田氮转化运移及流失量模拟预测[博士学位论文].北京：清华大学,2008.
[77]王远坤,夏自强,王桂华.水库调度的新阶段——生态调度[J].水文,2008,28(1)：7-9,76.
[78]王昭亮,高仕春,艾泽.闸坝对河流水质的调控作用初步分析[J].水利科技与经济,2010,16(12)：1339-1340,1347.
[79]翁文斌,蔡喜明,等.宏观经济区域水资源多目标决策分析方法与应用研究[J].水利学报,1995,(2)：1-11.
[80]吴迪梅,张从,孟凡乔.河北省污水灌溉农业环境污染经济损失评估[J].中国生态农业学报,2004,12(2)：176-179.
[81]吴泽宁.丽生.水资源优化配置研究进展[J].灌溉排水学报,2004,23(2)：1-5.
[82]吴泽宁.基于生态经济的区域水质水量统一优化配置研究[博十学位论文].南京：河海大学,2004.
[83]夏军,赵长森,等.淮河闸坝对河流生态影响评价研究——以蚌埠闸为例[J].自然资源学报2008,23(1)：48-60.
[84]夏青,庄大邦,等.计算非点源污染负荷的流域模型[J].中国环境科学,1985,5(4)：23-30.
[85]新华社.图表：2008年城市污水处理率和生活垃圾无害化处理率提高[EB/OL]. http://www.gov.cn/20091h/content_1252680.htm,2009-03-06.
[86]徐爱兰,王鹏.基于SWAT模型的圩区农业非点源污染模拟[J].环境监控与预警,2010,(1)：38-43.
[87]徐海洋,杜明侠,张大鹏,等.基于层次分析法的节水型社会评价研究[J].节水灌溉,2009,(7)：31-33.
[88]徐建新,唐斌,等.南水北调中线工程河北受水区水资源优化配置研究[J].水科学与工程技术,2007,(1)：4-7.
[89]徐建新,张亮,等.彭楼灌区多水源联合优化调配模型建立与应用[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2004,(6)：555-557.
[90]徐建新.灌区水资源评价及节水高效灌溉专家系统[博士学位论文].西安：西安理工大学, 2000.
[91]徐新阳.环境评价教程[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2004.
[92]徐杨,常福宣,等.水库生态调度研究综述[J].长江科学院院报,2008,25(6)：33-37.
[93]杨国录.河流数学模型[M].北京：海洋出版社,1993.
[94]杨林章,王德建,夏立忠.太湖地区农业面源污染特征及控制途径[J].中国水利,2004,(20)：29-30.
[95]杨小柳,刘戈力,等.新疆经济发展与水资源合理配置及承载能力研究[M].郑州：黄河水利出版社,2003.
[96]尹刚,王宁,等.基于SWAT模型的图们江流域氮磷营养物非点源污染研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(4)：704-710.
[97]于龙娟,夏自强,杜晓舜.最小生态径流的内涵及计算方法研究[J].河海大学学报：自然科学版,2004,32(1)：18-22.
[98]余文公,夏自强,等.生态库容及其调度研究[J].商丘师范学院学报,2006,22(5)：148-151.
[99]余文公.三峡水库生态径流调度措施与方案研究[硕士学位论文].南京：河海大学,2007.
[100]喻泽斌.漓江流域水资源可持续利用研究[博士学位论文].重庆：重庆大学,2004.
[101]原杰辉.SWAT模型在农业非点源污染研究中的应用[硕士学位论文].长春：吉林大学,2009.
[102]袁伟,郭宗楼,袁华.污水灌溉的研究现状及利用前景分析[J].中国农村水利水电,2005,(6)：19-21.
[103]宰松梅,F朝辉,庞鸿宾.污水灌溉的现状与展望[J].土壤,2006,38(6)：805-813.
[104]曾赛星,李寿声.灌溉水量分配大系统分解协调模型[J].河海大学学报,1990,(1)：67-75.
[105]张海英.水资源量与质联合优化配置初步研究[博士学位论文].武汉：武汉大学,2005.
[106]张秋玲.基于SWAT模型的平原区农业非点源污染模拟研究[博十学位论文].杭州：浙江大学,2010.
[107]张永勇,陈军锋,等.温榆河流域闸坝群对河流水量水质影响分析[J].自然资源学报,2009,24(7)：1308-1314.
[108]张永勇,夏军,等.基于SWAT模型的闸坝水量水质优化调度模式研究[J].水力发电学报,2010,29(5)：159-164,177.
[109]张永勇.闸坝工程对河流水量水质影响量化研究[博十学位论文].武汉：武汉大学,2008.
[110]张云刚.略论水资源配置中的儿个问题[J].甘肃水利水电技术,2000,(6)：73-79.
[111]张展羽,吕祝乌.污水灌溉农业技术探讨[J].人民黄河,2004,26(6)：21-22,30.
[112]郑德凤.雨洪资源与地下水资源联合调控理论及应用研究[博士学位论文].大连：大连理工大学,2005.
[113]郑捷SWAT模型的改进及在平原灌区的应用研究[博十学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2009.
[114]周振民.污水资源化与污水灌溉技术研究[M].郑州：黄河水利出版社,2006.
[115]庄承彬,黄河鸿,林娴.基于云理论与层次分析法的农村饮用水安全诊断[J].灌溉排水学报,2010,29(4)：52-55.
[116]邹桂红,崔建勇.基于AnnAGNPS模型的农业非点源污染模拟[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(12)：11-17.
[117]左其亭,陈曦.面向可持续发展的水资源规划与管理[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2003.
[118]左其亭,刘子辉,等.闸坝对河流水质水量影响评估及调控能力识别研究框架[J].南水北调与水利科技,2011,9(2)：18-21,40.
[119]B.U.魏什涅夫斯基著.容致旋译.关于德涅斯特罗夫水库利用调度进行自然保护的问题[J].水利水电快报,1994,(14)：7-11.译自俄刊《水资源》1993年第5期.
[120]N. Brnus著.戴国瑞,冯尚友等译.水资源科学分配[M].北京：水利电力出版社,1983.
[121]Afzal, Javaid, Noble, David H. Optimization model for alternative use of different quality irrigation water[J]. Journal of irrigation and Drainage Engineering,1992,118:218-228.
[122]Albulbasher Shahalam. Wastewater irrigation effect on soil crop and environment: A Pilot Scale Study at Irbid, Jordan. Water Air and Soil Pollution.1998,106:425-445.
[123]Ali-Shtayeh M S, Rana M F Jamous, Abu-Ghdeib S I. Ecology of cycloheximide-resistant fungi in field soils receiving raw city wastewater or normal irrigation water[J]. Mycopathologia, 1999(144):39-54.
[124]B Grizzetti, F Bouraoui, K Granlund, et al. Modeling diffuse emission and retention of nutrients in the Vantaanjoki watershed (Finland) using the SWAT model [J]. Ecological Modeling,2003, 169:25-38.
[125]Brian D Richter. How much water does a river need[J]. Fresh water Biology,1997,37:231-249.
[126]E Romijn M Tamiga. Multi-objective optimal alloeation of water resources[J]. J. Water resources planning and management, ASCE.1982,108(2):217-229.
[127]Eckhardt K, Haverkamp S, Fohrer N, et al. SWAT-G, a version of SWAT 99.2 modified for application to low mountain range catchments[J]. Physics and Chemistry of Earth,2002,27: 641-644.
[128]F Bouraoui, S Benabdallah, A Jrad, et al. Application of the SWAT model Oil the Medjerda river basin (Tunisia)[J]. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2005,30:497-507.
[129]Fohrer N, M Her D, Steiner N. An interdisciplinary modeling approach to evaluate the effects of land use change[J]. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2002,27:655-662.
[130]Haimesyy, Allee D J. Multiobjeetive analysis inwater resourees. New York:Ameriean Society of Civil Engineers,1982.
[131]Hamalalnen R, Kettunen E, Ehtamo H. Evaluating a framework for multi-stakehold decision support in water resourees management[J]. Group Decision and Negotiation,2001,10(4): 331-353.
[132]Hughes D A, G Ziervogel. The Inclusion of Operating Rules in A Daily Reservoir Simulation Model to Determine Ecological Reserve Releases for River Maintenance[J]. Water SA,1998, (5): 293-302.
[133]Hughes D A, Hannart P. A desktop model used to provide an initial estimate of the ecological instream flow requirements of rivers in south Africa[J]. Journal of Hydrology.2003,27: 167-181.
[134]Johnson Brett M, Saito Laurel, Anderson Mark A, et al. Effects of climate and dam operations on reservoir thermal structure[J]. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management,2004, (2):112-122.
[135]Krysanova V, Becker A, Muller-Wohlfeil DI. Development and test of a spatially distributed hydrological water quality model for mesoscale watersheds[J]. Ecological Modelling,1998, 106(2/3):261-289.
[136]Lee S L, Non-point source pollution[J]. Fisheries,1979, (2):50-52.
[137]Leon L F, Soulis E D, Kouwen N, et al. Nonpoint Source Pollution: A Distributed Water Quality Modeling Approach. Water Resource,2001,35(4):997-1007.
[138]Line D E. Non-point source pollution.Water Environ. Res.,1998,70(4):895-911,
[139]M P Tripathi, R K Panda, N S Raghuwanshi. Identification and prioritisation of critical subwatersheds for soil conservation management using the SWAT model[J]. Biosystems Engineering,2003,85(3):365-379.
[140]McGrath S P. Effects of heavy metals from sewage sludge on soil microbes in agricultural ecosystems in Ross SM (ed) Toxic metals in soil-plant systems[J]. Wiley, Chichester.1994: 247-274.
[141]Mckinny, D C, Cai, X M. Linking GIS and water resources management models: an object-oriented method[J]. Environmental Modeling & Software,2002, (17):413-425.
[142]Minsker B, Padera B, Smalley J. Effieient methods for including uncertainty and multiple objectives in water resourees management models using genetic algorithms[A].13th International Conference on Computational Methods in Water Resources, Calgary, Alberta (Canada). Canada,2000.
[143]Nam W K, II M C, et al. Development and application of the integrated SWAT-MODFLOW mode12008[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2008, (356):1-16.
[144]Norman J. Dudely. Optimal Interseasonat Irrigation Water Allocation[J]. Water Resour. Res., 1997(4):612-620.
[145]Petts G E. Water allocation to protect river ecosystems regulated rivers[J]. River Restoration Management,1996, (12):353-365.
[146]R A Fleming, R. M. Adams. Regulating ground water pollution:effects of geophysical response assumptions on economic resources efficiency[J]. Water Research,1995,31(4):712-721.
[147]Roberta Parry.Agricultural phosphorus and water quality, A.U.S. environmental protection agency perspective[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality,1998,27:258-261.
[148]Siebe C, Cifuentes E. Environmental impact of wastewater irrigation in central Mexico:an overview[J]. Int J Environ Health Res.,1995(5):161-173.
[149]Tsihrintzis V A, Hector R. Fuentes, Rao K. Gadipudi.GIS-Aided Modeling of Nonpoint Source Pollution Impacts on Surface and Ground Waters. Water Resources Management,1997,11: 207-218.
[150]W W-G Yeh. Reservoir management and operations models, a state-of the art review[J]. Water Resources Research.1985(12):1797-1818.
[151]Watkins, David W Jr McKinney, Daene C. Robust. Optimization for incorporating risk and uncertainty in sustainable water resources planning. IAHS Publication(International Association of Hydrological Scienees).1995,231, Jul 1-14:225-232.
[152]Willis R, W. W-G Yeh, Groundwater system planning and management[M]. New Jersey Prentice Hall,1987.
[153]Wong, Hugh S Sun, Ne-zheng. Optimization of conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater with water qualtty constraints[A]. Proceedings of the Annual Water Resources Planning and Management Conference Apr 6-9, Sponsored by: ASCE.1997:408-413.
[154]Yamout G., El-Fadel M. An optimization approach for multi-sector water supply management in the greater Beirut area[J]. Water Resources Management,2005,19(6):791-812.
[2]北运河流域水系综合治理工作协调小组.北运河流域水系综合治理规划[R].北京：北运河流域水系综合治理工作协调小组,2009.
[3]蔡其华.充分考虑河流生态保护因素完善水库调度的方式[J].中国水利,2006,3(2)：14-17.
[4]曹文志,洪华生,等.AGNPS在我国东南亚热带地区的检验[J].环境科学学报,2002,2(4)：537-540.
[5]陈明洪,方红卫,刘军梅.多闸坝分汉河流的洪水实时模拟和调度[J].水利水电科技进展,2011,31(2)：11-15,27.
[6]陈南祥.复杂系统水资源合理配置理论与实践[博士学位论文].西安：西安理工大学,2006.
[7]陈西平.计算降雨及农田径流污染负荷的三峡库区模型[J].中国环境科学,1992,12(1)：48-52.
[8]陈育权.模拟及岸线整治的水动力学方法研究[硕士学位论文].天津：天津大学,2007.
[9]陈志恺.21世纪中国水资源持续开发利用问题[J].中国工程科学,2002,2(3)：7-11.
[10]崔键,马友华,等.农业面源污染的特性及防治对策[J].中国农学通报,2006,22(1)：335-340.
[1]]丁桑岚.环境评价概论[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2001.
[12]董良早.平衡施肥技术[J].现代农业科技,2010,(13)：314,316.
[13]董哲仁,孙东亚,赵进勇.水库多目标生态调度[J].水利水电技术,2007,38(1)：28-32.
[14]董哲仁.生态水工学的工程理念[J].中国水利,2003,(1)：63-66.
[15]董哲仁.生态水工学——人类与自然和谐的工程学[J].水利水电技术,2003,34(1)：14-16,25.
[16]方子云.中国水利百科全书 环境水利分册[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2004.
[17]冯尚友,王先甲.水资源持续利用与管理导论[M].北京：科学出版社.2000.
[18]傅春,冯尚友.水资源持续利用(生态水利)原理的探讨[J].水科学进展,2000,11(4)：436-440.
[19]高永胜,王淑英.对水库生态调度问题的研究[J].人民黄河,2009,31(11)：12-13,24.
[20]高永胜.河流健康生命评价与修复技术研究[博士学位论文].北京：中国水利水电科学研究院水资源所,2006.
[21]郭正鑫.基于GIS流域水质水量联合调控系统的实现与应用[硕士学位论文].山东：山东师范大学,2009.
[22]郝芳华,程红光,杨胜天.非点源污染模型——理论方法与应用[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2006.
[23]郝芳华.流域非点源污染分布式模拟研究[博十学位论文].北京：北京师范大学,2003.
[24]华北水利水电学院.国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项：北运河水系水量水质联合调 度关键技术与示范研究课题——北运河河流生态需水保障方案研究[R].郑州：华北水利水电学院,2011.
[25]华北水利水电学院.国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项：北运河水系水量水质联合调度关键技术与示范研究课题—基于分质水资源优化调配的北运河河流水系生态适应性管理模式研究[R].郑州：华北水利水电学院,2011.
[26]华北水利水电学院.国家专题：粮食生产面源污染与对策[R].郑州：华北水利水电学院,2011.
[27]黄强,王增发,等.城市供水水源联合优化调度研究[J].水利学报,1999(5)：57-62.
[28]黄爽,张仁铎,等,石家庄污灌区污水灌溉技术的研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2003,22(5)：29-34.
[29]惠二青,刘贯群,等.适用于中大尺度流域的非点源污染模型[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(3)：552-556.
[30]贾海峰,程声通.水库调度与营养物消减关系的探讨[J].环境科学,2001,22(4)：104-107.
[31]金菊良,魏一鸣,丁晶.基于改进层次分析法的模糊综合评价模型[J].水利学报,2004,35(3)： 65-70.
[32]金蜡华.水环境数值模拟与可视化技术[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2004.
[33]靳贤福,任志谋,张琦.水资源存在问题及其对策[J].甘肃农业.2001,(1)：20-22.
[34]康杰伟.SWAT模型运行结构及文件系统研究[硕士学位论文].南京：南京师范大学,2008.
[35]蓝明菊.富营养化污水灌溉对土壤物理性质的影响研究[硕士学位论文].新疆：石河子大学,2010.
[36]李怀恩,沈晋,刘玉生.流域非点源污染模型的建立与应用实例[J].环境科学学报,1997,17(2)：141-147.
[37]李森照,罗金发,孟维奇,等.中国污水灌溉与环境质量控制[M].气象出版社,1995.
[38]李硕.GIS和遥感辅助下流域模拟的空间离散化与参数化研究与应用[博士学位论文].南京：南京师范大学,2002.
[39]李雪萍.国内外水资源优化配置研究概述[J].海河水利,2002(5)：13-15.
[40]梁团豪,谢新民,等.西辽河流域水资源合理配置研究[J].中国水利水[电科学研究院学报,2009,7(4)：291-295.
[41]廖晓勇,刘学军,等.农田生态系统中士壤氮素行为的研究现状与展望[J].西南农业学报,2001,14(3)：94-98.
[42]刘昌明,陈志恺.中国水资源现状和供需发展趋势分析[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2001.
[43]刘吕明,何希吾,等.中国21世纪水问题方略[M].北京：科学出版社,1998.
[44]刘枫,王华东,等.流域非点源污染的量化识别方法及其在于桥水库流域的应用[J].地理学报,1988,43(4)：329-339.
[45]刘润堂,许建中.我国污水灌溉现状、问题及其对策[J].中国水利,2002,(10)：123-125.
[46]刘旺.水资源可持续利用评价研究[J].四川师范大学学报(自然科学版),1999,22(4)：453-456.
[47]刘治理,马光文,等.大型水库运行方式的模糊层次分析研究[J].水利学报,2008,39(8)：1017-1021.
[48]柳毓梅.农业非点源污染研究——以普兰店大沙河流域为例[硕士学位论文].大连：辽宁师范大学,2007.
[49]陆垂裕.污水灌溉条件平士壤氮素转化运移数值模型及模拟[博士学位论文].武汉：武汉大学,2004.
[50]栾震宇.河网水量水质调度分析研究[硕十学位论文].南京：南京水利科学研究院,2007.
[51]雒文生.河流水文学[M].北京：水利电力出版社,1992.
[52]马建琴,邱林,等.区域农业水资源可持续利用多目标优化管理模型及其应用[J].华北水利水电学院学报,2004,25(3)：5-8.
[53]钮新强,谭培伦.三峡工程生态调度的若干探讨[J].中国水利,2006,(14)：8-10,24.
[54]潘家铮,张泽祯.中国北方地区水资源的合理配置和南水北调问题[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2001.
[55]庞靖鹏.非点源污染分布式模拟[博士学位论文].北京：北京师范大学,2007.
[56]齐学斌.不同潜水埋深污水灌溉氮素运移及对作物影响试验研究[博十学位论文].西安：西北农林科技大学,2008.
[57]秦福来.基于SWAT模型的非点源污染模拟研究[硕士学位论文].北京：首都师范大学,2006.
[58]清华大学.国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项：北运河水系水量水质联合调度关键技术与示范研究课题——北运河流域水量水质联合调度决策支持系统关键技术与集成研究[R].北京：清华大学,2011.
[59]邱林,王文川,徐冬梅.GIS在灌区水资源调度管理中的应用[J].华北水利水电学院学报,2005,26(1)：7-9.
[60]曲树国,刘洪霞,赵海军.山东省河道闸坝生态调度原则和调度方式探讨[J].山东水利,2009,(7)：57-59.
[61]曲树国,武甲庆,刘战军.山东省河道闸坝生态调度探讨[A].山东省水资源生态调度学术研讨会论文集[C].2007.
[62]荣琨,陈兴伟,等.晋江西溪流域土地利用变化对非点源污染影响的SWAT模拟[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(7)：1488-1493.
[63]阮仁良.平原河网地区水资源调度改善水质的机理和实践研究[博士学位论文].上海：华东师范大学,2003.
[64]沈晓东,王腊春,谢顺平.基于栅格数据的流域降雨径流模型.地理学报[J].1995,5(3)264-269.
[65]水利部海河水利委员会水文局.海河流域水清防汛调度手册北三河分册[R].天津：水利部海河水利委员会水文局,2007.
[66]孙晓艳.淮河干流(鲁台子至田家庵河段)一维水质模拟[硕士学位论文].合肥：合肥工业大学,2007.
[67]索丽生.我国可持续发展水资源战略[J].学会月刊,2001,(11)：15-16.
[68]索丽生.闸坝与生态[J].中国水利,2006,(11)：5-8.
[69]唐德善.大流域水资源多目标优化分配模型研究[J].河海大学学报,1992,20(6)：40-47.
[70]唐德善.黄河流域多目标优化配水模型[J].河海大学学报,1994,22(1)：46-52.
[71]汪尚朋.污水农业灌溉安全性评价的研究[硕十学位论文].武汉：武汉大学,2005.
[72]王浩,陈敏建,等.西北地区水资源合理配置和承载能力研究[M].郑州：黄河水利出版社.2003.
[73]王浩.我国水资源合理配置的现状和未来[J].水利水电技术,2006,37(2)：7-14.
[74]王堪甲,周振立.西安市污灌区农业生态环境问题及解决途径[[J].农业环境保护,1995,14(2)：89-91
[75]王培.基于GIS的SWAT模型在农业面源污染模拟中的应用[硕士学位论文].合肥：安徽农业大学,2008.
[76]王少丽.农田氮转化运移及流失量模拟预测[博士学位论文].北京：清华大学,2008.
[77]王远坤,夏自强,王桂华.水库调度的新阶段——生态调度[J].水文,2008,28(1)：7-9,76.
[78]王昭亮,高仕春,艾泽.闸坝对河流水质的调控作用初步分析[J].水利科技与经济,2010,16(12)：1339-1340,1347.
[79]翁文斌,蔡喜明,等.宏观经济区域水资源多目标决策分析方法与应用研究[J].水利学报,1995,(2)：1-11.
[80]吴迪梅,张从,孟凡乔.河北省污水灌溉农业环境污染经济损失评估[J].中国生态农业学报,2004,12(2)：176-179.
[81]吴泽宁.丽生.水资源优化配置研究进展[J].灌溉排水学报,2004,23(2)：1-5.
[82]吴泽宁.基于生态经济的区域水质水量统一优化配置研究[博十学位论文].南京：河海大学,2004.
[83]夏军,赵长森,等.淮河闸坝对河流生态影响评价研究——以蚌埠闸为例[J].自然资源学报2008,23(1)：48-60.
[84]夏青,庄大邦,等.计算非点源污染负荷的流域模型[J].中国环境科学,1985,5(4)：23-30.
[85]新华社.图表：2008年城市污水处理率和生活垃圾无害化处理率提高[EB/OL]. http://www.gov.cn/20091h/content_1252680.htm,2009-03-06.
[86]徐爱兰,王鹏.基于SWAT模型的圩区农业非点源污染模拟[J].环境监控与预警,2010,(1)：38-43.
[87]徐海洋,杜明侠,张大鹏,等.基于层次分析法的节水型社会评价研究[J].节水灌溉,2009,(7)：31-33.
[88]徐建新,唐斌,等.南水北调中线工程河北受水区水资源优化配置研究[J].水科学与工程技术,2007,(1)：4-7.
[89]徐建新,张亮,等.彭楼灌区多水源联合优化调配模型建立与应用[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2004,(6)：555-557.
[90]徐建新.灌区水资源评价及节水高效灌溉专家系统[博士学位论文].西安：西安理工大学, 2000.
[91]徐新阳.环境评价教程[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2004.
[92]徐杨,常福宣,等.水库生态调度研究综述[J].长江科学院院报,2008,25(6)：33-37.
[93]杨国录.河流数学模型[M].北京：海洋出版社,1993.
[94]杨林章,王德建,夏立忠.太湖地区农业面源污染特征及控制途径[J].中国水利,2004,(20)：29-30.
[95]杨小柳,刘戈力,等.新疆经济发展与水资源合理配置及承载能力研究[M].郑州：黄河水利出版社,2003.
[96]尹刚,王宁,等.基于SWAT模型的图们江流域氮磷营养物非点源污染研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(4)：704-710.
[97]于龙娟,夏自强,杜晓舜.最小生态径流的内涵及计算方法研究[J].河海大学学报：自然科学版,2004,32(1)：18-22.
[98]余文公,夏自强,等.生态库容及其调度研究[J].商丘师范学院学报,2006,22(5)：148-151.
[99]余文公.三峡水库生态径流调度措施与方案研究[硕士学位论文].南京：河海大学,2007.
[100]喻泽斌.漓江流域水资源可持续利用研究[博士学位论文].重庆：重庆大学,2004.
[101]原杰辉.SWAT模型在农业非点源污染研究中的应用[硕士学位论文].长春：吉林大学,2009.
[102]袁伟,郭宗楼,袁华.污水灌溉的研究现状及利用前景分析[J].中国农村水利水电,2005,(6)：19-21.
[103]宰松梅,F朝辉,庞鸿宾.污水灌溉的现状与展望[J].土壤,2006,38(6)：805-813.
[104]曾赛星,李寿声.灌溉水量分配大系统分解协调模型[J].河海大学学报,1990,(1)：67-75.
[105]张海英.水资源量与质联合优化配置初步研究[博士学位论文].武汉：武汉大学,2005.
[106]张秋玲.基于SWAT模型的平原区农业非点源污染模拟研究[博十学位论文].杭州：浙江大学,2010.
[107]张永勇,陈军锋,等.温榆河流域闸坝群对河流水量水质影响分析[J].自然资源学报,2009,24(7)：1308-1314.
[108]张永勇,夏军,等.基于SWAT模型的闸坝水量水质优化调度模式研究[J].水力发电学报,2010,29(5)：159-164,177.
[109]张永勇.闸坝工程对河流水量水质影响量化研究[博十学位论文].武汉：武汉大学,2008.
[110]张云刚.略论水资源配置中的儿个问题[J].甘肃水利水电技术,2000,(6)：73-79.
[111]张展羽,吕祝乌.污水灌溉农业技术探讨[J].人民黄河,2004,26(6)：21-22,30.
[112]郑德凤.雨洪资源与地下水资源联合调控理论及应用研究[博士学位论文].大连：大连理工大学,2005.
[113]郑捷SWAT模型的改进及在平原灌区的应用研究[博十学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2009.
[114]周振民.污水资源化与污水灌溉技术研究[M].郑州：黄河水利出版社,2006.
[115]庄承彬,黄河鸿,林娴.基于云理论与层次分析法的农村饮用水安全诊断[J].灌溉排水学报,2010,29(4)：52-55.
[116]邹桂红,崔建勇.基于AnnAGNPS模型的农业非点源污染模拟[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(12)：11-17.
[117]左其亭,陈曦.面向可持续发展的水资源规划与管理[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2003.
[118]左其亭,刘子辉,等.闸坝对河流水质水量影响评估及调控能力识别研究框架[J].南水北调与水利科技,2011,9(2)：18-21,40.
[119]B.U.魏什涅夫斯基著.容致旋译.关于德涅斯特罗夫水库利用调度进行自然保护的问题[J].水利水电快报,1994,(14)：7-11.译自俄刊《水资源》1993年第5期.
[120]N. Brnus著.戴国瑞,冯尚友等译.水资源科学分配[M].北京：水利电力出版社,1983.
[121]Afzal, Javaid, Noble, David H. Optimization model for alternative use of different quality irrigation water[J]. Journal of irrigation and Drainage Engineering,1992,118:218-228.
[122]Albulbasher Shahalam. Wastewater irrigation effect on soil crop and environment: A Pilot Scale Study at Irbid, Jordan. Water Air and Soil Pollution.1998,106:425-445.
[123]Ali-Shtayeh M S, Rana M F Jamous, Abu-Ghdeib S I. Ecology of cycloheximide-resistant fungi in field soils receiving raw city wastewater or normal irrigation water[J]. Mycopathologia, 1999(144):39-54.
[124]B Grizzetti, F Bouraoui, K Granlund, et al. Modeling diffuse emission and retention of nutrients in the Vantaanjoki watershed (Finland) using the SWAT model [J]. Ecological Modeling,2003, 169:25-38.
[125]Brian D Richter. How much water does a river need[J]. Fresh water Biology,1997,37:231-249.
[126]E Romijn M Tamiga. Multi-objective optimal alloeation of water resources[J]. J. Water resources planning and management, ASCE.1982,108(2):217-229.
[127]Eckhardt K, Haverkamp S, Fohrer N, et al. SWAT-G, a version of SWAT 99.2 modified for application to low mountain range catchments[J]. Physics and Chemistry of Earth,2002,27: 641-644.
[128]F Bouraoui, S Benabdallah, A Jrad, et al. Application of the SWAT model Oil the Medjerda river basin (Tunisia)[J]. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2005,30:497-507.
[129]Fohrer N, M Her D, Steiner N. An interdisciplinary modeling approach to evaluate the effects of land use change[J]. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2002,27:655-662.
[130]Haimesyy, Allee D J. Multiobjeetive analysis inwater resourees. New York:Ameriean Society of Civil Engineers,1982.
[131]Hamalalnen R, Kettunen E, Ehtamo H. Evaluating a framework for multi-stakehold decision support in water resourees management[J]. Group Decision and Negotiation,2001,10(4): 331-353.
[132]Hughes D A, G Ziervogel. The Inclusion of Operating Rules in A Daily Reservoir Simulation Model to Determine Ecological Reserve Releases for River Maintenance[J]. Water SA,1998, (5): 293-302.
[133]Hughes D A, Hannart P. A desktop model used to provide an initial estimate of the ecological instream flow requirements of rivers in south Africa[J]. Journal of Hydrology.2003,27: 167-181.
[134]Johnson Brett M, Saito Laurel, Anderson Mark A, et al. Effects of climate and dam operations on reservoir thermal structure[J]. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management,2004, (2):112-122.
[135]Krysanova V, Becker A, Muller-Wohlfeil DI. Development and test of a spatially distributed hydrological water quality model for mesoscale watersheds[J]. Ecological Modelling,1998, 106(2/3):261-289.
[136]Lee S L, Non-point source pollution[J]. Fisheries,1979, (2):50-52.
[137]Leon L F, Soulis E D, Kouwen N, et al. Nonpoint Source Pollution: A Distributed Water Quality Modeling Approach. Water Resource,2001,35(4):997-1007.
[138]Line D E. Non-point source pollution.Water Environ. Res.,1998,70(4):895-911,
[139]M P Tripathi, R K Panda, N S Raghuwanshi. Identification and prioritisation of critical subwatersheds for soil conservation management using the SWAT model[J]. Biosystems Engineering,2003,85(3):365-379.
[140]McGrath S P. Effects of heavy metals from sewage sludge on soil microbes in agricultural ecosystems in Ross SM (ed) Toxic metals in soil-plant systems[J]. Wiley, Chichester.1994: 247-274.
[141]Mckinny, D C, Cai, X M. Linking GIS and water resources management models: an object-oriented method[J]. Environmental Modeling & Software,2002, (17):413-425.
[142]Minsker B, Padera B, Smalley J. Effieient methods for including uncertainty and multiple objectives in water resourees management models using genetic algorithms[A].13th International Conference on Computational Methods in Water Resources, Calgary, Alberta (Canada). Canada,2000.
[143]Nam W K, II M C, et al. Development and application of the integrated SWAT-MODFLOW mode12008[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2008, (356):1-16.
[144]Norman J. Dudely. Optimal Interseasonat Irrigation Water Allocation[J]. Water Resour. Res., 1997(4):612-620.
[145]Petts G E. Water allocation to protect river ecosystems regulated rivers[J]. River Restoration Management,1996, (12):353-365.
[146]R A Fleming, R. M. Adams. Regulating ground water pollution:effects of geophysical response assumptions on economic resources efficiency[J]. Water Research,1995,31(4):712-721.
[147]Roberta Parry.Agricultural phosphorus and water quality, A.U.S. environmental protection agency perspective[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality,1998,27:258-261.
[148]Siebe C, Cifuentes E. Environmental impact of wastewater irrigation in central Mexico:an overview[J]. Int J Environ Health Res.,1995(5):161-173.
[149]Tsihrintzis V A, Hector R. Fuentes, Rao K. Gadipudi.GIS-Aided Modeling of Nonpoint Source Pollution Impacts on Surface and Ground Waters. Water Resources Management,1997,11: 207-218.
[150]W W-G Yeh. Reservoir management and operations models, a state-of the art review[J]. Water Resources Research.1985(12):1797-1818.
[151]Watkins, David W Jr McKinney, Daene C. Robust. Optimization for incorporating risk and uncertainty in sustainable water resources planning. IAHS Publication(International Association of Hydrological Scienees).1995,231, Jul 1-14:225-232.
[152]Willis R, W. W-G Yeh, Groundwater system planning and management[M]. New Jersey Prentice Hall,1987.
[153]Wong, Hugh S Sun, Ne-zheng. Optimization of conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater with water qualtty constraints[A]. Proceedings of the Annual Water Resources Planning and Management Conference Apr 6-9, Sponsored by: ASCE.1997:408-413.
[154]Yamout G., El-Fadel M. An optimization approach for multi-sector water supply management in the greater Beirut area[J]. Water Resources Management,2005,19(6):791-812.