小报春多倍体育种的研究
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摘要
报春花属(Primula)植物属于报春花科(Primulaceae)，许多种类具有较高的观赏价值，受到世界花卉园艺界重视。我国有着丰富的报春花属植物资源，但是许多野生种尚未被引种栽培，使其在山野中自生自灭。而在欧美许多原产我国的报春花属植物已成为栽培品种，应用于园林。小报春(Primula forbesii)又称田埂报春，为我国所特有的报春花科报春花属植物，广泛分布于中国云南，四川等地海拔相对较低处。该种生命力旺盛、抗性强，观赏价值高，是一种很有园林开发价值的野生花卉。但目前除了对小报春的生物学特性有过报道外，尚未有人对小报春的育种工作开展研究。为开发我国丰富的野生报春花种质资源，通过育种手段，经过多年的栽培选育，使野生种成为国内外重要的早春园林用花或盆栽花卉。多倍体育种作为一种重要的花卉育种手段，已广泛用于培育花卉新品种。本研在了解引种到北京林业大学的五种报春花属植物染色体数目并首次报道其核型的基础上进一步对改变小报春的株型、花色、花茎等方面展开研究。采用秋水仙素处理小报春，通过形态学、细胞学的鉴定，获得三株根尖染色体加倍、株型、花色、花茎明显变异的四倍体小报春。其研究结果如下：
1．经过对五种报春花属植物进行染色体核型分析，进一步掌握了五种报春的染色体数目及其核型：其中，小报春、藏报春、胭脂花、齿叶灯台报春的核型为首次报道。
小报春体细胞染色体数目2n=2x=18，核型公式为K(2n)=2x=18=16m+2sm，属于“1B型”核型；偏花报春体细胞染色体数目为2n=2x=22，核型公式为K(2n)=2x=22=20m+2sm，属于“1B型”核型；藏报春体细胞染色体数目为2n=2x=22，核型公式为K(2n)=2x=22=20m+2sm，属于“1B型”核型；胭脂花体细胞染色体数目为2n=2x=22，核型公式为K(2n)=2x=22=18m+2M+2sm，属于“1B型”核型；齿叶灯台报春体细胞染色体数目为2n=2x=22，核型公式为K(2n)=2x=22=22m，属于原始的“1A型”核型。
2．在秋水仙素诱导小报春体细胞的研究中：以0.05g L~(-1)浓度的秋水仙素浸泡萌动种子48h得到1株四倍体；组培诱导中，以秋水仙素加入培养基中，秋水仙素浓度为0.1gL~(-1)处理一周获得2株四倍体小报春。
3．在用秋水仙素诱导小报春的性细胞的研究中：小报春花粉染色体加倍效果与始处理时期的减数分裂阶段密切相关，一般只要是在出露1／4花序以内，花药由淡绿色
转为绿黄色以后且未变红之前处理，也就是由细线末期到终变期之前处理，均能取得
较好的效果:综合大花粉的比率和每序花粉获得率这两项指标，处理次数以3一5次，
每次间隔5~7h为宜。经秋水仙素溶液处理所获得的花粉中均有一定比例的形态较
大的花粉，最高可达70%，这种大花粉经花粉染色体检查为Zn二Zx二18，且能正常萌发。
将所得大花粉与未经处理的二倍体小报春进行杂交，所得果实直径较对照明显增大。
4.通过秋水仙素诱导获得的四倍体植株与二倍体小报春相比，株型紧凑，株高变
矮，叶片明显变宽、变厚，叶色较对照加深，叶表面所覆绒毛变长、变密;花期较二
倍体变长，花径增大，花眼颜色加深，有重瓣现象出现;其抗性增强。
Primula belongs to Primulaceae .Many species of Primula have much higher value of apreciation.
Polyploid breeding has became a most important method and it has been also extensively applied in new flora species breeding.A lot of cultivars with big flowers belong to tetraploid (2n=4x=36) in Primula.England have breeded hexaploid (2n=6x=54) cultivars . Primula forbesii,which distributes Yunnan and Sichuan province is one kind of beautiful wild primroses having not been studied completely or cultivated in gardens. P. forbesii has a good exploitation foreground .In this study we used colchicines to induce polyploid Primula forbesii,in order to change the flower diameter ,flower colour and plant pattern and so on .
1.In this study ,karyotype and chromosome number studies were carried out on five species within the genus Primula.Ths numbers and karyotypes of chromosome were formulated to be K(2n)=2x=18=16m+ 2sm for P. forbesii. K(2n)=2x=22=20m+2sm for P. secundiflora ,k(2n) =2x=22=20m+2sm for P.sinensis, K(2n)=2x=22=18m+2M +2sm for P. maximowiczii,K(2n)=2x =22=22m for P. serratifolia.lt was the first time of karyotypes report about P. forbesii,P. sinensis P. maximowiczii and P. serratifolia.
2.In this study , we used colchicine to induce P. forbesii polyploid ,It was observed the concentration of colchicine at 0.05g L-1 soaking the germinative seeds could get higher variation rate .In this condition one tetraploid was got. The medium added colchicine could get a better induction effect. Concentration of colchicines at 0.1 gL-1 treated for one week could get higher variation rate.In this condition,two tetra-ploids were gotten.
3.In the study colchicine induced the sex cell ,we fund that the pollen chromosome doubling effect was related closely with the start treating time to the meiosis phrase . We could get a better induction effect when we treated at the inflorescence out 1/4,or the another co- lor changing from light green to green-yellow color .It was just the period chromosome changed from bouquet stage to diakinesis stage. Synthesizing the ratio of big pollen and the pollen acquiring rate of per inflorescence ,the treating times at 3~5 and every partition 5~7 hours were proper .We could get some ratio big pollen after treated by colchicine.The big pollen ratio could reach to 70% . The chromosome number of the big pollen is 2n=2x= 18 .The big pollen can germinate normaly .After crossing with normal P.forbesii ,we got the fruit which was bigger than the treatment.
4.After the treatment of colchicine The outward shape has a big change .The shape of variation plants becomes compact and the plant height becomes short .The petiole becomes short and thick .The shape leaf becomes breadth and obviously thick ,and the color of the leaf become into deep green .The floss on the reverse side of the leaf become more and long.The yellow flower eye and the sepal is bigger than the contrast .The fruit diameter of appearance variation plants is bigger than the fruit diameter of contrast.
1．经过对五种报春花属植物进行染色体核型分析，进一步掌握了五种报春的染色体数目及其核型：其中，小报春、藏报春、胭脂花、齿叶灯台报春的核型为首次报道。
小报春体细胞染色体数目2n=2x=18，核型公式为K(2n)=2x=18=16m+2sm，属于“1B型”核型；偏花报春体细胞染色体数目为2n=2x=22，核型公式为K(2n)=2x=22=20m+2sm，属于“1B型”核型；藏报春体细胞染色体数目为2n=2x=22，核型公式为K(2n)=2x=22=20m+2sm，属于“1B型”核型；胭脂花体细胞染色体数目为2n=2x=22，核型公式为K(2n)=2x=22=18m+2M+2sm，属于“1B型”核型；齿叶灯台报春体细胞染色体数目为2n=2x=22，核型公式为K(2n)=2x=22=22m，属于原始的“1A型”核型。
2．在秋水仙素诱导小报春体细胞的研究中：以0.05g L~(-1)浓度的秋水仙素浸泡萌动种子48h得到1株四倍体；组培诱导中，以秋水仙素加入培养基中，秋水仙素浓度为0.1gL~(-1)处理一周获得2株四倍体小报春。
3．在用秋水仙素诱导小报春的性细胞的研究中：小报春花粉染色体加倍效果与始处理时期的减数分裂阶段密切相关，一般只要是在出露1／4花序以内，花药由淡绿色
转为绿黄色以后且未变红之前处理，也就是由细线末期到终变期之前处理，均能取得
较好的效果:综合大花粉的比率和每序花粉获得率这两项指标，处理次数以3一5次，
每次间隔5~7h为宜。经秋水仙素溶液处理所获得的花粉中均有一定比例的形态较
大的花粉，最高可达70%，这种大花粉经花粉染色体检查为Zn二Zx二18，且能正常萌发。
将所得大花粉与未经处理的二倍体小报春进行杂交，所得果实直径较对照明显增大。
4.通过秋水仙素诱导获得的四倍体植株与二倍体小报春相比，株型紧凑，株高变
矮，叶片明显变宽、变厚，叶色较对照加深，叶表面所覆绒毛变长、变密;花期较二
倍体变长，花径增大，花眼颜色加深，有重瓣现象出现;其抗性增强。
Primula belongs to Primulaceae .Many species of Primula have much higher value of apreciation.
Polyploid breeding has became a most important method and it has been also extensively applied in new flora species breeding.A lot of cultivars with big flowers belong to tetraploid (2n=4x=36) in Primula.England have breeded hexaploid (2n=6x=54) cultivars . Primula forbesii,which distributes Yunnan and Sichuan province is one kind of beautiful wild primroses having not been studied completely or cultivated in gardens. P. forbesii has a good exploitation foreground .In this study we used colchicines to induce polyploid Primula forbesii,in order to change the flower diameter ,flower colour and plant pattern and so on .
1.In this study ,karyotype and chromosome number studies were carried out on five species within the genus Primula.Ths numbers and karyotypes of chromosome were formulated to be K(2n)=2x=18=16m+ 2sm for P. forbesii. K(2n)=2x=22=20m+2sm for P. secundiflora ,k(2n) =2x=22=20m+2sm for P.sinensis, K(2n)=2x=22=18m+2M +2sm for P. maximowiczii,K(2n)=2x =22=22m for P. serratifolia.lt was the first time of karyotypes report about P. forbesii,P. sinensis P. maximowiczii and P. serratifolia.
2.In this study , we used colchicine to induce P. forbesii polyploid ,It was observed the concentration of colchicine at 0.05g L-1 soaking the germinative seeds could get higher variation rate .In this condition one tetraploid was got. The medium added colchicine could get a better induction effect. Concentration of colchicines at 0.1 gL-1 treated for one week could get higher variation rate.In this condition,two tetra-ploids were gotten.
3.In the study colchicine induced the sex cell ,we fund that the pollen chromosome doubling effect was related closely with the start treating time to the meiosis phrase . We could get a better induction effect when we treated at the inflorescence out 1/4,or the another co- lor changing from light green to green-yellow color .It was just the period chromosome changed from bouquet stage to diakinesis stage. Synthesizing the ratio of big pollen and the pollen acquiring rate of per inflorescence ,the treating times at 3~5 and every partition 5~7 hours were proper .We could get some ratio big pollen after treated by colchicine.The big pollen ratio could reach to 70% . The chromosome number of the big pollen is 2n=2x= 18 .The big pollen can germinate normaly .After crossing with normal P.forbesii ,we got the fruit which was bigger than the treatment.
4.After the treatment of colchicine The outward shape has a big change .The shape of variation plants becomes compact and the plant height becomes short .The petiole becomes short and thick .The shape leaf becomes breadth and obviously thick ,and the color of the leaf become into deep green .The floss on the reverse side of the leaf become more and long.The yellow flower eye and the sepal is bigger than the contrast .The fruit diameter of appearance variation plants is bigger than the fruit diameter of contrast.
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