MIMO雷达波形优化与信号处理方法研究
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摘要
多输入多输出(MIMO, Multiple-Input Multiple-Output)雷达使用多个发射天线分别发射不同的信号同时照射目标,同时使用多个接收天线系统来接收并处理目标回波信号。根据天线布阵的间距大小,MIMO雷达可以分为集中式MIMO雷达和统计MIMO雷达。集中式MIMO雷达又可以分为单基地MIMO雷达和双基地MIMO雷达。统计MIMO雷达又可以分为发射分集MIMO雷达和收发全分集MIMO雷达。集中式MIMO雷达能够改善参数分辨和估计性能、实现更为灵活的发射方向图设计。统计MIMO雷达通过利用目标角度分集的统计特性能够提高目标检测性能、通过相干处理方法提供高分辨的目标定位和参数估计性能。本文研究了MIMO雷达的波形优化与信号处理方法等方面的问题。主要工作包括以下几个方面：
1.针对空目标的距离高分辨MIMO雷达体制下,目标回波可能跨越多个距离单元的问题,提出了一种基于遗传算法的类零相关正交多相码设计方法。该方法选择零相关码集为初始群体,然后针对零相关码的特性,对遗传算法的交叉和变异操作进行了优化设计。该方法能够把相关信号能量向远离主瓣的区域挤压,有效地降低了主瓣附近零相关区域自相关旁瓣和互相关的峰值。
2.分析了发射分集MIMO雷达的目标回波相关性。分别在SwerlingⅠ和Ⅱ目标散射模型下,分析了多个目标回波之间的相关性。分析得到,在SwerlingⅡ目标散射模型下,目标回波是不相关的；在SwerlingⅠ目标散射模型下,目标回波是相关的。给出了在SwerlingⅠ目标散射模型下使目标回波相关性随着发射阵元数的增加而降低的条件。结果表明该条件与发射信号有关。
3.提出了一种分两步进行最小冗余(MR, Minimum Redundancy) MIMO雷达设计的方法：第一步在保证虚拟孔径达到一定长度的条件下,使得系统总阵元数最小；第二步在保持系统总阵元数不变的前提下,优化发射阵元数和接收阵元数的配置与发射阵列和接收阵列的布阵,使得系统的虚拟孔径最大。该方法降低了系统布阵优化的计算量。研究表明,最小冗余MIMO雷达的增广协方差矩阵无法保证具有非负定特性,而增广协方差矩阵的负定特性会使Capon谱估计方法失效。针对这一问题,提出了一种对增广协方差矩阵进行自适应对角加载的Capon估计方法。该方法根据增广协方差矩阵最小特征值的大小来判定是否进行对角加载以及加载量的大小,从而使Capon估计方法具有稳健性。
4.针对传统双基地雷达测高系统配置复杂的问题,提出了一种通过双基地MIMO雷达,利用虚拟阵元技术进行目标高度测量的方法。该方法在接收端估计目标相对于发射阵列和接收阵列的角度,然后利用获得的角度进行目标高度测量。与传统的双基地雷达测高方法不同,该方法既不需要发射端和接收端之间的时间同步,也不需要收发两端之间传输数据,从而简化了系统的配置。另外,在多目标情况下,该方法估计的角度能够自动配对,从而避免了目标模糊。在存在空域色噪声的情况下,提出了一种基于类ESPRIT的双基地MIMO雷达空间色噪声对消的方法。该方法利用了同一个噪声信号通过不同正交信号匹配滤波器后具有正交性的特点,消除了空域色噪声对角度估计的影响,提高了角度估计性能。
5.研究了收发全分集(分布式)MIMO雷达的目标定位相干信号处理方法。提出采用窄带双频发射,在接收端通过双频信号来消除复反射系数相位的影响,所以该方法能够使分布式MIMO雷达实现相干处理。另外,该方法能够消除目标运动引起的多普勒频率对接收信号相位的影响。分析了所提方法目标定位的克拉美罗界(CRB, Cramer-Rao Bound),得出定位性能与发射信号的频率差的平方成反比。另外分析了雷达坐标误差对定位精度的影响,得出目标定位的平均渐进性能与雷达坐标的方差成正比。
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) radar systems illuminate targets by transmit-ting different signals via multiple antennas, and receive target echoes with multiple receiv-ing antennas. There are two types of MIMO radar systems according to the space distances among antennas. One is colocated MIMO radar system and the other is statistical MIMO radar system. The colocated MIMO radar system can be further categorized into monostatic and bistatic MIMO radars. Meanwhile, statistical MIMO radar systems can be further cate-gorized into transmit diversity only MIMO radar and transmit-receive diversity MIMO radar. The colocated MIMO radar system has the advantages of better parameter estimation, better identifiability and more flexible transmitting beampattern. Statistical MIMO radar improves detection performance by exploiting the statistical target angular diversity. The capability of target localization and parameter estimation can also be improved by applying coherent processing scheme. This dissertation studies orthogonal waveform design and array signal processing for MIMO radar. The main contributions of this dissertation are listed as follows:
1. Target echoes always span several range bins when high range resolution MIMO radar systems are employed. A novel approach to design zero correlation zone (ZCZ) like polyphase codes based on genetic algorithm is proposed. The proposed method selects the ZCZ sequence set as initial population and optimizes the crossover and mutation operations according to the feature of the ZCZ sequence set. With correlated signals energy being pushed far away the mainlobe, the designed polyphase code has lower auto-and cross-correlation sidelobes near the mainlobe.
2. The correlation of target echoes using transmit diversity MIMO radar is analyzed. The echo correlation of multiple targets is analyzed under SwerlingⅠandⅡtarget scat-terering model assumptions. The results indicated that the echoes are uncorrelated un-der SwerlingⅡmodel but correlated under SwerlingⅠmodel. A condition to decrease the correlation of target echoes via increasing the transmitters is given. The condition is shown to be related to transmitted signals.
3. A two-step approach is proposed for constructing minimum redundancy (MR) MIMO radars. In the first step, the total number of antennas is minimized with given vir-tual aperture. In the second step, the virtual aperture is maximized by optimizing the configuration of transmit and receive antennas and the spacings between antennas. This method reduces the computational load of designing MR MIMO radars. It is shown that the augmented covariance matrix (ACM) of MR MIMO radars has no guarantee of non-negative definition, which may fail Capon estimation methods. An adaptive diagonal loading technique, whose loading level is adjusted adaptively according to the minimum eigenvalue of the ACM, is introduced, and then robust Capon method is achieved.
4. Conventional bistatic altitude measurement radars have a problem of complicated sys-tem configuration. A targets altitude measurement method using virtual elements tech-nique by exploiting bistatic MIMO radars is proposed. The method implements altitude measurement via estimating the angles of targets respect to transmit and receive arrays. Different from the altitude measurement methods of conventional bistatic radars, the proposed method requires neither time synchronization nor communication between transmit and receive ends, which simplifies the configuration of system. In addition, the angles can be paired automatically when multiple targets exist, and so target ghosts are avoided. In the case of spatial colored noise, an ESPRIT like based DOA estimation method which can cancel the spatial colored noise is given. Exploiting the orthogonality of the colored noise after different orthogonal signal matched filters. This method elim-inates the effect of spatial colored noise on angles estimation and improves the estimate performance.
5. A coherent processing technique for locating targets with transmit-receiver (distributed) diversity MIMO radar is studied. In order to enable coherent processing techniques for distributed MIMO radar, dual-frequency transmitters are exploited to eliminate the stochastic phases with complex fading coefficients which are caused by target angular fluctuations. The Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) of target localization accuracy is proved to be inversely proportional to the frequency difference among the transmitted signals. Due to the radar positions uncertainty, the average asymptotic performance of the pro-posed method is proportional to the variance of radar position.
1.针对空目标的距离高分辨MIMO雷达体制下,目标回波可能跨越多个距离单元的问题,提出了一种基于遗传算法的类零相关正交多相码设计方法。该方法选择零相关码集为初始群体,然后针对零相关码的特性,对遗传算法的交叉和变异操作进行了优化设计。该方法能够把相关信号能量向远离主瓣的区域挤压,有效地降低了主瓣附近零相关区域自相关旁瓣和互相关的峰值。
2.分析了发射分集MIMO雷达的目标回波相关性。分别在SwerlingⅠ和Ⅱ目标散射模型下,分析了多个目标回波之间的相关性。分析得到,在SwerlingⅡ目标散射模型下,目标回波是不相关的；在SwerlingⅠ目标散射模型下,目标回波是相关的。给出了在SwerlingⅠ目标散射模型下使目标回波相关性随着发射阵元数的增加而降低的条件。结果表明该条件与发射信号有关。
3.提出了一种分两步进行最小冗余(MR, Minimum Redundancy) MIMO雷达设计的方法：第一步在保证虚拟孔径达到一定长度的条件下,使得系统总阵元数最小；第二步在保持系统总阵元数不变的前提下,优化发射阵元数和接收阵元数的配置与发射阵列和接收阵列的布阵,使得系统的虚拟孔径最大。该方法降低了系统布阵优化的计算量。研究表明,最小冗余MIMO雷达的增广协方差矩阵无法保证具有非负定特性,而增广协方差矩阵的负定特性会使Capon谱估计方法失效。针对这一问题,提出了一种对增广协方差矩阵进行自适应对角加载的Capon估计方法。该方法根据增广协方差矩阵最小特征值的大小来判定是否进行对角加载以及加载量的大小,从而使Capon估计方法具有稳健性。
4.针对传统双基地雷达测高系统配置复杂的问题,提出了一种通过双基地MIMO雷达,利用虚拟阵元技术进行目标高度测量的方法。该方法在接收端估计目标相对于发射阵列和接收阵列的角度,然后利用获得的角度进行目标高度测量。与传统的双基地雷达测高方法不同,该方法既不需要发射端和接收端之间的时间同步,也不需要收发两端之间传输数据,从而简化了系统的配置。另外,在多目标情况下,该方法估计的角度能够自动配对,从而避免了目标模糊。在存在空域色噪声的情况下,提出了一种基于类ESPRIT的双基地MIMO雷达空间色噪声对消的方法。该方法利用了同一个噪声信号通过不同正交信号匹配滤波器后具有正交性的特点,消除了空域色噪声对角度估计的影响,提高了角度估计性能。
5.研究了收发全分集(分布式)MIMO雷达的目标定位相干信号处理方法。提出采用窄带双频发射,在接收端通过双频信号来消除复反射系数相位的影响,所以该方法能够使分布式MIMO雷达实现相干处理。另外,该方法能够消除目标运动引起的多普勒频率对接收信号相位的影响。分析了所提方法目标定位的克拉美罗界(CRB, Cramer-Rao Bound),得出定位性能与发射信号的频率差的平方成反比。另外分析了雷达坐标误差对定位精度的影响,得出目标定位的平均渐进性能与雷达坐标的方差成正比。
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) radar systems illuminate targets by transmit-ting different signals via multiple antennas, and receive target echoes with multiple receiv-ing antennas. There are two types of MIMO radar systems according to the space distances among antennas. One is colocated MIMO radar system and the other is statistical MIMO radar system. The colocated MIMO radar system can be further categorized into monostatic and bistatic MIMO radars. Meanwhile, statistical MIMO radar systems can be further cate-gorized into transmit diversity only MIMO radar and transmit-receive diversity MIMO radar. The colocated MIMO radar system has the advantages of better parameter estimation, better identifiability and more flexible transmitting beampattern. Statistical MIMO radar improves detection performance by exploiting the statistical target angular diversity. The capability of target localization and parameter estimation can also be improved by applying coherent processing scheme. This dissertation studies orthogonal waveform design and array signal processing for MIMO radar. The main contributions of this dissertation are listed as follows:
1. Target echoes always span several range bins when high range resolution MIMO radar systems are employed. A novel approach to design zero correlation zone (ZCZ) like polyphase codes based on genetic algorithm is proposed. The proposed method selects the ZCZ sequence set as initial population and optimizes the crossover and mutation operations according to the feature of the ZCZ sequence set. With correlated signals energy being pushed far away the mainlobe, the designed polyphase code has lower auto-and cross-correlation sidelobes near the mainlobe.
2. The correlation of target echoes using transmit diversity MIMO radar is analyzed. The echo correlation of multiple targets is analyzed under SwerlingⅠandⅡtarget scat-terering model assumptions. The results indicated that the echoes are uncorrelated un-der SwerlingⅡmodel but correlated under SwerlingⅠmodel. A condition to decrease the correlation of target echoes via increasing the transmitters is given. The condition is shown to be related to transmitted signals.
3. A two-step approach is proposed for constructing minimum redundancy (MR) MIMO radars. In the first step, the total number of antennas is minimized with given vir-tual aperture. In the second step, the virtual aperture is maximized by optimizing the configuration of transmit and receive antennas and the spacings between antennas. This method reduces the computational load of designing MR MIMO radars. It is shown that the augmented covariance matrix (ACM) of MR MIMO radars has no guarantee of non-negative definition, which may fail Capon estimation methods. An adaptive diagonal loading technique, whose loading level is adjusted adaptively according to the minimum eigenvalue of the ACM, is introduced, and then robust Capon method is achieved.
4. Conventional bistatic altitude measurement radars have a problem of complicated sys-tem configuration. A targets altitude measurement method using virtual elements tech-nique by exploiting bistatic MIMO radars is proposed. The method implements altitude measurement via estimating the angles of targets respect to transmit and receive arrays. Different from the altitude measurement methods of conventional bistatic radars, the proposed method requires neither time synchronization nor communication between transmit and receive ends, which simplifies the configuration of system. In addition, the angles can be paired automatically when multiple targets exist, and so target ghosts are avoided. In the case of spatial colored noise, an ESPRIT like based DOA estimation method which can cancel the spatial colored noise is given. Exploiting the orthogonality of the colored noise after different orthogonal signal matched filters. This method elim-inates the effect of spatial colored noise on angles estimation and improves the estimate performance.
5. A coherent processing technique for locating targets with transmit-receiver (distributed) diversity MIMO radar is studied. In order to enable coherent processing techniques for distributed MIMO radar, dual-frequency transmitters are exploited to eliminate the stochastic phases with complex fading coefficients which are caused by target angular fluctuations. The Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) of target localization accuracy is proved to be inversely proportional to the frequency difference among the transmitted signals. Due to the radar positions uncertainty, the average asymptotic performance of the pro-posed method is proportional to the variance of radar position.
引文
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